硫酸根硫和单质硫对青菜硫素营养的影响

为探究施用硫酸根硫(SO42--S)和单质硫(S⁰-S)对土壤有效硫含量及青菜硫素营养的影响,以矮脚黄青菜品种为材料,采用小区试验,分析不同类型硫肥(硫酸钾和硫磺粉)处理对供试土壤pH值、土壤有效硫含量、青菜产量及硫素营养含量的影响。结果表明,施用硫酸钾(SO42--S)和硫磺粉(S⁰-S)均降低了弱碱性土壤pH值,增加了土壤有效硫含量,且施用SO42--S的影响较S⁰-S更明显。施用SO42--S和S⁰-S均可有效提高青菜株高、可食部分干重和含硫量,均在106 g·m^-2处理水平下达到最大值,且施用SO42--S的提升作用优于S⁰-S。53 g·m^-2SO42--S处理水平下,与对照相比,青菜可食部分硝酸盐含量下降了38.6%,可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和维生素C含量分别增加了115.1%、120.5%和21.7%。综上,适度施用SO42--S肥料有利于改善弱碱性缺硫土壤物理化学性质,提高青菜产量和营养品质。本研究结果为缺硫地区青菜优质优产种植提供了科学依据。     

Ammonium and nitrate transport during saturated and unsaturated water flow through sandy soils

Citrus production in Florida accounts for ≈ 60% of national production in USA. The sandy soil characteristic (> 95% sand) makes water and nutrient management extremely difficult, raising concerns about environmental sustainability as a result of nutrient inputs in citrus producing regions where sandy soils dominate. Thus, laboratory column and field experiments were conducted to better understand the leaching patterns of and ions in Florida's sandy soils. The soil columns were first saturated from the bottom with two pore volumes of simulated Florida rain followed by pumping a pulse of fertilizer mixture at a steady Darcy flux of 14 cm h^?1. Nitrate and Cl^? appeared earlier in the effluent than in the A and B_h horizons, due to cation exchange of . Essentially identical breakthrough curves (BTCs) for and were observed in the E‐horizon, due to very low sorption of . The convective and dispersive equilibrium (CDE) model simulations were in good agreement with measured breakthrough curves (BTCs) for , , and Cl^?. However, the sorption coefficient (K_D) values used in the CDE model to simulate the BTCs for were about 10 times less than the batch isotherm K_D values. This was attributed to differences in pH, cation composition, and ionic strength between batch (static) and dynamic (leaching) systems. The field experiment showed that under unsaturated flow, improved short‐pulse fertigation systems (drip and microsprinkler) limited and transport beyond the root zone (top 30 cm), which might have promoted nutrient and water uptake in citrus. The column study revealed that under extreme weather events such as hurricanes or storm surge in Florida, saturated soil conditions can trigger N mobility below the root zone to surficial or groundwater aquifers. In the field experiment, the use of judicious, minimal and split applications and accurate placement of N‐fertilizers reduced leaching of N especially during heavy storms in the summer rainy months of Florida. The field experiment demonstrated that it is possible to manage inorganic N forms for optimal residence time for uptake and minimal leaching concerns.     

氮磷钾配施对玛咖产量和品质的影响及肥料效应

为探究玛咖优质高效种植的合理施肥量和施肥配方,本研究采用“3414”随机区组设计开展田间小区试验,测定玛咖植株农艺性状、产量和品质性状等指标,通过拟合肥料效应函数方程并结合品质性状确定氮、磷、钾施肥量。结果表明,氮磷钾的合理配施能不同程度促进玛咖地上部和地下部的生长,提高其产量和品质,其中N₂P₂K₂(N:P₂O₅:K₂O=8:6:8)的玛咖地下部农艺性状、产量、玛咖烯、芥子油苷和灰分含量最高;氮、磷、钾3种元素对玛咖产量存在明显的互作效应,表现为N₂P₂K₂施肥水平有利于氮、磷、钾肥效的发挥;通过田间小区试验得出玛咖最高理论产量为9 346.95 kg·hm^-2。综合肥料三因素、产量和品质分析得出,N₂P₂K₂的玛咖产量最高、品质最好。最高产量的氮磷钾施肥用量为N:P₂O₅:K₂O=120.71:92.16:144.22 kg·hm^-2,产量达到8 577.35 kg·hm^-2;经济最佳产量的氮磷钾施肥用量为N:P₂O₅:K₂O=120.58:91.76:143.35 kg·hm^-2,产量达到8 577.29 kg·hm^-2。本研究结果为指导和规范玛咖的施肥技术提供了理论依据。     

Ferrous and ferric iron ratio in normal and chlorotic bean plants (Vicia faba L.)

