广州土壤中的稀土元素

稀土元素是指镧系元素中原子序数由57至71的镧(La)、铈(Ce)、镨(Pr)、钕(Nd)、钷(Pm)、钐(Sm)、铕(Eu)、钆(Gd)、铽(Tb)、镝(Dy)、钬(Ho)、铒(Er)、铥(Tm)、镱(Yb)和镥(Lu).由于元素钇(Y)的化学性质和稀土相似、在自然界中常和稀土共存,因此地球化学家常把忆列入稀土元素.     

中国东南部某些水稻土的矿物学

Limited information is available concerning the mineralogy of paddy soils in the southeastern China. Using chemical methods in conjunction with X-ray diffractometry, we studied the mineral composition of three paddy soils: Jinghua (paddy soil on Quaternary red clay), Fuyang (Hapl-percogenic loamy paddy soil), and Shaoxing (gleyic clayey paddy soil). All the soils contained quartz, mica, vermiculite, chlorite and kaolinite, and the distribution of these minerals varied with soil particle size fractions. The clay fraction of the Fuyang and Shaoxing soils also contained smectite. Although X-ray data did not show the presence of smectite in the Jinghua soil, this mineral was identified by the chemical method, suggesting a transitional property of the mineral in the soil. Hydroxy-Al interlayered minerals were also present in the clay fraction. The amount of smectite in the soils was 31.6 (Shaoxing), 16.5 (Fuyang), and 21.4 (Jinghua) g kg^-1; for vermiculite it was 33.3 (Shaoxing), 16.5 (Fuyang), and 8.5 (Jinghua) g kg^-1. Smectite was only found in the clay fraction. In contrast, amounts of vermiculite in soil particle size fractions were 3.0~11.4 (sand), 2.1~6.0 (coarse silt), 4.6~18.9 (medium silt), 0.9~40.0 (fine silt), and 17.0~108 (clay) g kg^-1. The amount of noncrystalline aluminosilicates in the soils in g kg^-1 decreased in the order: Shaoxing (2.4) > Jinghua (1.9) > Fuyang (1.7). This study has provided useful mineralogical information that is fundamental in future development of management strategies of the soils.     

四川盆地水稻土有机碳与全氮的时空变异及影响因素研究

利用全国第二次土壤普查数据与2008年采样数据对四川盆地水稻土有机碳和全氮的含量水平变化进行了研究。结果表明:研究区1982年和2008年3种水稻土亚类有机碳含量均呈现潜育型水稻土显著高于淹育型和潴育型水稻土。研究区1982年3种水稻土亚类全氮含量呈现潜育型水稻土显著高于淹育型水稻土,2008年则为潜育型水稻土显著高于淹育型和潴育型水稻土。26年间水稻土有机碳与全氮含量均增长明显,且淹育型与潜育型两种水稻土的增长幅度高于潴育型水稻土。1982年至2008年,平坝、冲沟和坡脚稻田中有机碳及全氮含量增长明显,且大致呈从平坝、冲沟到坡中上部递减;冲积物和泥岩发育的水稻土有机碳及全氮因易于积累而含量更高;质地黏重的土壤有机碳与全氮的含量较高,同时也比质地偏轻的土壤更利于碳、氮的积累;冬水田与稻–油轮作的农田土壤有机碳与全氮的含量与增长幅度显著高于稻–麦轮作田。     

Soil texture and nitrogen mineralization potential across a riparian toposequence in a semi-arid savanna

Soil texture is an important influence on nutrient cycling in upland soils, with documented relationships between mineral particle size distribution and organic matter retention, nitrogen (N) mineralization, microbial biomass and other soil properties. However, little is known of the role of mineral particle size in riparian soils, where fluvial sorting creates strong spatial contrasts in the size distribution of sediments in sedimentary landforms. We studied total organic carbon (TOC) and total N (TN) storage and net N mineralization relative to soil texture and landform in soils of a riparian toposequence along the Phugwane River in Kruger National Park, South Africa. TOC, TN and potential N mineralization related strongly to particle size distribution in all soils along the toposequence. TOC and TN were positively correlated with silt and clay concentration (r² =0.78). In long-term laboratory incubations, N mineralization was greatest in fine-textured, N-rich soils, although the proportions of soil N mineralized were inversely related to fine particle concentrations (r²=0.61). There were differences in TOC, TN and potential N mineralization among landform types, but none of these soil properties were statistically significant after accounting for the effect of particle size. These results demonstrate the influence of particle size in mediating N retention and mineralization in these soils. Predictable differences in soil texture across alluvial landforms contribute to corresponding contrasts in soil conditions, and may play an important role in structuring riparian soil and plant communities.     

