Effect of Calcium Foliar Application on the Characteristics of Blueberry Fruit during Storage

ABSTRACT

Effect of calcium (Ca) foliar application on blueberry fruit characteristics during storage was investigated. Calcium applications began 28 d after flowering, two levels (3.9 g Ca^{2 +} and 39 g Ca^{2 +}) and a control without calcium were used (0.0; 3.0, and 30 mL L^?1). The fruits were harvested on day 103 and were stored for 56 d at 2 ± 1°C. At harvest time the fruits had a significant statistical different concentration, which were maintained until the last day of storage. The fruit from the 30 mL L^?1 treatment was the highest. The lowest texture levels are found with the treatment without calcium, which shows a statistically significant change from storage day 29. The LMP percentage did not varied in the fruit from the treatment with 30 mL L^?1, but did in the fruit without calcium. Hunter L, b, and the index chromes were influenced by the applied calcium levels, significantly greater at 30 mL L^?1; and by the time of storage in the fruits with treatment of 30 mL L^?1.     

钙处理对葡萄柚果实细胞壁物质代谢及其相关基因表达的影响

【目的】研究采前、 采后钙处理对葡萄柚果实细胞壁组分、 细胞壁降解酶活性变化及其相关基因表达的影响,可为了解钙与果实细胞壁物质代谢之间的关系,揭示钙对果实软化的作用机理,为调控葡萄柚果实膳食纤维含量,提高果实质地品质提供理论依据。【方法】试验于2011年2月至11月在云南省玉溪市葡萄柚果园进行,供试品种为‘里约红’葡萄柚,该品种于2005年嫁接于当地砧木,株行距为3 m×3 m。试验由采前和采后钙处理两部分组成。采前钙处理在幼果初期、 幼果末期、 膨大初期、 膨大末期、 转色期,叶面喷施2% CaCl2; 采后钙处理在果实成熟采后浸于2% CaCl2溶液5 min, 室温贮藏。之后每15天取样一次,每次取10个果实,测定葡萄柚果肉细胞壁组分、 细胞壁降解酶活性及其基因表达量。【结果】随葡萄柚果实后熟软化,紧密结合型果胶(共价结合型果胶)解聚为松散结合型果胶(水溶性果胶、 离子结合型果胶),紧密结合型半纤维素(24% KOH可溶性半纤维素)解聚使其含量下降,而松散结合型半纤维素含量增加(4%KOH可溶性半纤维素)。果实PG、 PME、 Cx、 α-L-Af和β-Gal酶活性及其基因表达量均随果实软化呈不同程度增加。PME活性在果实采收后表现出较高含量,而PG活性在果实贮藏前期急剧增加,其酶基因的表达量与酶活性变化趋势基本一致。Cx、 α-L-Af和β-Gal活性在贮藏中、 后期上升较快,相关酶基因的表达量亦明显增加。钙处理显著地降低果实细胞壁降解酶活性和基因表达水平,其中采后钙处理对α-L-Af和β-Gal活性和基因表达在贮藏中、 后期的调控作用较显著,酶活性和基因表达均维持在较低水平。【结论】外源钙处理降低细胞壁降解酶活性及其基因表达,抑制了细胞壁物质的解聚,采后钙处理对细胞壁物质代谢的调控效果优于采前钙处理。外源钙处理抑制了细胞壁降解酶基因表达水平,降低了细胞壁降解酶活性,减缓了果胶、 半纤维素的解聚,从而达到调控果实膳食纤维含量、 维持果实质地品质、 延长果实货架期寿命的目的。     