The objective of this study was to determine the ratio and amount of Fe II and Fe III iron in different parts of 20 and 40 day old bean plants grown in pots under normal and HCO-treatment. The Fe II and Fe III iron determination was carried out by a modification of a method described by Vogel (1969). The Fe II and Fe III concentrations in the plant varied according to its age, the plant part, the order of leaves and HCO-treatment. At the second sampling date, the lower total iron content in the lower leaf particularly under the HCO-treatment suggests that the supply of iron from the roots was restricted. The iron content of the different leaves was almost evenly divided into Fe II and Fe III at the first date. At the second date, most of the iron in the bud leaf was present as Fe II. Under HCO-treatment the Fe II content of the bud leaf and the flower was similar as in the corresponding parts of the normal green plants whereas the Fe III content was considerably lowered in these plant parts as result of the HCO-treatment. The results indicate a substantial retranslocation of iron from older to younger leaves and a higher Fe II/Fe III ratio in flowers and bud leaves particularly under HCO-induced chlorosis.     

不同牧场及饲养方式下阿拉善双峰驼乳脂肪酸特征及产地溯源研究

为研究距离较近的不同牧场及不同饲养方式下双峰驼乳脂肪酸特征,并建立产地溯源模型,本试验从内蒙古自治区阿拉善左旗采集5个牧场共139份双峰驼乳样品,用气相色谱法测定驼乳中脂肪酸含量,并利用脂肪酸指纹特征建立不同牧场及不同饲养方式下驼乳的溯源模型。结果表明,不同牧场及不同饲养方式下的驼乳中含量较高的脂肪酸为棕榈酸、油酸、硬脂酸及肉豆蔻酸。相比谷饲,草饲方式下驼乳的饱和脂肪酸(SFA):单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA):多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)比例(S:M:P为12:6:1)更接近联合国粮农组织(FAO)和世界卫生组织(WHO)建议的居民膳食S:M:P比例(1:1:1),更符合居民营养需求。建立的不同牧场及饲养方式下驼乳的溯源模型交叉验证准确率分别为82.7%及95.0%。此外,硬脂酸、棕榈油酸、木焦油酸、豆蔻油酸、二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳二烯酸、十七烷酸、亚油酸、花生酸、γ-亚麻酸、花生二烯酸、十五烷酸、反亚油酸、二十碳烯酸及二十一烷酸是鉴别牧场来源的关键重要性因子,二十碳五烯酸、二十碳烯酸、十五烷酸、木焦油酸、硬脂酸、棕榈油酸、十三烷酸、十五碳烯酸、十七碳烯酸、花生酸、二十一烷酸、豆蔻油酸及肉豆蔻酸是鉴别不同饲养方式的关键重要性因子。综上,脂肪酸指纹分析法可有效鉴别短距离的双峰驼乳来源,为双峰驼乳近距离的产地溯源及真实性鉴别提供了技术支持。     

Impact of urease and nitrification inhibitor on NH4+ and NO3− dynamic in soil after urea spring application under field conditions evaluated by soil extraction and soil solution sampling

