根癌农杆菌介导草莓遗传转化研究

利用带有内含子gus基因的瞬时表达,研究影响根癌农杆菌介导"鬼露甘"草莓遗传转化的若干因素。结果表明:草莓叶片外植体对卡那霉素较为敏感,适宜的筛选浓度为20mg/L,可明显抑制非转化组织的生长;300mg/L的羧吩青霉素可有效抑菌,对外植体生长影响也较小;预培养2-4d有利于转化;共培养2-3d有利于提高转化频率并避免了农杆菌的过度生长;OD600nm值为0.4的菌液侵染10min效果最佳。再生植株经PCR检测初步证明gus基因已成功整合到草莓基因组中。     

根癌农杆菌介导转褪黑素基因草莓的获得

为建立根癌农杆菌介导的草莓褪黑素基因高效遗传转化体系,以草莓品种“早红”叶片和叶柄为外植体,优化了影响根癌农杆菌遗传转化的因素,包括农杆菌菌液浓度、侵染时间、共培养时间和预培养时间等,建立了适宜草莓“早红”的农杆菌遗传转化体系。结果表明,“早红”草莓适宜的转化条件是：外植体的最适预培养时间为2～3 d,农杆菌侵染的最佳菌液浓度为OD600 0.3～0.5,最适侵染时间为15 min,最适共培养时间为3 d。在此基础上,通过根癌农杆菌介导法将褪黑素合成关键酶N -乙酰转移酶（AANAT）和羟吲哚-氧甲基转移酶（HIOMT）基因AANAT和HIOMT转入草莓基因组,并对获得的抗性植株进行PCR和PCR-Southern blot检测分析,结果表明外源基因已经整合进草莓基因组中。RT-PCR分析证明外源基因已经在转录水平表达。     

两种质粒中gus基因在植物细胞和根癌农杆菌中的表达特性研究

以含有基因转化操作过程中常用的两种质粒载体pBI121和pCAMBIA2301的根癌农杆菌EHA105为材料,分别转化甜瓜子叶,应用组织化学方法检测了甜瓜子叶和子叶培养后的愈伤组织及根癌农杆菌菌液的瞬时转化效果,研究了两种不同的质粒载体上所含的gus基因在根癌农杆菌中和植物细胞中的表达特性。结果表明,不同质粒载体上所含的gus基因的表达特性不同,质粒载体pBI121上所含的gus基因既能在植物细胞中能表达,也能在根癌农杆菌细胞中表达,而质粒载体pCAMBIA2301上所含的gus基因能在植物细胞中表达,但是不能在根癌农杆菌细胞中表达。     

PMI基因作为选择标记的植物表达载体构建及其在雪柑转基因中的应用

以大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)6-磷酸甘露糖异构酶(6-phosphomannose isomerase,PMI)基因替换植物表达载体pCAMBIA1301中的hpt基因以及pBI121中的gus基因,构建了以PMI基因为选择标记基因的植物表达载体pCAMBIA1301PMI和pBIPMI,并导人根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)EHA105中.研究了两种表达载体对雪柑(Citrus sinensis L.Osbeck)上胚轴的转化,在培养基附加25 g/L甘露糖和5 g/L蔗糖为碳源的选择压力下,pCAMBIA1301PMI的转化率为27.7%,pBIPMI转化率为12.7%,对再生植株用氯酚红和PCR检测证实了PMI基因的导入,建立了以PMI/甘露糖为选择系统的雪柑转基因体系.     

爬行卫矛再生体系建立及根癌农杆菌介导的遗传转化研究

以爬行卫矛(Euonymus fortunei var. radicans)无菌苗下胚轴为外植体,在附加不同浓度植物生长调节的MS基础培养基上诱导培养,通过器官直接发生途径获得再生植株。结果表明,0.5mg/L BAP和0.01mg/L NAA组合的诱导效果最佳,其不定芽再生率高达92%,外植体平均不定芽数目为4.2个。将含有雪花莲凝集素基因(Galanthus nivalis agglutinin,GNA)的植物表达载体pBCGm导入根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)LBA4404, 通过农杆菌介导法遗传转化爬行卫矛的下胚轴,经PCR和PCR-Southern检测,GNA基因已整合到转化植株的基因组中。遗传转化过程中,外植体不经预培养,菌液浓度OD=0.6,共培养3d,有利于获得最高遗传转化效率。     

爬行卫矛再生体系建立及根癌农杆菌介导的遗传转化

以爬行卫矛(Euonymus fortunci var.radicans)无菌苗下胚轴为外植体,在附加不同浓度植物生长调节剂的MS基础培养基上诱导培养,通过器官直接发生途径获得再生植株.结果表明,0.5 mg/LBAP和0.01 mg/L NAA组合的诱导效果最佳,其不定芽再生率高达92%,外植体平均不定芽数目为4.2个.将含有雪花莲凝集素基因(Galanthus nivalis agglutinin,GNA)的植物表达载体pBCGm导入根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)LBA4404,通过农杆菌介导法遗传转化爬行卫矛的下胚轴,经PCR和PCR-Southern检测,GNA基因已整合到转化植株的基因组中.遗传转化过程中,外植体不经预培养,菌液浓度OD=0.6,共培养3 d,有利于获得最高遗传转化效率.     