喷钙对红地球葡萄果实钙、果胶含量和品质的影响

为明确适用于红地球葡萄的补钙钙源、 时期和部位,设计了在葡萄果实发育的不同时期（幼果膨大期和采收前2周）对不同部位（叶片和果实）分别喷施硝酸钙和糖醇钙的田间试验,分析了喷钙后果实钙、 果胶含量和果实品质的变化。结果表明, 外源喷钙显著提高了红地球葡萄叶柄和果实各部位的钙含量。从喷钙时期上看,幼果膨大期喷钙对果实各部位钙含量的提高明显大于采收前2周喷钙;从钙源种类上看,硝酸钙适合叶片喷施,糖醇钙适合果穗喷施;从喷钙部位看,叶片喷糖醇钙对提高果实采收期的叶柄钙含量效果最为明显,喷钙后,在果实各部位中,果皮钙含量增加最多,为对照的6.6~20.3倍。在幼果膨大期和采收前2周两个时期,果穗喷钙对果皮钙含量的影响均明显大于叶片喷钙,叶片喷钙则更有利于果籽中钙含量的提高。幼果膨大期果穗喷糖醇钙处理采收后的果肉钙含量最高,达到3.98 mg/g,DW,是对照的2.84倍。果肉钙含量与果肉原果胶含量、 总果胶含量以及果粒硬度均呈极显著正相关,说明通过喷钙来提高果肉钙含量有助于提高果实的贮运品质。     

华南荔枝叶片营养诊断指标的建立

【目的】比较4种叶片营养诊断方法在荔枝 (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) 营养诊断上的优缺点,确定荔枝适用的诊断方法并建立诊断指标,为诊断我国荔枝树体营养和养分管理提供科学依据。【方法】妃子笑是我国最广泛种植的品种。在华南荔枝主产区22个妃子笑果园分别采集2016年果实膨大期、2016年末次梢老熟期和2017年果实膨大期193、186和159个叶片样本,测定大中微量元素养分含量;准确记录采样树果实产量,以株产乘以种植密度计算果园产量,用欧式距离平方法确定两年高产水平,并建立果实产量与叶片养分含量关系函数;利用4种叶营养诊断方法[临界值法(CVA)、充足范围法(SRA)、诊断施肥综合法(M-DRIS)、组分营养诊断法(CND)],分别对3个时期荔枝叶片营养状况进行诊断。【结果】大部分果园年际间产量差异明显。同一生育期不同采样树叶片同一养分含量相差两倍至十数倍,两年果实膨大期叶片各种养分含量差异显著,但两年高产群体果实膨大期叶片养分含量较为接近。根据果实产量与叶片养分含量之间的关系模型,CVA只能获得少数养分元素的诊断指标,而M-DRIS法和CND法只能定性指出养分元素的需求顺序,而且诊断准确性与诊断时期、养分丰缺程度有关且年际差异大。SRA可获得各种养分的量化诊断指标,并且两年果实膨大期的诊断指标接近,可克服年际间的差异。【结论】SRA具有年份变异小、诊断指标全面且易于推广应用等优点,可用于华南妃子笑叶片营养诊断。用该法获得妃子笑果实膨大期叶片养分适宜范围为N 16.7～19.2 g/kg、P 1.06～1.25 g/kg、K 5.1～6.7 g/kg、Ca 7.7～11.0 g/kg、Mg 2.5～3.7 g/kg、S 1.51～1.81 g/kg、Zn 19.6～32.6 mg/kg和B 11.5～19.2 mg/kg;末次梢老熟期叶片养分适宜水平为N 19.7～22.0 g/kg、P 1.69～1.95 g/kg、K 10.8～12.7 g/kg、Ca 3.0～4.1 g/kg、Mg 2.5～2.9 g/kg、S 1.38～1.57 g/kg、Zn 15.0～18.9 mg/kg和B 10.8～16.8 mg/kg。     

叶面喷钙对金丝小枣钙素营养及果实品质的影响

为探究叶面喷施钙肥对金丝小枣钙素营养、果实发育及品质的影响,以20年生乐陵金丝小枣为试材,以喷清水为对照,进行叶面喷施有机钙(柠檬酸钙,0.2%)和无机钙(硝酸钙,0.2%)试验,生长期间分4次测量果实生长指标以及叶片、果实中钙含量,收获期对一些果实品质指标进行测定。研究结果表明:叶面喷施有机钙和无机钙均可提高金丝小枣果实和叶片的Ca含量、果实可溶性糖含量、单果重、果形指数。喷施两种钙肥还可显著提高叶片SPAD值,改善叶片氮素营养。喷施柠檬酸钙可显著提高果实优质果比例,并降低劣质果比例。两种钙肥均可改善金丝小枣营养状况,促进金丝小枣果实发育,并且柠檬酸钙的效果优于硝酸钙。     