The application of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizers is one of the most important management tools to ensure and increase yield in agricultural systems. However, N fertilization can lead to various ecological problems such as nitrate () leaching or ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions. The application of N stabilizers (i.e., inhibitors) combined with urea fertilization offers an effective option to reduce or even prevent N losses due to their regulatory effect on ammonium () and release into the soil. The present field experiment therefore aimed at soil N speciation dynamics after urea spring fertilization (225 kg N ha^?1) in the presence of a urease inhibitor (UI), a nitrification inhibitor (NI), both inhibitors (UI+NI) or when no inhibitor was applied at all. The study focused on the distribution of N species among soil matrix and soil solution. Plant cultivation was completely omitted in order to avoid masking soil N turnover and speciation by plant N uptake and growth dynamics. Application of UI clearly delayed urea hydrolysis in the top soil, but a complete hydrolysis of urea took place within only 10 days after fertilization (DAF). Nitrification was significantly reduced by NI application, leading to higher and lower concentrations in treatments with NI. Due to sorption of to the soil matrix a significantly larger fraction of was always detected in the soil extracts compared to soil solution. However, while in soil extracts the impact of NI application was less apparent and delayed, in soil solution a quick response to NI application was observed as revealed by significantly increased soil solution concentrations of . Because of the “asymmetric” soil phase distribution soil solution was predominant over only initially after fertilization even in inhibitor treatments (≈ 8 to 10 DAF). Nevertheless, inhibitor application tended towards closer ratios of to concentration in soil solution and hence, might additionally affect concentration dependent processes like plant N uptake and root development. Despite cold spring conditions urea application along with UI and/or NI did not indicate a limited supply of plant available and .     

Volatile components of peel and leaf oils of lemon and lime species

Peel and leaf oils of 43 taxa of lemons and limes were obtained from fruits and leaves collected from trees submitted to the same pedoclimatic and cultural conditions. Their chemical composition was investigated by capillary GC, GC-MS, and (13)C NMR, and the results were submitted to principal component analysis to check for chemical variability. Three major chemotypes were distinguished for lemon peel oils: limonene; limonene/beta-pinene/gamma-terpinene; and limonene/linalyl acetate/linalool. Two chemotypes were identified for lemon leaf oils: limonene/beta-pinene/geranial/neral and linalool/linalyl acetate/alpha-terpineol. In lime peel oils, four chemotypes were distinguished: limonene; limonene/gamma-terpinene; limonene/beta-pinene/gamma-terpinene; and limonene/gamma-terpinene/beta-pinene/oxygenated products. Four others were identified for lime leaf oils: beta-pinene/limonene; limonene/geranial/neral; limonene/linalool/citronellal; and limonene/sabinene/citronellal/linalool. These results were interpreted using principal component analysis.     

Morphological and physiological responses of Picea asperata to different nitrogen availability and pH

Soil nitrogen (N) availability and pH are two determinants affecting plant growth, both of which are influenced by long‐term N deposition. However, the physiological mechanism of plants response to the changes in soil N availability and pH are not fully understood. To investigate the response of Picea asperata to both factors, seedlings of P. asperata were exposed to 50 or 1000 µM NH₄NO₃ with pH 5 or pH 7. In the current study, P. asperata, regardless of N availability and pH in growth medium, exhibited invariably a preference. Lower root biomass, root : shoot mass ratio, total root length and area, and root vitality were detected in high N condition compared to those in low N supply, corresponding well to lower net influxes of and at the root surface in both pH treatments. These results indicate that P. asperata may employ an active‐forge strategy to exploit nutrient resources for growth under low N availability, probably by increased below‐ground carbon allocation and net influxes of and . Although low pH, to some extent may generate more malondialdehyde, P. asperata would enhance pH tolerance by increased detoxification, i.e., antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase), free proline and soluble protein as well as improved carbohydrate status (i.e., soluble sugar and starch).     

Incidence of P,Mn and B deficiencies on the levels of the whole and individual flavonoid groups in tomato leaves

Alterations occur in the normal content of total and individual flavonoids with P, Mn and B deficiencies, in tomato leaves.

P and Mn deficiencies do not alter the total flavonoid level. Nevertheless, these deficiencies lead to different contributions of each flavonoid group (flavonols, flavones and flavanones) to the whole content.

B deficiency produces a very significant increase in total flavonoid content. Compounds that contribute the most to this accumulation are flavones.     