应用穆斯堡尔谱和X射线法研究红壤性水稻土的氧化铁矿物

应用穆斯堡尔谱和X射线法分析研究红壤性水稻土的氧化铁矿物,研究结果表明,红壤性水稻土的氧化铁矿物组成、特性及其形成转化与起源土壤具有明显的差异。水稻土的成土条件不利于赤铁矿的形成。红壤的粘粒氧化铁矿物以赤铁矿和高铝替代(>20摩尔%)的针铁矿为主。经淹水种稻后,赤铁矿逐渐被转化为低铝替代的针铁矿或其它形态氧化铁。渗育型水稻土P层的赤铁矿含量比相应的母土低,其针铁矿铝替代量较其它水型的水稻土高。而潴育型水稻土W层和潜育型水稻土G层粘粒氧化铁矿物均以针铁矿为主,其铝同晶替代量低(<15摩尔%),且颗粒细小,结晶度较低。这些结果反映了水稻土的成土条件和发生特点,同时对水稻土发生分类具有重要的意义。     

苏州地区平田黄泥土氮素供应过程的特点及其与氮肥施用方法的关系

氮肥对作物的增产效果,决定于作物对氮肥的吸收率(即氮肥的利用率)和作物体内累积的氮素转化成经济产量的效率。水稻对氮肥的利用率一般显著低于旱作,未被吸收利用的部分从土壤中的损失一般也较旱地多。     

第二松花江干流底泥有机无机复合体组成及有机碳分布特征

以第二松花江干流为对象,研究其底泥有机无机复合体的组成及有机碳分布的差异,同时分析底泥有机无机复合体组成及其有机碳分布与岸边土壤之间的关系。结果表明:底泥与岸边土壤在有机无机复合体组成、有机碳分配和腐殖质组成方面表现出较好的一致性,说明岸边土壤对底泥的有机碳组成和分布有显著贡献。底泥的中央粒径呈现上游高、下游低的特点,抚松底泥中央粒径为200μm,吉林底泥中央粒径在70μm左右,榆树、松原底泥中央粒径在50μm左右;底泥的有机碳和腐殖酸含量也表现出上游高于下游的特点。底泥有机无机复合体组成以砂粒复合体为主,黏粒、粉粒复合体含量次之;并且随着复合体粒径的增加,有机碳含量减少。底泥HA/FA均大于1,从上游至下游表现为抚松>吉林>榆树>松原;底泥HA/FA均小于岸边土壤。     

澧阳平原古水稻土铁形态演变特征

采用野外采样与室内分析的方法,研究了澧阳平原杉龙岗遗址埋藏古水稻土与现代耕作水稻土铁形态、含量变化及剖面演变特征,探讨了土壤铁形态变化与成土过程的关系。结果表明:澧阳平原现代耕作水稻土与埋藏古水稻土铁形态及含量分别为:全铁31.61~35.10 g/kg和33.97~46.88 g/kg,游离铁8.88~13.92 g/kg和11.10~20.36 g/kg,无定型铁2.52~4.06 g/kg和2.64~3.35 g/kg,结晶态铁5.06~11.40 g/kg和8.46~17.43 g/kg。澧阳平原水稻土各形态铁含量除无定型铁外,其他形态铁含量总趋势为埋藏古水稻土现代耕作水稻土,且古水稻土各形态铁分异明显。现代耕作水稻土全铁、游离铁、结晶铁含量均呈现随深度加深而增加趋势,而无定型铁则相反,且各形态铁含量波动性较小;埋藏古水稻土全铁含量随土层增深而增加,无定型铁含量呈现微幅增加趋势,但游离铁和结晶铁含量变化有异,PA剖面减少,PC剖面增加,埋藏古水稻土中各形态铁含量变化趋势多样。澧阳平原古水稻土的铁有明显的淋溶淀积特征,不同形态铁在各土层变异较大,埋藏古水稻土铁富集明显。     

保护地菜田与稻麦轮作田土壤微生物学特征的比较

比较分析了位于长江三角洲嘉兴市的三类主要水稻土(漏水型水稻土、爽水型水稻土和囊水型水稻土)由稻麦(或油菜)轮作改为多年连作露地蔬菜和大棚蔬菜后一些土壤微生物学特征的变化,以衡量土壤质量演变的趋势。结果表明,与稻麦(油)轮作土壤相比,蔬菜地土壤微生物区系发生了极大的变化,细菌数量显著减少,真菌和放线菌数量却显著增加;硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量随土壤类型不同呈不同的变化。多年连作露地蔬菜和蔬菜大棚保护地土壤中微生物生物量碳和总磷脂(TPL)含量显著低于稻麦轮作土壤,土壤中脱氢酶活性也显著低于稻麦轮作土壤。Biolog分析表明,蔬菜大棚保护地土壤中微生物能利用的碳源显著少于露地蔬菜和稻麦轮作土壤,而后两者间无显著差异。说明由稻麦(油)轮作改为多年连作大棚蔬菜后土壤微生物群落结构、功能的多样性明显下降,土壤质量的稳定性和可持续利用性土壤的长期生产力也将大大降低。土壤微生物数量、活性及群落结构和功能多样性的下降主要与蔬菜栽培特别是大棚蔬菜栽培的旱作与稻麦水旱轮作的生态环境条件的变化和前者的过量施用精有机肥和高效NPK复合肥导致的土壤氮、磷富集、有机质下降、次生盐渍化和酸化有关。     

绰墩遗址古今水稻土黏土矿物特征比较研究

在江苏绰墩山遗址考古发掘中,发现了在剖面不同深度埋藏的距今约6000年的史前水稻土层、距今约3 000年的商周史前的古水稻土层和现代水稻土层.本研究为了比较古今水稻土黏土矿物特征的差异,以土壤剖面P01(包含史前古水稻土、商周史古水稻土和现代水稻土)与P03(仅含商周时期古水稻土和现代水稻土)为对象,测定其各种形态铁锰...