加工型番茄果实硬度特异材料的果实特性及果肉组织特征

为能分析不同硬度加工番茄品系的果实特性和果肉组织特征差异,该文以田间发现的特异高硬度果实材料WT-75和WT-76为研究对象,分析了果实的可溶性固形物、总酸、番茄红素、单果耐压力、果肉组织含水量和可溶性果胶等主要品质指标差异,并利用石蜡切片和扫描电镜技术,研究不同材料间的果肉组织特征差异.结果表明,相较于对照ZH-10较软的手捏感官硬度评价,WT-75和WT-76的评价为特硬.利用平板挤压法测试硬度,WT-75和WT-76的耐压力分别为79.70和77.71 N,极显著高于(P＜0.01)对照ZH-10的耐压力.在测试的果实主要品质指标中,WT-75和WT-76的可溶性果胶含量显著高于(P＜0.05)对照ZH-10,其他的品质指标在各研究材料间不存在差异的显著性(P＞0.05).WT-75和WT-76的果肉组织石蜡切片结果表明,在200 μm视野下WT-75和WT-76的平均果肉细胞面积分别为0.037 6和0.053 2 mm2明显(P＜0.01)小于ZH-10(果肉细胞面积为0.089 9 mm2),且排列紧密.常温放置35d后,WT-75的果实腐烂率达93％,而对照ZH-10腐烂率为64％,WT-76的腐烂率为33％,ZH-10和WT-76的腐烂程度小于(P＜0.05)WT-75.结合与果肉组织的扫描电镜结果,相较对照ZH-10和WT-76,WT-75的果皮中分布了大量的小皮孔,这种果皮结构的特异性可能是导致果实的耐贮藏性显著降低的主要原因.通过对特异果实硬度加工型番茄果实主要品质、果肉组织特征和常温耐贮藏性研究,为后期适宜加工型番茄杂交品种亲本的选配筛选提供理论依据.     

Iodine uptake and translocation in apple trees grown under protected cultivation

Background and Aims : Agronomic biofortification of food crops with iodine may improve the dietary intake of this trace element, which is essential for human development and health. So far, little is known about the suitability of this technique in pome fruits. The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate uptake and translocation of exogenously applied iodine in apple trees, (2) to identify possible strategies of iodine biofortification for this type of fruit, and (3) to evaluate interactions between foliar applied iodine and selenium. Methods : Apple trees were cultivated in a plastic tunnel for two growing seasons. Iodine was applied via leaves or substrate. During the 2^nd year, simultaneous foliar application of iodine and selenium were tested as well. At harvest time, iodine and selenium content in leaves and fruits were determined. The phytoavailable iodine concentration in the growing medium was analyzed following an extraction with calcium chloride. In addition, the dynamics of iodine applied as potassium iodide and iodate in a peat‐based substrate was investigated in an incubation experiment without plants. Results : The iodine concentration in washed apples increased more than 100‐fold, valuing around 50 µg (100 g FM)^?1 by foliar application of iodine as compared to the control treatment. However, this level was only achieved in fruits which were directly wetted by the spray solution. The translocation of leaf‐absorbed iodine to fruits was negligible. Following a substrate fertilization, the fruit iodine content remained rather low due to a strong retention of iodine in the growing medium. When using foliar sprays, the addition of selenium did not affect the iodine enrichment of the apple fruits. Conclusions : Foliar fertilization of iodine seems to be a promising method to biofortify apples with iodine. The level of I achieved in apple fruits by means of foliar fertilization can significantly contribute to the daily I intake requirement of humans.     