烟嘧磺隆胁迫对甜玉米幼苗活性氧积累、抗氧化系统及相关基因表达的影响

为减轻烟嘧磺隆对甜玉米(Zea mays L. seccharata Sturt)的药害作用,探究甜玉米幼苗抗氧化系统对烟嘧磺隆胁迫的响应机制,本研究以一对甜玉米姊妹系(对烟嘧磺隆表现耐药性的甜玉米自交系HK301和对烟嘧磺隆表现敏感的甜玉米自交系HK320)为试材,研究烟嘧磺隆胁迫对不同耐药性甜玉米品种氧化压力、抗氧化酶、抗氧化系统非酶类物质和抗氧化酶关键基因表达量的影响。结果表明,烟嘧磺隆胁迫后,与对照(HK301-CK)相比,HK301的超氧阴离子自由基( {\mathrm{O}}_2^{\frac{-}{·}} )产生速率、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量先增加后减少,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势,抗坏血酸(AsA)含量、脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量先增加后减少,氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量持续增加,抗坏血酸氧化还原状态(AsA/DHA比值)显著降低,谷胱甘肽氧化还原状态(GSH/GSSG比值)无显著差异。与对照(HK320-CK)相比,HK320的 {\mathrm{O}}_2^{\frac{-}{·}} 产生速率和H₂O₂含量显著增加, CAT、APX、DHAR、GR活性先升高后下降,SOD、MDHAR活性和GSH含量、GSH/GSSG 比值、AsA/DHA 比值呈下降趋势,DHA含量持续增加,GSSG含量无显著差异。烟嘧磺隆胁迫后,相较于HK320,HK301显著上调了SOD、CAT、APX、MDHAR、DHAR和GR基因的相对表达量。综合分析显示,不同耐药性甜玉米幼苗通过调节体内抗氧化物质含量和酶活性来清除活性氧,从而提高幼苗对除草剂的耐药性。本研究为揭示烟嘧磺隆胁迫下甜玉米幼苗抗氧化系统的代谢机制提供了理论依据。     

Accompanying ions of ammonium sources and nitrate : ammonium ratios in tomato plants

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivar Micro‐Tom (MT) is widely used in physiological studies, but the effects of nitrate ( ) and ammonium ( ) ratios ( : ratios) and, in particular, the effects of the accompanying ions in sources are unknown. To determine whether the accompanying ions in sources influence toxicity, the effects of : ratios on the physiology, electrolyte leakage index, nutrition, and dry weight were studied using hydroponics. The sources were ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) or ammonium sulfate [(NH₄)₂SO₄], and five : ratios were used: 100 : 0, 75 : 25, 50 : 50, 25 : 75, and 0 : 100. The source was calcium nitrate [Ca(NO₃)₂], and the nitrogen (N) concentration was 15 mmol L^?1. The results indicate that NH₄Cl or (NH₄)₂SO₄ can be used in studies on toxicity because the accompanying ions did not influence the tomato plants. In addition, : ratios of 100 : 0 and 75 : 25 resulted in the highest dry weight of tomato plants, whereas ratios of 25 : 75 or 0 : 100 were toxic.     

Comparative response of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and eight crop and vegetable species to manganese excess in solution culture

The relative response of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and eight crop and vegetable species to excess manganese was investigated in a glasshouse, solution culture experiment. Plant yields and manganese concentrations were measured after two and six weeks growth at five levels of manganese (10–800 μM).

Poppies were highly sensitive to manganese toxicity in solution culture and reductions in shoot yield occurred at lower manganese levels in solution and at lower shoot manganese concentrations than that for the following sensitive species, ranked in order of increasing tolerance : brussels sprout, barley, green beans, lucerne and grean pea. In contrast lupins, oats and sugar beet were relatively tolerant producing about 80% or more of maximum shoot yield at the highest solution manganese level (800 μM Mn).

In this study the sensitivity of poppy, and brussels sprout, to manganese excess was attributed to their low shoot manganese “toxicity threshold values”; and their capacity to partition a high proportion of total plant manganese and dry matter to the shoot at solution manganese levels ≥ 100 μM.

The application of these results to field grown poppy is discussed in relation to interactions between manganese and other elements which modify plant tolerance to manganese excess.     

