云南省东川银合欢林区重塑土三轴抗剪强度实验研究

为研究固氮植物的固土机制,在中国科学院东川蒋家沟泥石流观测研究站银合欢林区选取5棵树龄相当的银合欢树,于植株附近1m处分别挖取深2m,宽1m的土壤剖面取土并采取银合欢树根,对含有银合欢树根的重塑土进行三轴实验。分析了抗剪强度、黏聚力及内摩擦角与含根量及根径的关系。实验结果表明,抗剪强度与含根量及根径均呈正相关,黏聚力与含根量及根径均呈正相关,内摩擦角受含根量及根径的影响较小,在一定程度上呈负相关。准黏聚力准则与该实验结果一致,同时也存在不同之处,即随着含根量的增多及根径的增大,土体的黏聚力提高,但在一定程度上土体内摩擦角有所降低。定量评价银合欢根系在提高土体抗剪强度方面所起的作用,对利用生物工程措施在该区域进行生态修复有着重要的应用价值。     

西南山区云南松根土复合体力学特性及其对浅层坡体稳定性的影响

[目的] 探究西南山区云南松根土复合体力学特性及其对坡体稳定性的影响，为该区浅层滑坡机理认识，识别预警与防治等提供理论基础与数据支持。 [方法] 以四川省凉山州中研究极为缺乏且与浅层滑坡密切相关的云南松根系为研究对象，开展根土复合体抗剪强度试验和FLAC 3D边坡安全系数数值模拟，探究了不同根系密度、根系分布方式与土壤含水量组合下乔木根土复合体的力学性质及浅层边坡稳定性。 [结果] 较高的植物根系密度可明显提高土体的抗剪强度，与素土相比，黏聚力、内摩擦角提高比例分别高达45.5%，9.6%。然而，根径与根系抗拉强度却呈显著的幂函数负相关关系(p＜0.05)，根径低于2 mm的细根抗拉强度最强；同时，乔木根系水平或垂直分布方式下，土壤含水量的增加均会降低土体的抗剪强度，不利于边坡稳定，而乔木交错分布最有利于提高土壤的抗剪强度和边坡稳定性。 [结论] 乔木根系的高密度发育，复杂交错分布，细根丛生等特点对提高根土复合体抗剪强度与边坡稳定性具有重要作用，适度地增加边坡植被覆盖是控制浅层滑坡发生的重要措施之一。通过评价地质灾害多发区不同条件下乔木根系护土固坡效应，可为震后地质活跃区开展生态修复提供理论支持。     

基于两种计算模型的油松与元宝枫根系固土效能分析

[目的]定量分析北方常见植物(油松、元宝枫)根系对提高土壤抗剪能力的作用,为更好地评价植物根系固土效能提供理论基础。[方法]选取不同根系面积比(RAR)的油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)根土复合体、元宝枫(Acer truncatum)根土复合体及素土分别进行了不同垂直压力下的直剪试验,得出了油松根土复合体、元宝枫根土复合体及素土的抗剪强度增量。并通过根系的拉伸试验测定了植物根系的抗拉强度,同时使用Wu的根土复合体模型和Pollen的纤维束模型对抗剪强度增量进行模拟并与实际测定的抗剪强度增量进行对比分析。[结果](1)根系主要通过增强土壤的黏聚力来增强土壤的抗剪切强度;(2)植物根系抗拉强度、拔出强度与根系直径都符合幂函数关系,抗拉强度和拔出强度大小存在阈值,根系大于2mm时,根系拔出强度小于根系抗拉强度,小于2mm时则反之;(3)Wu的根土复合体模型高估植物根系固土效果值平均为26.81%,而纤维束模型对根系提高土壤抗剪强度则平均高估9.82%。[结论]相对于Wu模型,纤维束模型对土壤的固土效果的计算更为准确。     