Impact of Supplemental Calcium Chloride on Yield,Quality, Nutrient Status,and Postharvest Attributes of Tomato

Little is known regarding the impact of calcium chloride applications during growth and development on tomato postharvest quality. This trial investigated supplemental calcium chloride applications on yield, nutrient content, texture, and postharvest quality of tomato fruit. Calcium (Ca) nutrient solution concentrations were: 60, 180, and 360 mg·L^?1 calcium, while foliar applications were (0, 1, and 2% calcium chloride w/v). Plants grown with 60 mg·L^?1 Ca had a high incidence of blossom end rot, which was not affected by calcium chloride sprays. Fruit nutrient concentrations were affected by calcium delivered through the nutrient solution. As fruit cluster position increased, fruit nutrient concentrations significantly decreased. Foliar calcium chloride sprays affected fruit soluble solids content and dry weight, but did not affect texture. Pericarp elasticity increased concomitantly with calcium in the nutrient solution. Postharvest disease incidence was not affected by calcium treatment, though weight loss during storage was negatively affected by calcium chloride sprays.     

EFFECT OF VARIOUS FOLIAR SPRAYS ON SOME FRUIT QUALITY ATTRIBUTES AND LEAF NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF THE PEACH CULTIVAR ‘ANDROSS’

The effect of various products applied as foliar sprays on some fruit quality attributes and leaf nutritional status of the peach cultivar ‘Andross’ for a three year period is reported. Foliar application of all calcium (Ca) products plus boron (B), did not affect mean fruit weight compared to the control. Application of profical plus calcium phosphite plus power 7-B resulted in an increase of flesh firmness. Low flesh firmness was measured at the potassium nitrate (KNO₃) and Chelan-K treatments. Foliar application of all Ca and K products did not alter significantly total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, and length and width of pits in comparison to the control. The highest amount of compact pits (without visual split) for the three year period was measured after foliar application of silene-K. Profical plus calcium phosphite plus power 7-B, and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) plus power 7-B gave also good results for the three years. Foliar application of agriphos, chelan-K, silene-K, and KNO₃ resulted in an increase of K concentration of leaves compared to the control. Foliar application of CaCl₂, bcazin, power-Ca, profical and calcium phosphite plus profical resulted in an increase of Ca concentration of leaves compared to the control for all the years. The efficacy of the foliar sprays varied from year to year indicating the influence of the climatic conditions on tree nutrition.     

Effect of foliar and soil application of urea on leaf nutrients concentrations,yield and fruit quality of pomegranate

The influence of foliar application of 1% urea and four rates of urea (100, 200, 300 and 400 g tree^?1) as soil application (deep fertilizer placement) were studied on leaf nutrients concentrations, yield and fruit quality of ‘Malas e Torsh e Saveh’ pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) during 2010 and 2011 growing seasons. Trees that received 300 and 400 g urea as soil application showed positive significant response on fruit yield, average fruit weight, aril weight percent of fruit, 100 arils weight, fruit diameter and TSS. Foliar application of urea had also significant effects on average fruit weight, aril weight percent of fruit and 100 arils weight. Nitrogen concentration increased linearly in leaves with the increase in rate of urea-applied. According to results, deep soil application of urea under the conditions of this study was more effective on pomegranate fruit yield and quality characters than foliar application of urea.     

Influence of foliar application of mineral nutrients at different growth stages of guava

Foliar application of nutrients enhances efficient use along with quick response. The experiment was undertaken to study the effect of foliar application of mineral nutrients viz., boron (B), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K) sprayed at different growth stages viz., at fruit set and at two weeks after fruit set of guava (Psidium guajava L.). Increase in plant canopy and minimum seed index was in Zn (0.03%) sprayed at fruit set. Fruit size, sugar: acid, and organoleptic score were better in K (0.5%) sprayed at two weeks after fruit set. Increased yield in Zn (0.01%) and pectin enhancement with B (0.03%) was found at two weeks after fruit set, respectively. Minimum physiological loss in weight of fruits was with Ca (0.5%) sprayed at two weeks after fruit set. In general, for most of the desirable characters 0.5% potassium (K) spray at 2 weeks after fruit set had better results.     