棉花农杆菌基因转化体系的优化和转苜蓿抗菌肽基因(alfAFP)植株的获得

为了优化根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导的棉花(Gossypium hirsutumL.)下胚轴切段的基因转化体系,以苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)抗菌肽基因(alflafa antifungul peptide,alfAFP)为目标,利用γ-葡萄糖甘酸酶基因(gus)和潮霉素抗性基因(Hpt)的检测方法,分析了根癌农杆菌菌种、菌液浓度、浸染下胚轴的时间、共培养中乙酰丁香酮(AS)的浓度、共培养温度和时间等因子对基因转化的影响.优化分析表明,用农杆菌菌株LBA4404,当OD_(600)值为0.5～0.7的菌液浸染5～7日龄的棉花无菌苗下胚轴切段10～15 min.在含200 μmol/L AS的共培养基中21℃暗培养60h,可更有效地提高转化率.经上述条件处理的下胚轴在含50 mg/L潮霉素的愈伤诱导培养基上培养3周可产生转化率最高的愈伤组织.愈伤组织经分化培养获得15株再生棉花,经过PCR和PCR-Southern分析.发现其中12株含有外源基因alfAFP.     

根癌农杆菌介导的转录因子DREB1A基因在地被菊花中的遗传转化

以地被菊花（Dendranthema grandiflomm cv．White Snow）无菌苗叶片为外植体，在附加不同浓度植物生长调节剂的MS基础培养基上诱导培养，通过器官直接发生途径获得再生植株。结果表明，2．0mg/L 6-BA和0．2mg/L NAA组合可获得93．8％的再生芽。将含拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）逆境诱导转录因子DREB1A基因的植物表达载体pBI-DREB1A导入根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）LBA4404，农杆菌介导法遗传转化地被菊花White Snow叶盘，经PCR和PCR—Southem检测，DREB1A基因已整合到转化植株的基因组中。遗传转化过程中，预培养2d后，将OD600=0．5～0．7的根癌农杆菌稀释30倍后侵染叶盘10min，再共培养2d，有利于获得最高遗传转化效率。     

农杆菌介导的洋桔梗遗传转化体系的建立

以洋桔梗叶片为外植体,建立了植株再生体系,并在此基础上,用根癌农杆菌介导法,研究了影响洋桔梗转化的若干因素。结果表明,诱导最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 1.0mg/L+NAA 0.15mg/L,不定芽诱导率达74.5%;不定芽生根培养基为1/2MS+IBA 0.5 mg/L,生根率达90%。不定芽分化阶段和生根阶段的Km筛选浓度分别为45mg/L和15mg/L;根癌农杆菌菌液浓度OD600值为0.6,侵染时间10min,共培养时间3d,有利于抗性芽的产生。Km筛选得到的抗性植株经过PCR和Southern检测表明,八氢番茄红素合成酶基因(PSY)已经整合到洋桔梗基因组中。     

农杆菌介导海岛棉茎尖遗传转化体系的建立

为建立高效的海岛棉遗传转化体系,本实验以新疆海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense L.)品种新海13号、新海14号、新海16号茎尖为转化受体,采用农杆菌介导法,研究不同苗龄茎尖、菌液浓度、侵染时间及共培养时间对基因转化的影响,建立了农杆菌介导海岛棉茎尖遗传转化体系。最佳转化体系为:将生长4 d的无菌苗茎尖浸入农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)菌液浓度OD600为0.5的菌液中,浸染10 min,共培养48~72 h后,移至卡那霉素浓度为150 mg/L的选择培养基进行筛选,25 d后转移到生根培养基培养,获得抗性苗,经嫁接或者直接移栽,获得29株抗性植株;经过PCR和RT-PCR检测,初步证明抗除草剂5-烯醇丙酮莽草酸-3-磷酸合酶基因(5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase,EPSPS)已导入海岛棉基因组中。该转化体系的建立为海岛棉的转基因育种提供了技术支持。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.