尖萼金丝桃根系对边坡土体抗剪强度的影响

[目的]探讨根系单根抗拉拔强度对边坡土体抗剪强度的影响,定量分析根系对边坡土体抗剪强度的增强作用,为评价植物根系增强边坡土体抗剪切性能提供依据。[方法]以2 a生尖萼金丝桃根系及其组成的根土复合体为研究对象,分别进行室内单根拉拔试验和根土复合体剪切试验,获得根系的抗拉强度及根土复合体试样黏聚力值;在此基础上分析根系抗拉强度与根土复合体黏聚力值之间的关系。[结果]尖萼金丝桃根系抗拉强度与根系直径存在负向幂函数关系,相关性系数均大于0.92;根系拉拔位移、抗拉拔力均与根系直径呈正相关关系,拉拔位移与抗拉拔力之间也表现为显著正相关关系;抗拉强度与根系直径、拉拔位移、抗拉拔力两两之间均呈负相关关系;根土复合体的黏聚力相较于无根素土均有不同程度的增长,增幅达17.25%～94.76%,黏聚力、黏聚力增长率均与根土面积比、根土体积比呈正相关关系。[结论]尖萼金丝桃根系拉拔特征对边坡土体抗剪强度产生显著的影响,边坡土体抗剪切性能评价指标与根系拉拔特征变化密切相关。     

云南东川蒋家沟银合欢林区原状土抗剪强度试验分析

在中国科学院东川蒋家沟泥石流观测研究站东部银合欢林区,选择5棵不同树龄的银合欢树,于植株附近1 m之外分别挖取深2 m、宽1 m的土壤剖面,在每个剖面上按不同深度取原状土样进行剪切试验,并测定土壤相应层的含根量和机械组成。通过试验发现,原状土的抗剪强度与土体含根量、土层所处深度及土颗粒不均匀系数有着紧密关系,利用MATLAB对试验数据进行回归分析,得到各因子对抗剪强度的影响程度为:含根量>不均匀系数>深度;同时得出,在一定程度上,此区域原状土的抗剪强度与含根量、不均匀系数及深度均呈正相关。     

油松根系的固土力学机制

为深入了解林木根系固土力学机制,探讨不同条件下的根系固土作用,对油松根系进行了拉伸、拔出和根土复合体三轴试验。结果表明,油松根系的抗拉力随根系直径的增大成幂函数关系增加,而抗拉强度随直径的增大无明显变化规律;根系受拉的应力—应变曲线特征参数不同,以二次多项式模型拟合效果最好,均为单峰曲线,具有弹塑性材料的特征,极限应力和极限延伸率的大小与根系直径无明显的关系;根土界面最大摩擦力随着根径的增加呈现出近似线性的增长趋势。根径越大,根系越深,根土界面摩擦力就越大,进而对土壤的摩擦锚固作用就越强。相同根径时,根土复合体的抗剪强度随围压的增加而增大。相同围压下,根土复合体的抗剪强度随着根径的增加而增大。相同的根径和围压下,垂直埋根方式的根土复合体抗剪效果好于水平埋根方式。     

蒋家沟泥石流区新银合欢细根固土效应

以蒋家沟泥石流区不同龄级新银合欢根系为研究对象,在分析其垂直分布与构成特征的基础上,运用加筋原理研究其固土效应。结果显示,不同龄级新银合欢根系表聚现象明显,随土层深度的增加呈减少趋势,约80%集中在0—120cm土层范围内;细根（D≤1mm）在整个细根根系中所占比例较大,决定着整个细根的分布趋势;10年生新银合欢D≤1mm细根较5年生增幅明显,15年生1mm     

