作物土传病害防控的健康微生物群落构建原理与实践

植物-土壤反馈效应及农田生产特点决定了农田土壤生产力的不可持续性,因而必须采用适当的措施方可保持地力常新。施用化肥解决了农田土壤的养分贫化问题,极大地提高了作物产量,但激发了土传病原生物的活性,作物土传病频发成为制约集约化农业可持续发展的瓶颈问题。现有的研究成果表明,地上生物多样性与土壤微生物多样性紧密联系,植物提供的有机物质是连接二者的物质基础。单一作物种植的集约化农业提供给土壤微生物可利用的有机物质来源单一,导致土壤微生物多样性下降,削弱对土传病原生物致病性的抑制作用。本文提出,在作物生长过程中添加土壤有益微生物偏好利用的有机物质,激活土壤有益微生物,可能是维持集约化农业土壤生物健康,抑制作物土传病的有效途径。为此,有必要开展各种土壤微生物偏好利用的有机物质以及作物生长过程中如何施用有机物质的方法。     

塔里木沙漠公路防护林区土壤微生物的立地条件效应

通过分析来源于塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地防护林地的土壤样品,揭示了不同立地条件下防护林土壤微生物的差异及对土壤环境因子的响应规律,主要结论如下:(1)不同立地条件下土壤微生物活性差异极显著,呈现沙垄基部>沙垄中部>沙垄顶部>板结平沙地>流沙地的规律,而土壤深度间微生物数量表现为10～20cm>20～35cm>0～10cm,差异不明显。(2)三种微生物对环境因子的响应有所差异,细菌与土壤总孔隙度、含水量有显著正相关关系,与全K含量显著负相关;放线菌与全P、全K和全盐含量明显负相关,与全N正相关;真菌与全K、全盐含量负相关,与有机质含量和孔隙度大小正相关。(3)土壤不同深度范围内土壤因子对微生物活性的影响程度不同,0～10cm土层主要取决于有机质和N素含量;而土壤盐分状况和孔隙结构对10～20cm微生物较为重要;20～35cm土层中微生物需要满足一定养分供应和土壤结构。因此,土壤微生物对不同立地条件下土壤环境条件响应不同,微生物种群数量表现出一定差异,最终可能影响到微生物在土壤养分转化和促进土壤发育中的作用。     

土壤细菌趋化性研究进展

土壤是地球生态系统中最具生命活性的组成部分,特有的孔隙结构承载着生物圈中最丰富多样的微生物生命形态,为动植物提供了大量的调控功能。土壤是一个不断演变和发展的生态系统,而微生物是土壤生态系统的核心,也是驱动碳、氮等元素以及能量循环的关键因子。趋化性是细菌在长期进化过程中形成的帮助其寻找食物或趋利避害的本能,结合其他的内在生理特征,细菌能够迅速适应动态变化的环境。营养物、异源污染物和水分条件等的不均匀分布致使土壤中细菌趋化现象普遍存在,并且时刻影响土壤微生物的群落组成及其时空分布。近年来,土壤细菌趋化性已成为国内外土壤微生物学研究的热点和重点。本文分析了土壤细菌趋化性研究的前沿问题和主要进展,阐述了细菌趋化行为模式、趋化信号传导通路和趋化性数学模型,探讨了土壤中普遍存在的细菌趋化现象及相关的主要研究技术手段(荧光原位杂交技术、微流控技术和光学显微技术),并对土壤细菌趋化性研究的发展趋势进行了展望,旨在为今后的相关研究和实际应用提供参考。     

Ecosystem partitioning of N-glycine after long-term climate and nutrient manipulations, plant clipping and addition of labile carbon in a subarctic heath tundra

Low temperatures and high soil moisture restrict cycling of organic matter in arctic soils, but also substrate quality, i.e. labile carbon (C) availability, exerts control on microbial activity. Plant exudation of labile C may facilitate microbial growth and enhance microbial immobilization of nitrogen (N). Here, we studied ¹⁵N label incorporation into microbes, plants and soil N pools after both long-term (12 years) climate manipulation and nutrient addition, plant clipping and a pulse-addition of labile C to the soil, in order to gain information on interactions among soil N and C pools, microorganisms and plants. There were few effects of long-term warming and fertilization on soil and plant pools. However, fertilization increased soil and plant N pools and increased pool dilution of the added ¹⁵N label. In all treatments, microbes immobilized a major part of the added ¹⁵N shortly after label addition. However, plants exerted control on the soil inorganic N concentrations and recovery of total dissolved ¹⁵N (TD¹⁵N), and likewise the microbes reduced these soil pools, but only when fed with labile C. Soil microbes in clipped plots were primarily C limited, and the findings of reduced N availability, both in the presence of plants and with the combined treatment of plant clipping and addition of sugar, suggest that the plant control of soil N pools was not solely due to plant uptake of soil N, but also partially caused by plants feeding labile C to the soil microbes, which enhanced their immobilization power. Hence, the cycling of N in subarctic heath tundra is strongly influenced by alternating release and immobilization by microorganisms, which on the other hand seems to be less affected by long-term warming than by addition or removal of sources of labile C.     

