南宁市郊部分菜区土壤和蔬菜重金属污染评价

对南宁市郊 1 2个主要菜区土壤和蔬菜中重金属 ( Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb)含量调查和分析测定 ,采用重金属污染单因子评价方法对土壤重金属污染状况进行评价 ,以国家规定的蔬菜卫生标准评价蔬菜重金属污染状况 ,结果表明 :南宁市郊部分蔬菜区土壤不同程度地受到了 Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Pb的污染 ,依次是 :Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu;蔬菜中 Cd、 Pb积累较 Cu、 Zn高 ,供试点中大部分蔬菜 Cd、 Pb含量超出了国家规定的蔬菜卫生标准     

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地不同水期土壤-植被重金属分布特征

ICP-AES法研究了黄河三角洲湿地平水期(4月)、丰水期(8月)和枯水期(10月)土壤和植被重金属(Hg,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd和Cr)含量分布特征,并分析了土壤和植被重金属含量的关系。结果表明:(1)黄河三角洲芦苇湿地表土和底泥Hg,Cu,Zn平均含量变化呈递减趋势,依次表现出:平水期丰水期枯水期,不同时期土壤重金属Hg,Cu,Zn含量均表现为表土底泥;黄河三角洲芦苇湿地表土和底泥Pb,Cd和Cr平均含量变化呈递增趋势,依次表现出:枯水期丰水期平水期,并且不同时期土壤重金属Pb,Cd和Cr含量均表现为底泥表土,局部有所波动,综合分析可知,黄河三角洲芦苇湿地平水期的Hg,Cu,Zn污染最严重,枯水期Pb,Cd和Cr污染最严重;(2)黄河三角洲芦苇湿地表土重金属Hg,Cu,Zn含量高于底泥,表土重金属Pb,Cd和Cr含量低于底泥;(3)黄河三角洲芦苇湿地植被重金属Hg,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd和Cr含量均显著高于土壤(p0.05),说明植被的吸收作用在土壤重金属污染中起着关键作用;(4)主成分分析表明黄河三角洲芦苇湿地土壤中Hg和Zn含量、植被中Pb和Cd的含量变化是黄河三角洲芦苇湿地的重金属污染主要影响因子;相关性分析表明,植被体内的重金属含量主要来自和依赖于土壤重金属含量,同时植被对于土壤各重金属的吸收也保持一定的独立性。     

网络版摘要

<正>佛山市南海区大沥镇土壤重金属污染调查万云兵1,李伟中1,张景书2(1.佛山市南海区环境科学研究所,广东佛山528200;2.佛山市南海区环境技术中心,广东佛山528200)介绍了佛山市大沥镇土壤重金属污染现状,并以《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15168—1995)二级标准对土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Pb、Cd污染情况进行了分析与评价,评价结果表明大沥镇土壤中重金属含量依次为:Cd>Ni>Cu>Zn>Cr>Pb,其中Cd、Ni污染较为严重。     

红透山铜尾矿重金属分布及其对土壤重金属污染的影响

通过对红透山铜尾矿重金属分布及尾矿区和农田区土壤重金属污染状况进行研究,结果显示:尾矿中四种重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd均出现不同程度的淋滤-富集现象,对周围土壤存在较大的环境威胁。尾矿区土壤综合污染指数16.27,达重污染程度;周围农田土壤为轻度污染,综合污染指数1.29。四种重金属的污染状况分别为:Cd、Cu为重度污染,Zn为轻度污染,Pb为安全级别。     

三峡库区小江流域土壤重金属的分布特征与评价分析

通过对小江流域消落带土壤重金属分布特征和评价分析,结果表明,重金属Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni含量均值分别为23.76mgkg-1、20.78mgkg-1、82.92mgkg-1、36.84mgkg-1、0.064mgkg-1、38.08mgkg-1,均未超过国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995),其中Zn、Pb、Ni均高于重庆市土壤背景值。Cr与Cd、Cu与Zn、Cu与Cd,Cu与Ni的相关系数分别为0.9077、0.7969、0.4217、0.4347,呈正相关性。但其他元素间相关性不显著。Ni是本区表层土壤重金属污染的主要因子,重金属元素的污染程度依次为Ni>Zn>Cu>Cd>Pb>Cr。土壤重金属单项污染指数均值小于0.7,综合污染指数为0.47,总体上,污染水平为清洁,土壤重金属潜在生态风险为轻度生态危害。不同功能区潜在生态危害程度上以三中最大,其次为中原和铺溪,产生潜在生态危害的主要重金属是Cd、Pb,Cu、Cr次之。     

贵州草海流域不同功能区土壤-植物系统重金属迁移与富集特征

以草海流域不同功能区土壤及优势植物为研究对象,对比研究草海流域不同功能区土壤与植物中As、Cd、Cu、Cr、Pb和Zn 6种重金属的污染程度及其在土壤-植物系统中的迁移、富集特征。结果表明:草海流域4个功能区受到Cd和Zn的污染较为严重,As为轻度污染,Cr、Cu、Pb和As各个功能区污染程度不同;不同植物体内重金属含量差异显著,同种植物不同部位重金属规律为:根茎叶;7种优势植物中迁移特征和富集系数差别较大,只有狐尾藻对重金属Cu的富集系数大于1,其余植物对6种重金属的富集系数均小于1,可将狐尾藻作为草海流域典型的重金属耐性先锋植物;植物Cr和土壤Cr成极显著正相关,植物Zn和土壤Zn成显著正相关,植物Cd和土壤Zn成极显著正相关。     