青藏高原东北部黄土区灌木柠条锦鸡儿根—土界面剪切特性

[目的]分析不同因素对根—土界面抗剪强度指标和抗剪强度的影响,为深入探讨青藏高原东北部黄土区灌木根系固土护坡机制提供理论依据。[方法]以区内优势灌木植物柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)为研究对象,通过根—土界面直剪试验,分析根径级别为2.20±1.00～32.00±1.80 mm以及土体含水量、干密度和含盐量分别为6.00%～22.00%,1.20～1.60 g/cm³,0.59%～2.50%的条件下,各因素对柠条锦鸡儿根—土界面抗剪强度指标和抗剪强度的影响规律。[结果]在其他影响因素恒定的情况下,根径对根—土界面抗剪强度指标和抗剪强度无显著影响(p>0.05)。随着土体含水量由6.00%增大到22.00%,根—土界面黏聚力呈先增大后减小的趋势,当土体含水量达到14.00%时黏聚力达到峰值6.74 kPa;根—土界面摩擦角由21.40°降低至15.75°,呈线性函数降低趋势;根—土界面抗剪强度呈线性函数降低趋势。随着土体干密度由1.20 g/cm³增长至1.60 g/cm³,根—土界面黏聚力由...     

鄂州航空港通渠河岸植物根系加固土体的机理

[目的] 定量分析鄂州航空港通渠河岸草灌植物（狗牙根、香根草和紫橞槐）根系分布参数对土体的加固作用,为更好地评价植物根系固土效能提供理论依据。[方法] 通过根钻取样法探究草灌根系分布参数在不同深度的变化规律;开展室内直剪试验和室外张力计测试分别研究了根系分布参数变化对抗剪强度指标和基质吸力的影响。[结果] ①植物的根系分布总体上随着土体深度的增加而减少,灌木植物（紫橞槐）根系分布参数在深度为0-40 cm范围内是草本植物（香根草和狗牙根）的2.13~2.90倍。②灌木植物根-土复合体黏聚力明显大于草本植物,黏聚力与根长度密度（RLD）和根表面积密度（RSAD）满足多项式函数关系。③根系分布参数RLD和RSAD的黏聚力和基质吸力差异达到显著水平（p<0.05）。④灌木植物（紫橞槐） RLD和RSAD对土体基质吸力的增强作用存在最优含根密度。[结论] 狗牙根、白三叶和紫橞槐根系均能显著发挥固土作用。由于根系分布、固土深度、固土方式等差异,三者的固土作用不同,可将三者结合种植,不仅有利于河岸边坡的稳定,也可提高土体的抗冲性。     

陕北林草混交根土复合体抗剪强度研究

为进一步探讨林草混合根系的护坡力学效应,选取陕北乡土植物小叶杨和白羊草为试验目标,分别进行室内单根拉伸试验以及原状林草混合根土复合体的慢剪试验,较为系统地分析了小叶杨和白羊草根系的抗拉强度特征和根土复合体的抗剪强度特征。结果表明:小叶杨和白羊草的单根抗拉力与根径之间呈近似幂函数的正相关关系,而两者单根抗拉强度与根径之间均表现为近似负相关的对数关系,且在根径小于0.75mm时白羊草的单根抗拉强度远大于相同根径的小叶杨;随着根长密度、根表面积密度的增大,土壤内摩擦角φ随之均呈对数增长,而土壤粘聚力c则均呈直线增长趋势。说明林草混合根系的加入可以有效提高土体的抗剪强度,且有助于增强边坡稳定性,同时为林草一体化的护坡技术提供理论依据。     

On the Taxonomy of the Members of ‘Saccharum Complex’

The difficulty and problems encountered in the study of cultivated plants, in general and sugarcane, in particular has been indicated. In order to understand these problems, a brief review on the taxonomy of Saccharum and closely related taxa, namely, Erianthus, Sclerostachya, Narenga and Miscanthus (generally known as ‘Saccharum complex’) has been given. A short account on the important morphological features that are specific to sugarcane has also been stated as classification is commonly based on such morphological characters. A note has been added on the chromosome number, origin, and distribution of the species of ‘Saccharum complex’ members. Taxonomic keys have been devised for identification of the genera of Saccharinae and for the species of Saccharum and Erianthus occurring in India. A new combination, Sclerostachya fallax (Balansa) Amalraj et Balasundaram, has also been proposed.     