Cultivar-dependent cell wall modification of strawberry fruit under NaCl salinity stress

Strawberry cultivars differ in their sensitivity to NaCl; fruits of cv. Elsanta suffer from softening, whereas those of cv. Korona retain their firmness. The mean fruit fresh weight is reduced in cv. Elsanta up to 46% and in cv. Korona up to 26%. Cell walls of fruits grown under 0, 40, or 80 mmol/L NaCl were extracted and analyzed. In fruits of cv. Korona, the content of the alcohol-insoluble residue remained comparatively stable as salt levels increased but was reduced in cv. Elsanta. The water-soluble pectin fraction was not affected in cv. Korona, but the content of low methoxy pectinates increased significantly, indicative of the generation of calcium and magnesium bridges that stabilize pectin polysaccharides of cell walls. In cv. Elsanta, the content of water-soluble pectin rose, indicating pectin solubilization. For both cultivars, the significant negative correlation of fruit Cl(-) contents with the contents of NaOH-soluble pectinates, when expressed per fruit fresh mass, indicated that covalently bound pectic substances were degraded. Especially the response of cv. Elsanta is in line with the general observation that severe osmotic stress results in slower cell expansion and weaker cell walls.     

Foliar feeding of boron improves the productivity of cotton cultivars with enhanced boll retention percentage

Abstract

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is of prime importance because of its quality fiber and edible oil production. Boron (B) is among essential micronutrients for plant growth; it aids in the transfer of sugars and nutrients from leaves to fruit that are involved directly or indirectly in many plant functions. Cotton growth, yield and quality are strongly affected with boron application. A two-year study was conducted to evaluate the impact of foliar applied B (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10?g of B L^?1 of water) on the performance of cotton cultivars (FH-113, MNH-786 and CIM-496). The results indicated that growth, yield and quality traits of cotton were significantly influenced by different levels of foliar applied boron as well as cultivars of cotton. Among cotton cultivars, the yield and quality parameters were superior in cultivar “FH-113.” Foliar application of boron at 6?g L^?1 of water improved leaf area index and leaf area duration and eventually improved the number of bolls per plant, boll retention percentage, average boll weight, lint yield, ginning out turn, fiber length and uniformity ratio of cotton. Foliar application of B at 6?g per liter of water, showed promising results by improving growth and quality parameters and is recommend to enhance the economical yield production of cotton cultivar “FH-113” with improved quality.     

Compositional nutrient diagnosis and main nutrient interactions in yellow pepper grown on desert calcareous soils

Mineral‐nutrient stress is one of the main factors limiting crop production, especially in arid lands. The mineral requirement of a crop is difficult to determine, and the interpretation of foliar chemistry composition is not easy. This study was conducted to compute the minimum yield target for fresh fruit of yellow pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and the corresponding Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) as well as to identify significant nutrient interactions of this crop in desert calcareous soils. Preliminary CND norms were developed using a cumulative variance‐ratio function and the chi‐square distribution function. From a small database, we computed means and standard deviations of row‐centered log ratios, V_X, of five nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) and a filling value, R, which comprises all nutrients not chemically analyzed and quantified them in 54 foliar samples of the popular yellow pepper cv. ‘Santa Fé’. This cultivar is widely grown in northwest Mexico under arid conditions. These norms are associated to fresh fruit yields higher than 15.04 t ha^–1. Principal‐component analyses, performed using estimated CND nutrient indexes, allowed us to identify four interactions: negative P‐Ca, P‐Mg, and N‐K, and positive Ca‐Mg. Pepper plants growing on calcareous soils tend to take up more Ca and Mg than considered as optimum in other soil conditions.     