樱桃番茄苗期对淹水胁迫的响应及其耐涝性评价

为研究樱桃番茄苗期对淹水胁迫天数的响应规律及其耐涝性,选取千禧、立新佳禧、红妃6号、红钻石和台湾赞美5个热带地区常用樱桃番茄品种为试验材料,设置正常水分处理(CK)和淹水处理,对淹水胁迫下不同淹水天数(0、2、4、8和16 d)樱桃番茄苗期功能叶中超氧阴离子自由基(O2·-)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶系统、渗透调节物质和根系活力等生理生化指标及株高、地上部干重、根系干重及根冠比等形态学指标进行了测定。结果表明,淹水前期,樱桃番茄叶片中O2·-和MDA含量多表现为先上升后下降的趋势,而在淹水后期千禧和立新佳禧品种则表现出迅速上升,并在淹水后16 d显著高于CK;叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在淹水后较CK多表现为下降趋势,仅红妃6号在淹水后16 d仍高于CK。过氧化物酶(POD)活性在淹水胁迫下较CK表现出先逐渐上升后下降的趋势,仅红钻石在淹水后期仍略高于CK,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性仅红妃6号在淹水后2 d显著高于CK,其他品种CAT活性始终低于CK;叶片中可溶性糖和脯氨酸(Pro)的含量在淹水后显著增加。根系活力随着淹水处理时间的延长呈先上升后下降的趋势,且淹水后16 d千禧和立新佳禧品种根系活力较CK显著降低。淹水胁迫下,樱桃番茄株高、地上部干重、根系干重均低于CK;除千禧品种外,其他品种根冠比均高于CK,且红妃6号根冠比与CK间差异达到显著水平。利用主成分分析法对樱桃番茄品种耐涝性进行综合评价,得出各品种耐涝性大小排序:红妃6号>红钻石>台湾赞美>立新佳禧>千禧。本研究结果为热带地区樱桃番茄栽培品种选择及抗涝渍栽培机理研究提供了理论参考。     

时间分辨同步荧光法同时检测水中硫酸新霉素和磺胺二甲基嘧啶含量

为探究同时检测水中的硫酸新霉素(NEO)和磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SM2)的新方法,根据NEO和SM2在2-巯基乙醇的存在下可与邻苯二甲醛生成具有荧光特性的衍生物,建立时间分辨同步荧光法同时检测水中NEO和SM2的含量。通过研究不同组分的时间分辨同步荧光光谱,确定NEO与邻苯二甲醛衍生物、SM2与邻苯二甲醛衍生物的同步激发特征峰分别为335和291 nm波长处,最佳采集时间分别为1和80 min,最佳同步波长差分别为120和150 nm;采用单因素试验考察邻苯二甲醛溶液、2-巯基乙醇溶液和BR缓冲液的加入量对荧光强度的影响,确定最优的加入量:邻苯二甲醛溶液1.0 mL、2-巯基乙醇溶液0.25 mL、BR缓冲液0.025 mL;据此建立NEO浓度与荧光强度的线性关系,在0.5~14.0 mg·L^-1范围内,得到其线性方程为Y=14.73X+6.14;建立SM2浓度与荧光强度的线性关系,在0.25~9.0 mg·L^-1范围内,得到其线性方程为Y=13.86X+21.49。NEO和SM2的检出限分别为0.5和0.25 mg·L^-1,训练集决定系数(RC2)分别为0.997 5和0.966 9,水中NEO和SM2含量的真实值与预测值之间的预测集决定系数(RP2)分别为0.998 2和0.988 9,预测集均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.380 3和0.257 5 mg·L^-1,回收率分别处于101.8%~114.0%和92.3%~115.8%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为4.0%~8.4%和3.6%~6.6%。本方法线性关系良好,可实现水中NEO和SM2的同时测定。     