Yield and N assimilation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Norstar) inoculated with rhizobacteria

The effects of bacterial inoculants on the growth of winter wheat were studied in a growth chamber. Azospirillum brasilense, Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus polymyxa, Enterobacter cloacae, or a mixture of the four rhizobacteria were the inoculants tested. Inoculation effects on yield, yield components, and N-derived from fertilizer (Ndff) were assessed. The response of plants inoculated with individual bacteria was inconsistent and varied with treatment. At the first harvest (58 days after planting-DAP) plants inoculated with the mixture exhibited increases in plant dry weight, total-N and Ndff. At the second harvest (105 DAP), plants inoculated with A. brasilense and the mixture exhibited increases in shoot biomass, whereas at maturity (170 DAP), the inoculated plants showed no differences in total-N or shoot dry matter yield, as compared to the uninoculated controls. Inoculation with A. brasilense, however, increased the Ndff in the shoots, and B. polymyxa tended to enhance grain yield. Practical use of these rhizobacteria as inoculants for winter wheat may have limited value until such time as we better understand factors which influence rhizosphere competence of bacterial inoculants.     

Genetic Diversity within and Between Populations of Lathyrus genus (Fabaceae) Revealed by ISSR Markers

In order to evaluate the genetic diversity in Lathyrus genus, the Inter Simple Sequence Repeats method (ISSR) was exploited in five populations. These consisted of two cultivated species belonging to section Lathyrus (L. sativus L. and L. cicera L.) and a wild one belonging to the section Clymenum (L. ochrus DC.). Two 3′anchored ISSR primers and two unanchored ones, generated a total of 60 useful polymorphic DNA bands. Our data provide evidence of high molecular polymorphism at the intra- and the inter-specific levels showing that both wild and cultivated forms constitute an important pool of diversity. Moreover, among the generated DNA bands, a 500 bp band, totally absent in the banding patterns of the section Clymenum, appears to be a molecular marker of section Lathyrus. Results provided for lineage and suggest recent origin of these species that might have evolved from a common ancestor producing both L. ochrus species and the two other species L. sativus and L. cicera. These relationships support previous studies based on morphological variation and molecular analysis.     

Genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in different regions of Flanders (Belgium)

We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies.     

Control of pitch pine seed germination and initial growth exerted by leaf litters and polyphenolic compounds

We investigated the influence of three concentrations of water extracts of three leaf litter species (pitch pine, huckleberry and white oak) and a mixture of all litters on the germination of pitch pine seeds and initial seedling growth in a microcosm experiment. All three plant species are important components of the pine barrens ecosystems in New Jersey, where it has been seen that pine seedling recruitment occurs only after stand replacing fire or in disturbed sites, where surface organic soil horizons and leaf litter have been removed. Leaf litter extracts did not influence seed germination, but significantly reduced seedling growth at high concentrations. There was little difference between the leaf litter species in growth suppression. As charcoal is a natural residue on the forest floor following fire, its influence on growth suppression was examined; it has been shown to immobilize polyphenols. Charcoal removed the inhibitory effect of leaf litter extracts and allowed the fertilizer effect of nutrients leached from the leaves to enhance seedling growth, particularly at the higher concentration of litter extract used. Responses to litter extracts were compared to four pure phenolic compounds, catchecol, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and tannic acid. None of these compounds suppressed pine seedling growth, suggesting that these phenolics are not allelopathic to pine seedlings. The results are discussed in the context of fire as a driving factor in these oligotrophic and seasonally dry ecosystems and the interactions between nutrient supply and allelopathic chemistry of different leaf litters.     

不同人工林凋落叶混合分解速率及其C,N释放动态

对岷江上游连香树、糙皮桦、云南松和云杉4种主要人工林凋落叶进行了凋落叶混合分解试验,探讨了凋落叶混合分解过程中的残留率以及分解过程中C,N含量和C,N释放率的动态变化,为试验区最佳混交树种的选择提供理论指导.结果表明,不同凋落叶分解速率存在显著差异.糙皮桦与云杉,糙皮桦与云南松,连香树与云南松凋落叶混合后对分解过程具有明显的促进作用,连香树与云杉凋落叶的混合对分解的促进作用不明显.放置于阔叶林地的针阔混合凋落叶分解速率较之放置于针叶林地快,且针阔混交有益于凋落叶的分解.在分解过程中凋落叶C含量呈减小趋势,但其释放率反之;N含量在分解过程中,连香树、云杉、云南松凋落叶表现为增加(富集)减小(释放)趋势,糙皮桦表现为减小—增大—减小的变化趋势.针阔林地凋落叶混合后促进了针叶林地凋落叶C和N的释放.     