Bioactive compounds, myrosinase activity, and antioxidant capacity of white cabbages grown in different locations of Spain

The influence of two Spanish growing locations with well-differentiated climatic conditions (northern and eastern areas) on the main bioactive compounds, glucosinolates (GLS), total phenolic compounds (TPC), and vitamin C, as well as myrosinase activity and antioxidant capacity in five white cabbage ( Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) cultivars was investigated. Cabbages with the highest concentration of total GLS presented the highest vitamin C level (r = 0.75, P ≤ 0.05) and the lowest antioxidant capacity (r = -0.76, P ≤ 0.05). The cultivars with the highest vitamin C content had the lowest myrosinase activity (r = -0.89, P ≤ 0.05) and antioxidant capacity (r = -0.86, P ≤ 0.05), whereas those with the largest TPC amount showed the highest antioxidant capacity (r = 0.71, P ≤ 0.05). Cabbage cultivars grown in the northern area of Spain with low temperatures and radiation led to higher mean values of myrosinase activity (29.25 U/g dm), TPC (10.0 GAE mg/g dm), and antioxidant capacity (81.6 μmol Trolox/g dm), whereas cultivars grown in the eastern area with high temperature and radiation led to larger mean values of GLS (14.3 μmol/g dm) and vitamin C (5.3 mg/g dm). The results of this investigation provide information regarding the most suitable Spanish growing location to produce white cabbage with an optimized content of health-promoting compounds.     

Relationship of Leaf Macronutrient Concentrations in New Tomato Varieties to Fruit Yield

Abstract

This study was performed to evaluate the response of different newly established tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars (Búfalo [control, a widely cultivated variety], Corindon, Dombelo, GC‐773, GC‐775, Nancy, Noa, Sarky, Yunque, Volcani, 617/83, and 2084/81), all cultivated under identical greenhouse conditions, in relation to the efficiency in macronutrient utilization to ascertain whether the genotype and the plant developmental stages affect the concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) in leaves. The cultivar with greater foliar‐biomass production (Volcani) or greater concentration of nutrients as organic N (Noa, Yunque, 617/83) showed less marketable and more non‐commercial fruit production. The phenological phases of developing and ripening fruits significantly increased the concentration of P and reduced the concentration of all N forms and total K, as well as Na, Ca, Mg, and S forms in the leaves.     

Influence of Foliar and Ground Fertilization on Yield,Fruit Quality,and Soil,Leaf, and Fruit Mineral Nutrients in Apple

ABSTRACT

The effectiveness of nitrogen (N)+ zinc (Zn) soil and foliar fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and quality of apple (Malus domestic Borkh ‘Golden Delicious’) fruit was studied in the Zanjan province, Iran. There were eight treatments 1) control (no fertilizer), 2) soil applied N, 3) soil applied Zn, 4) soil applied N+Zn, 5) foliar applied N, 6) foliar applied Zn, 7) foliar applied N+Zn and 8) combined soil and foliar applied N+Zn. The N source was urea [CO(NH₂)₂, 46% N] applied at 276 N tree^{? 1} yr^?1 and the Zn source was zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄,7H₂0, 23% Zn) applied at 110 g Zn tree^{? 1} yr^{? 1}. The soil treatments of N and Zn, were applied every two weeks during June through August (total of 6 times/year) in a 1 m radius around the tree trunk (drip line of trees). The foliar solutions of N (10 g l^{? 1} urea) and Zn [8 g l^{? 1} zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄)] were sprayed at the rate of 10 L tree^{? 1} every two weeks at the same times as described for soil applications. The highest yield (49 kg tree^{? 1}), and the heaviest fruits (202 g) were obtained in the soil and foliar combination of N+Zn treatment. The lowest yield (35 kg tree^{? 1}), and the smallest fruits (175 g) were recorded in the control. Nitrogen, and to a lesser extent Zn, foliar application resulted in decreasing fruit quality (caused russeting, and lower soluble solid), but increasing N leaf and fruit concentrations (2.4% DW and 563 mg kg^{? 1}, respectively). There were significant differences among yield and leaf mineral nutrient concentration in different treatments. But there was no significant difference between fruit mineral nutrient concentration (except N). Ratio of N/calcium (Ca), potassium (K)/Ca, and [magnesium (Mg)+K]/Ca in fruits were found suitable for fruit quality prediction. Combining the zinc sulfate with urea in the foliar applications increased the concentration of Zn from 0.7 to 1.5 mg per kg of apple tissue. Leaf N concentration varied during growth season. Foliar applied nutrient can be more efficient than soil applied, but a combination of soil and foliar applications is recommended for apple tree nutrient management.     

叶施钙肥对芒果果实呼吸、乙烯释放及矿质元素含量的影响

探索叶面增钙对芒果果实呼吸、乙烯释放及果实矿质元素的影响,为钙肥在芒果生产中的合理应用提供科学理论依据。以"贵妃"芒果为试材,田间试验于2013年10月至2014年6月在海南省东方岛西林场芒果园进行,试验共设置不喷施叶面肥(0 g·L~(-1))、喷施0.5、1.5、2.5、3.5 g·L~(-1)钙含量肥5个处理,各处理3个重复,肥料选择硝酸钙(化学纯)和果蔬钙(Ca 170 g·L~(-1)),于催花前、幼果期、果实膨大期及采收前分别喷施,研究果实呼吸速率、乙烯释放及矿质元素含量变化。研究发现,不施钙处理芒果的果实跃变峰出现在采摘后第13d,叶面增钙使果实跃变峰的出现滞后。在呼吸峰值出现前硝酸钙降低果实呼吸速率,以1.5 g·L~(-1)处理显著降低,峰后有增强呼吸的趋势,在呼吸峰值出现前果蔬钙有提高果实呼吸速率的趋势,峰值出现后有抑制呼吸速率的作用;喷施硝酸钙推迟采后芒果果实进入乙烯跃变期,使跃变峰的出现比CK滞后2 d,峰值过后各处理乙烯释放速率远高于CK,喷施果蔬钙推迟采后芒果果实进入乙烯跃变期,跃变峰的出现有推迟趋势,0.5 g·L~(-1)处理的跃变峰滞后显著,推迟至第17 d;叶施钙肥有使果实K含量降低趋势,以果蔬钙处理显著降低;叶面喷施硝酸钙、果蔬钙均提高果实Ca含量,硝酸钙降低Mg含量,果蔬钙提高Mg含量;叶施硝酸钙使果实Fe、Cu、Zn含量下降,Mn含量提高;叶施果蔬钙使果实Fe下降、Mn提高,低钙提高果实Cu、Zn含量,高钙降低果实Cu、Zn含量。叶面增钙,影响了芒果果实采后呼吸、乙烯释放速率及推迟跃变峰的出现,影响果实部分矿质元素的含量,提高了果实采后贮藏性。     

Effect of Boron Application on Yield,Quality, and Nutritional Status of Peach Cultivar Andross

During the cultivation period of 2005–2007, a project was carried out in the region of Eirinoupolis, prefecture of Imathia, Macedonia, northern Greece. The study investigated the application of boron (B) timing (flowering, fruit set, fruit growth) and method (soil and foliage) on the vegetative growth, fruit yield and quality, and nutritional status of the cling-stone peach variety Andross. The cultivar was grafted onto an 8-year-old rootstock GF 677. The results showed that the greatest marketable yield (135 kg tree^–1) was achieved in peach trees where B was applied on soil during the flowering stage in combination with a balanced nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) basal application. Boron concentration in fruits of that treatment was increased in both cultivation years compared to most of the applied treatments. Foliar application of B at flowering, fruit set, and fruit growth, primarily in combination with foliar calcium (Ca) application, showed fruits to be less affected by cracking and Monilinia over all treatments. However, foliar application of Ca did not significantly promote leaf or fruit Ca concentration.     

Effects of the Polish Rootstocks P2 and P22 on Vigour,Yield and Fruit Characteristics of the Apple Cultivar ‘Gravenstein’

Abstract

The performance of the Polish rootstocks P2 and P22 under Norwegian growing conditions was evaluated over 10 years (1983–92). Tree vigour of the apple cultivar ‘Gravenstein’ on P2 and P22 was 64 and 16% of that on M9, respectively. Trees on P2 had the highest yield efficiency, but less total yield per tree than M9. Owing to very dwarfing growth, trees on P22 failed to establish a sufficient canopy and produced significantly smaller apples. P2 and P22 affected apple soluble solids in a favourable way, but did not influence fruit acidity.