Variations in microbial community composition through two soil depth profiles

Soil profiles are often many meters deep, but with the majority of studies in soil microbiology focusing exclusively on the soil surface, we know very little about the nature of the microbial communities inhabiting the deeper soil horizons. We used phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis to examine the vertical distribution of specific microbial groups and to identify the patterns of microbial abundance and community-level diversity within the soil profile. Samples were collected from the soil surface down to 2 m in depth from two unsaturated Mollisol profiles located near Santa Barbara, CA, USA. While the densities of microorganisms were generally one to two orders of magnitude lower in the deeper horizons of both profiles than at the soil surface, approximately 35% of the total quantity of microbial biomass found in the top 2 m of soil is found below a depth of 25 cm. Principal components analysis of the PLFA signatures indicates that the composition of the soil microbial communities changes significantly with soil depth. The differentiation of microbial communities within the two profiles coincides with an overall decline in microbial diversity. The number of individual PLFAs detected in soil samples decreased by about a third from the soil surface down to 2 m. The ratios of cyclopropyl/monoenoic precursors and total saturated/total monounsaturated fatty acids increased with soil depth, suggesting that the microbes inhabiting the deeper soil horizons are more carbon limited than surface-dwelling microbes. Using PLFAs as biomarkers, we show that Gram-positive bacteria and actinomycetes tended to increase in proportional abundance with increasing soil depth, while the abundances of Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and protozoa were highest at the soil surface and substantially lower in the subsurface. The vertical distribution of these specific microbial groups can largely be attributed to the decline in carbon availability with soil depth.     

植物内生菌影响土壤微生物区系的研究进展

土壤微生物区系是土壤生态环境的重要组分,其结构的稳定性对作物的健康生长至关重要。本文重点综述了植物内生菌对土壤微生物区系的调节作用,调节机制及潜在应用,指出了植物内生菌影响土壤微生物区系研究中出现的问题。一些植物内生菌不仅对植物生长有益,还可以显著改善土壤微生物区系,主要表现在对土壤微生物种类及数量、微生物生物量、酶活性及相关酶基因表达的影响,这可能是内生菌在土壤中和植物体内引发的多种效应的综合。植物内生菌可以在土壤中作为腐生菌与土壤微生物存在生态位竞争,通过产生某些抗菌活性物质和有机酸影响土壤微生物生长,通过降解复杂有机物如木质素、酚类化感物质等调节微生物区系,并吸收和转运重金属降低其对土壤微生物区系的危害等等。最后提出了今后的研究方向。     

人工纳米材料对植物—微生物影响的研究进展

随着纳米科技的快速发展和纳米产品的广泛使用,人工纳米材料(ENMs)的环境生态效应研究逐渐成为国内外关注的热点。本文整合了ENMs的毒性机制,综述了ENMs对植物和微生物影响方面的研究进展。此外,鉴于植物与微生物之间存在的密切联系,进一步概述了植物和微生物对ENMs生态效应的反馈作用,揭示了植物和微生物的相互作用可影响ENMs对植物-微生物体系的生态效应。因此,将植物-微生物以及土壤作为一个整体是全面评价ENMs生态效应的关键,也是未来研究的发展方向。最后分析了目前研究中方法和技术等方面中存在的不足,提出了以后研究中应关注的重点。     

PLFAs稳定同位素技术及其在土壤微生物学中的应用

磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)是微生物细胞膜的重要组分,可作为活体微生物的生物标记物。稳定同位素技术与生物标记物相结合为揭示微生物种群结构及其功能提供了一种有效的方法,可用来阐明复杂土壤生态系统中微生物源有机质代谢途径以及个别微生物种群特征,将特定微生物种群与相应生物化学过程相联系。介绍了PLFAs稳定同位素分析技术,包括气相色谱-燃烧-同位素比例质谱(GC-c-IRMS),气相色谱-质谱联机(GC-MS)以及核磁共振(NMR),并描述上述方法在土壤微生物学中的应用以及其优缺点。     

Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture

The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly.     

根系分泌物主要作用及解析技术进展

根系分泌物是植物保持根际微生态系统活力的关键因素，也是根际物质循环的重要组成部分，对根际土壤生态环境中的物质循环具有重要的驱动作用。根系分泌物可以刺激微生物生长，增强其活性，加速根际养分循环，增加土壤养分利用率，并在小规模空间引起温室气体通量的变化。此外，它也是植物参与竞争的重要策略，植物通过根分泌物以获取种间长期生存的养分，甚至分泌对自身有害的化感物质来排挤其他植物，实现自我生存，即使存在自毒作用或引起连作障碍等。植物的健康生长依赖于自身与土壤微生物复杂动态群落的相互作用，但是根际微生物群落结构和组成却又受植物物种、植物生长期、土壤性质、功能基因等因素影响，这些因素的动态变化可能导致根系分泌物的多样化，从而形成复杂多变的根系分泌物与植物的关系，进而影响植物的健康生长。目前，对植物根系分泌物的研究是土壤生态学、植物营养与代谢等领域的研究热点，且随着分析技术手段的快速发展，根系分泌物相关研究也逐渐深入，进一步揭示植物与微生物间的协同作用机理对农、林等行业生产具有重要的指导意义。