洞庭湖芦苇湿地不同水期土壤—植被重金属分布特征

以洞庭湖芦苇湿地为例,连续2a采用ICP-AES法研究了平水期(4月)、丰水期(8月)和枯水期(10月)土壤和植被重金属(Hg、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr)含量分布特征,并分析了土壤和植被重金属含量的关系。研究结果表明,(1)洞庭湖芦苇湿地表土和底泥Hg、Cu、Zn平均含量变化呈递减趋势,依次表现出平水期丰水期枯水期,不同时期土壤重金属Hg、Cu、Zn含量均表现为表土底泥;洞庭湖芦苇湿地表土和底泥Pb、Cd和Cr平均含量变化呈递增趋势,依次表现出枯水期丰水期平水期,并且不同时期土壤重金属Pb、Cd和Cr含量均表现为底泥表土,局部有所波动,综合分析可知,洞庭湖芦苇湿地平水期的Hg、Cu、Zn污染最严重,枯水期Pb、Cd和Cr污染最严重。(2)洞庭湖芦苇湿地表土重金属Hg、Cu、Zn含量高于底泥,表土重金属Pb、Cd和Cr含量低于底泥。(3)洞庭湖芦苇湿地植被重金属Hg、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr含量均显著高于土壤(P0.05),说明植被的吸收作用在土壤重金属污染中起着关键作用。(4)主成分分析表明,洞庭湖芦苇湿地土壤中Hg和Zn含量、植被中Pb和Cd的含量变化是洞庭湖芦苇湿地的重金属污染主要影响因子;相关性分析表明,植被体内的重金属含量主要来自和依赖于土壤重金属含量,同时植被对于土壤各重金属的吸收也保持一定的独立性。     

组配改良剂对重金属污染土壤-蔬菜系统的修复效果研究

采用大田实验研究复合污染土壤中添加组配改良剂FQ12(沸石∶羟基磷灰石=1∶2)对受污染土壤和蔬菜中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn 4种重金属的影响。结果表明,在添加FQ12后,土壤中重金属交换态含量大幅降低。辣椒可食部位中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量也显著降低,FQ12添加量8.0g/kg时降低效果最好,Pb、Cd、Cu分别降低91.1%,58.3%,95.3%;Zn则是在4.0g/kg时,最大降幅达到89.4%,其他部位也有不同程度降低。在添加FQ12后,在一定程度上可以降低空心菜可食部位中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量。在添加量为8.0g/kg时,4种重金属总量均达到最大降幅,最为明显的是Pb和Cu分别降低55.9%和50.7%,根部各重金属含量变化不大。由此可知,FQ12的施用对2种蔬菜吸收土壤重金属起到有效的抑制作用。     

雪鸡坪-春都斑岩性铜矿区土壤重金属污染评价及植物优选

根据对香格里拉县雪鸡坪—春都斑岩性铜矿区主体矿区的25个样地的土壤和植物叶片检测结果,运用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对土壤重金属污染状况进行评价,并运用富集系数筛选优良修复植物,为今后雪鸡坪—春都矿区土壤改良和修复提供科学依据。评价结果表明,矿区土壤中重金属的污染程度由高到底依次为:Pb > As > Cu > Hg > Cr > Zn > Cd,单个重金属元素的潜在生态危害风险程度,由强到弱依次为:Hg（98.7） > Pb（28.2） > As（21.1） > Cd（16.6） > Cu（14.6） > Cr（2.1） > Zn（1.0）,综合来看,矿区土壤污染主要受Pb,Cu,Hg和As这4种元素影响为主。依据矿区6种典型植物对重金属的富集能力,建议矿区选择铜锤玉带草为先锋植物,以铜锤玉带草、杜鹃、云南松、高山栎4种植物组成的群落作为修复矿区土壤的先锋植物群落。     

焦化厂周边土壤重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

为研究某焦化厂周边土壤中重金属(Pb,Cd,Zn,Cu,Cr和Mn)的生态风险,对焦化厂东、西、南和北方向上的500,1000和3000 m处表层土壤进行了采样。采用单因子质量指数法、地累积指数法以及潜在生态危害指数法对各样点土样中重金属的生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,所有采样点中Cd含量是土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)Ⅱ级标准中Cd标准值的2.1~7.2倍,其他重金属含量均未超过其标准值,各重金属元素含量均在1000 m处达到最大值;研究区域土壤中各种重金属元素的污染程度由强至弱依次为:Cd >Cr >Cu≈Zn>Pb≈Mn,潜在生态危害由强至弱依次为:Cd >>Pb >Cu >Cr >Zn >Mn,北部 >西部 >东北 >南部;焦化厂周边土壤整体存在严重的潜在生态风险,特别是焦化厂北面土壤中重金属的潜在生态风险为极严重,其中Cd在土壤中存在严重的累积效应,是造成潜在生态风险的主导因子。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.