富含EPA/DHA型结构磷脂的酶法合成条件优化及表征

为建立富含二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)型结构磷脂的制备方法,本试验以南极磷虾磷脂为原料,以EPA和DHA总结合率为指标,通过响应面法优化富含EPA/DHA型结构磷脂的酶法合成反应参数,并采用气相色谱(GC)和亲水作用色谱-质谱联用(HILIC-MS)技术对其结构进行表征。结果表明,最优酶催化反应条件为:底物质量比(游离脂肪酸:磷脂, m/m)5.15,反应温度55.22℃,水分添加量(以反应底物总质量计)0.92%,酶添加量(以反应底物总质量计)20%,正己烷3 mL,反应时间24 h,所得结构磷脂中EPA/DHA结合率达64.35%;经GC和HILIC-MS综合分析可知,结构磷脂中磷脂酰胆碱(PC)亚类40:10(20:5/20:5)(18.46%),42:11(20:5/22:6)(12.78%)和38:6(18:1/20:5&16:0/22:6) (7.07%)等分子种含量较高;溶血磷脂酰胆碱LPC亚类20:5(20:5/0:0)(34.40%),22:6(22:6/0:0)(25.99%)和O-16:0(O-16:0/0:0)(10.22%)等分子种含量较高;结构磷脂的PC和LPC组分中脂肪酸单链平均长度≥20的分子种相对含量较原料磷脂分别提高了33.12和37.28个百分点;结构磷脂的PC组分中双键数≥5和双键数≥10的分子种相对含量较原料磷脂分别提高了24.89和27.53个百分点,表明该方法有效提高了结构磷脂中EPA和DHA的含量。本研究结果为进一步探索和丰富酶促合成EPA/DHA型结构磷脂的机理和实践提供了一定的数据支持。     

Mass spectrometric identification of molecular species of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine extracted from shark liver

The profile and structural characterization of molecular species of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) from shark liver using liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) are described for the first time in this paper. The presence of (i) a relatively high content of ether PC species, such as 1-O-alkyl- and 1-alk-1'-enyl-2-polyunsaturated PC species (about 20%), and (ii) a high percentage of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-containing LysoPC (about 27%) is the characteristic of this marine material. 1-Hexadecanoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-PC (16:0/22:6; about 24%) and 1-docosahexaenoyl-2-hydroxyl-LysoPC (22:6; about 27%) are the two most abundant species in shark liver. The other polyunsaturated PC species including ether PC are tentatively identified as 1-heptadecanoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-PC (17:0/22:6), 1-octadecyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-PC (alkyl-18:0/22:6), 1-hexadecyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-PC (alkyl-16:0/22:6), 1-octadecenyl-2-eicosapentaenoyl-PC (alkyl-18:1/20:5), 1-octadecenyl-2-eicosatetraenoyl-PC (alkyl-18:1/20:4), 1-hexadecyl-2-docosapentaenoyl-PC (alkyl-16:0/22:5), 1-(1 Z-hexadecenyl)-2-docosahexaenoyl-PC (alkenyl-16:0/22:6), and 1-octadecenoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-PC (18:1/22:6). These results establish that high contents of ether DHA-PC and DHA-LysoPC species can be obtained from shark liver.     

油橄榄叶提取物对Botrytis cinerea抑菌效果与机理研究

为研究油橄榄叶提取物对灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制作用及机理,本试验采用溶剂浸提法制备油橄榄叶提取物,再与灰葡萄孢作用,通过测定菌落直径、菌丝生物量探究提取物对灰葡萄孢菌体生长的抑制作用,通过测定相对电导率、核酸和蛋白质泄露量考察油橄榄叶提取物对菌体细胞膜完整性的影响;并基于平板培养体系,采用碘化丙啶(PI)染色法研究提取物对灰葡萄孢细胞膜通透性、活性氧(ROS)代谢的影响。结果表明,灰葡萄孢对油橄榄叶90%乙醇提取物具有高敏感性,经油橄榄叶提取物处理后其菌落直径和菌丝生物量分别为对照的20%、8.91%,膜电导率、核酸以及蛋白质泄漏量显著增加;孢内超氧阴离子(O₂^·-)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量显著增加,还原型辅酶Ⅱ氧化酶(NOX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性上升,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性下降。综上,油橄榄叶90%乙醇提取物处理后的灰葡萄孢细胞膜受到损伤,导致细胞内容物外泄,并诱导ROS在胞内积累,...     

Phosphorus uptake rate and growth characteristics of wheat roots 1

Phosphorus uptake by plant roots is influenced by the plant root properties and solution P supply characteristics. These properties included (i) the relation between nutrient concentration and uptake rate, (ii) the change in uptake rate with plant age and with root age.

Information on the size of nutrient flux values and their change with increasing plant age can be used to determine the nutrient levels needed in the soil to supply nutrients rapidly enough to the root surface to minimize deficiencies. The objective of this research was to determine the relation between plant age and P absorption properties and root growth characteristics of wheat (Triticum vulgare L.) cv. Era.

Wheat was grown for periods up to 42 days in solution culture in a controlled climate chamber. Sequential harvests were made and P uptake and root morphology were measured. Shoot growth was exponential with time to 32 days and linear thereafter. Root dry weights increased linearly with time at a slower rate than shoot dry weights. Root length increased logarithmically with time (r² = 0.95; log y = 0.069x + 1.85).

With increasing plant age there was a reduction in average P uptake rate by wheat roots.     

增强UV-B辐射对光氧化水稻812HS光合特性和生长的影响

为了解光氧化水稻的光合特性对UV-B辐射的反应,以籼稻两用不育系812S(野生型)及其光氧化突变株系812HS为材料,在自然条件下,采用40 kJ·m^-2·d^-1剂量的UV-B增强辐射处理植株65 d,分别在幼苗期、分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期进行相关生理指标检测和分析。结果表明,与自然光照条件相比,增强UV-B辐射使812HS的分蘖数和有效分蘖数减少,植株矮化,但对其生长抑制程度弱于普通水稻;812HS的叶绿素含量在分蘖期显著降低,但降低幅度低于普通水稻,抽穗期后叶绿素含量显著增加,尤其是在灌浆期,812HS叶绿体含量的增加幅度较普通水稻极显著多出34.3个百分点。增强UV-B辐射处理后,812HS的PSⅡ原初光转化效率(F_v/F_m)在分蘖期的提高幅度比普通水稻大,而在拔节期和灌浆期则明显低于普通水稻。PSⅡ失活的原因是质体醌PQs和PSI蛋白复合体对UV-B辐射敏感,电子从QA-向QB^-传递过程受阻,致使快还原型库PQ受影响,说明增强UV-B辐射会抑制水稻的光合作用和生长,但对光氧化水稻812HS的抑制效应弱于普通水稻。本研究结果对于深入了解水稻的光氧化知识和丰富水稻栽培生理知识具有积极意义。     

Nitrogen mineralization indicators under semi-arid and semi-humid conditions: influence on wheat yield and nitrogen uptake

The objectives were i) to assess indicators for potential nitrogen (N) mineralization and ii) to analyze their relationships for predicting winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth parameters (yield and N uptake, N_up) in Mollisols of the semi-arid and semi-humid region of the Argentine Pampas. Thirty-six farmer fields were sampled at 0–20 cm. Several N mineralization indicators, wheat grain yield and N_up at physiological maturity stage were assessed. A principal component (PC) analysis was performed using correlated factors to grain yield and N_up. The cluster analysis showed two main groups: high fertility and low fertility soils. In high fertility soils, combining PCs in multiple regression models enhanced the wheat yield and N_up prediction significantly with a high R² (adj R² = 0.71–0.83). The main factors that explained the wheat parameters were associated with water availability and N mineralization indicator, but they differ according to soil fertility.

Abbreviations: N: nitrogen; SOM: soil organic matter; POM: particulate organic matter; SOC: soil organic carbon; SON: soil organic nitrogen; POM-C: particulate organic carbon; POM-N: particulate organic nitrogen; N_an: anaerobic nitrogen; N_hyd: hydrolyzable N; NO₃-N: cold nitrate; N₂₀₅: N determined by spectrometer at 205 nm; N₂₆₀: N determined by spectrometer at 260 nm; Pe: extractable P; N_up: wheat N uptake; NO₃-N: inorganic N in the form of nitrate; FR: fallow rainfalls (March-Seeding rainfall); FLR: flowering rainfalls (October-December rainfall); GFR: grain filling rainfall (November rainfall); CCR: crop growing season rainfall (June-December rainfall); PCA: principal component analysis; PC: principal component; MR: multiple regression