羟基磷灰石–植物联合修复对Cu/Cd污染植物根际 土壤微生物群落的影响

针对江西贵溪Cu、Cd重金属污染土壤,通过田间试验,比较无机生物材料羟基磷灰石及3种植物(海州香薷、巨菌草、伴矿景天)与羟基磷灰石联合修复对土壤总Cu、Cd的吸收及对活性Cu、Cd的钝化吸收能力差异。采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析法,比较不同修复模式对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,以评估土壤微生态环境对不同修复措施的响应。研究结果表明:羟基磷灰石的施加可显著提高土壤pH,并有效钝化土壤活性Cu、Cd含量,但对土壤总Cu、Cd的含量影响较小。植物与羟基磷灰石的联合修复在显著降低土壤活性Cu、Cd(P0.05)的同时,减少了植物根际土壤总Cu、Cd的含量(P0.05)。不同修复措施对土壤微生物群落组成影响差异明显。单独施加羟基磷灰石与土壤真菌群落呈显著正相关,使土壤真菌生物量提高,从而引起真菌/细菌(F/B)的升高。植物与羟基磷灰石的联合修复可有效缓解土壤真菌化的趋势,其中巨菌草与羟基磷灰石的联合修复可有效提高土壤革兰氏阳性、革兰氏阴性细菌生物量及多样性,降低F/B值,从而降低土壤真菌病害的风险。不同植物根系活性代谢引起有机质的积累促进植物与羟基磷灰石处理中根际有机碳含量显著提高。聚类增强树(Aggregated boosted tree,ABT)分析结果表明:不同修复模式是影响土壤微生物群落的重要因素,其次土壤pH和Cu的含量及活性也是改变重金属污染区域微生物群落的因子。该研究从微生物群落结构角度解释了植物与羟基磷灰石联合修复对土壤微生态体系的作用,为开展Cu、Cd等重金属污染地植物与无机生物材料的联合修复方式的筛选及实施提供可靠的理论依据。     

Factors related to the distribution and prevalence of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Rana cascadae and other amphibians in the Klamath Mountains

The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which causes the disease chytridiomycosis, has been associated with declines and extinctions of montane amphibians worldwide. To gain insight into factors affecting its distribution and prevalence we focus on the amphibian community of the Klamath Mountains in northwest California. The Cascades frog (Rana cascadae), one of the most common amphibians in these mountains, experienced increased mortality as a result of Bd exposure in laboratory trials and has experienced recent, dramatic declines in other parts of California. We surveyed 112 sites in the Klamaths, all of which supported R. cascadae between 1999 and 2002, for amphibians and Bd to (1) determine the distribution of Bd, (2) evaluate changes in the distribution of R. cascadae, and (3) assess associations between potential biotic and abiotic drivers and Bd infection. Bd was widely distributed in the Klamath Mountains – we detected the pathogen at 64% of sites. R. cascadae was found at 79% of sites, and was often infected with Bd. These results suggest that Bd has not caused dramatic declines in R. cascadae in the Klamaths in recent years. Subadult R. cascadae had a higher Bd prevalence than other R. cascadae life stages (subadults: 36%, adults: 25%, metamorphs: 4%, larvae: 1%), and while the probability of infection decreased over the season for adults, it did not for subadults, suggesting that subadults may be more vulnerable to chytridiomycosis than other R. cascadae life stages. Bd prevalence in R. cascadae was highest early in the season at high-elevation sites, which may indicate that populations inhabiting high elevation sites may have a greater risk of being affected by chytridiomycosis. Three other common amphibian species also tested positive for Bd: Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla), western toad (Anaxyrus boreas), and rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa).