The Applicability of Peat and Needle Analysis in Heacy Metal Deposition Surveys

Peat and needle samples were collected from an old Cu, Zn and Ni ore-prospecting experiment at Alkkia, SW Finland. The element rates applied were 100–400 kg ha^-1 for Ni and 100–1000 kg ha^-1 for Cu and Zn. The heavy metal toxicity of Scots pine stand was estimated primarily on the basis of stand mortality during 28 yr. The tolerance limit values were applied to pine stands growing along a Cu-Ni deposition gradient (0.9–10 km) at Harjavalta copper smelter, SW Finland. Very high heavy metal concentrations in the pine needles and strong accumulation in the surface humus and uppermost peat layers were found. A Cu concentration of 840, Ni 180 and Zn 220 mg kg^-1 in peat 0–10 cm, and a Cu concentration of 50, Ni 30 and Zn 175 mg kg^-1 in the current needles of the uppermost whorl are proposed as toxicity limits for peatland forests at Harjavalta. According to the heavy metal amounts in peat 0–20 cm, the toxicity area for Cu extended to a distance of 2.0 km, for Ni about 1.0 km and for Zn 0.4 km to the west of the emission point source.     

Heavy metal distribution in different soil aggregate size classes from restored brackish marsh,oil exploitation zone,and tidal mud flat of the Yellow River Delta

Purpose

Heavy metal distribution in soils is affected by soil aggregate fractionation. This study aimed to demons trate the aggregate-associated heavy metal concentrations and fractionations in “sandy,” “normal,” and “mud” soils from the restored brackish tidal marsh, oil exploitation zone, and tidal mudflat of the Yellow River Delta (YRD), China.

Materials and methods

Soil samples were sieved into the aggregates of >2, 0.25–2, 0.053–0.25, and <0.053 mm to determine the concentrations of exchangeable (F1), carbonate-bound (F2), reducible (F3), organic-bound (F4), and residual fraction (F5) of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn.

Results and discussion

The 0.25–2 mm aggregates presented the highest concentrations but the lowest mass loadings (4.23–12.18 %) for most metal fractions due to low percentages of 0.25–2 mm aggregates (1.85–3.12 %) in soils. Aggregates <0.053 mm took majority mass loadings of metals in sandy and normal soils (62.04–86.95 %). Most soil aggregates had residual Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and reducible Cd, Pb dominated in the total Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations. Sandy soil contained relatively high F4, especially of Cu (F4) in 0.25–2 mm aggregates (10.22 mg kg^?1), which may relate to significantly high organic carbon contents (23.92 g kg^?1, P?<?0.05). Normal soil had the highest total concentrations of metals, especially of Cu, Ni, and Pb, which was attributed to the high F3 and F5 in the <0.053 mm aggregates. Although mud soil showed low total concentrations of heavy metals, the relatively high concentrations of bioavailable Cd and Cu resulted from the relatively high Cd (F2) and Cu (F2) in the >2 mm aggregates indicated contribution of carbonates to soil aggregation and metal adsorption in tidal mud flat.

Conclusions

Soil type and aggregate distribution were important factors controlling heavy metal concentration and fractionation in YRD wetland soil. Compared with mud soil, normal soil contained increased concentrations of F5 and F3 of metals in the 0.053–0.25 mm aggregate, and sandy soil contained increased concentrations of bioavailable and total Cr, Ni, and Zn with great contribution of mass loadings in the <0.053 mm aggregate. The results of this study suggested that oil exploitation and wetland restoration activities may influence the retention characteristics of heavy metals in tidal soils through variation of soil type and aggregate fractions.

     

The transfer of heavy metals to barley plants from soils amended with sewage sludge with different heavy metal burdens

Purpose

Our main aim objective was to evaluate the transfer of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn to barley (Hordeum vulgare) grown in various soils previously amended with two sewage sludges containing different concentrations of heavy metals. This allowed us to examine the transfer of heavv metals to barley roots and shoots and the occurrence of restriction mechanisms as function of soil type and for different heavy metal concentration scenarios.

Material and methods

A greenhouse experiment was performed to evaluate the transfer of heavy metals to barley grown in 36 agricultural soils from different parts of Spain previously amended with a single dose (equivalent to 50 t dry weight ha^?1) of two sewage sludges with contrasting levels of heavy metals (common and spiked sludge: CS and SS).

Results and discussion

In soils amended with CS, heavy metals were transferred to roots in the order (mean values of the bio-concentration ratio in roots, BCF_Roots, in brackets): Cu (2.4)?~?Ni (2.3)?>?Cd (2.1)?>?Zn (1.8)?>?Cr (0.7)?~?Pb (0.6); similar values were found for the soils amended with SS. The mean values of the soil-to-shoot ratio were: Cd (0.44)?~?Zn (0.39)?~?Cu (0.39)?>?Cr (0.20)?>?Ni (0.09)?>?Pb (0.01) for CS-amended soils; Zn (0.24)?>?Cu (0.15)?~?Cd (0.14)?>?Ni (0.05)?~?Cr (0.03)?>?Pb (0.006) for SS-amended soils. Heavy metals were transferred from roots to shoots in the following order (mean values of the ratio concentration of heavy metals in shoots to roots in brackets): Cr (0.33)?>?Zn (0.24)?~?Cd (0.22)?>?Cu (0.19)?>?Ni (0.04)?>?Pb (0.02) for CS-amended soils; Zn (0.14)?>?Cd (0.09)?~?Cu (0.08)?>?Cr (0.05)?>?Ni (0.02)?~?Pb (0.010) for SS-amended soils.

Conclusions

Soils weakly restricted the mobility of heavy metals to roots, plant physiology restricted the transfer of heavy metals from roots to shoots, observing further restriction at high heavy metal loadings, and the transfer of Cd, Cu and Zn from soils to shoots was greater than for Cr, Ni and Pb. Stepwise multiple linear regressions revealed that soils with high sand content allowed greater soil-plant transfer of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. For Cd and Ni, soils with low pH and soil organic C, respectively, posed the highest risk.     

Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde: Schwermetallgehalt von Wurzel und Sproßorganen der Rebe (Vitis vinifera L.) nach Düngung mit Müll-Klärschlammkompost

Heavy metal content of roots and shoots of vines (Vitis vinifera L.) after fertilization with garbage-sewage-sludge-compost The enrichment of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Co, Ni and Cr from garbage-sewage-sludge-compost in vineyard soils, vines and must was studied in field-and pot-experiments. The following results were obtained: 1. In a field experiment, in which garbage-sewage-sludge-compost was applied, a marked soil enrichment of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Cr was found. It was most evident at the 0–20 cm depth but also obvious at the 40–60 cm depth thus indicating downward migration. The soil was not enriched with Co and Ni. The heavy metal content of leaves, berries and must of riesling vines did not increase on the plots treated with garbage-sewage-sludge-compost. 2. In a pot trial, using an acid and an alkaline soil each mixed with garbage-sewage-sludge-compost, it was observed that only the uptake of Zn and Cu increased into the leaves, tendrils and wood of the riesling cuttings. In relation to the content of the substrate, the heavy metals were detected in the roots percentually in the following order: Cu, Cd > Zn > > Pb, Co, Ni, Cr The root contents were mostly substantially higher than those of the shoot. The migration from root to shoot decreased in the following percentual order: Zn > Cu > Cd, Pb 3. The heavy metal content decreased considerably from the roots to the upper plant organs. This was reflected in low concentrations of heavy metals in the vine must.     

Heavy Metals in Freshly Deposited Stream Sediments of Rivers Associated with Urbanisation of the Ganga Plain,India

Freshly deposited stream sediments from six urban centres of the Ganga Plain were collected and analysed for heavy metals to obtain a general scenery of sediment quality. The concentrations of heavy metals varied within a wide range for Cr (115–817), Mn (440–1 750), Fe (28 700–61 100), Co (11.7–29.0), Ni (35–538), Cu (33–1 204), Zn (90–1 974), Pb (14–856) and Cd (0.14–114.8) in mg kg^-1. Metal enrichment factors for the stream sediments were <1.5 for Mn, Fe and Co; 1.5–4.1 for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb; and 34 for Cd. The anthropogenic source in metals concentrations contributes to 59% Cr, 49% Cu, 52% Zn, 51% Pb and 77% Cd. High positive correlation between concentrations of Cr/Ni, Cr/Cu, Cr/Zn, Ni/Zn, Ni/Cu, Cu/Zn, Cu/Cd, Cu/Pb, Fe/Co, Mn/Co, Zn/Cd, Zn/Pb and Cd/Pb indicate either their common urban origin or their common sink in the stream sediments. The binding capacity of selected metals to sediment carbon and sulphur decreases in order of Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni and Cu > Zn > Cr > Ni, respectively. Stream sediments from Lucknow, Kanpur, Delhi and Agra urban centres have been classified by the proposed Sediment Pollution Index as highly polluted to dangerous sediments. Heavy metal analysis in the <20-μm-fraction of stream sediments appears to be an adequate method for the environmental assessment of urbanisation activities on alluvial rivers. The present study reveals that urban centres act as sources of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd and cause metallic sediment pollution in rivers of the Ganga Plain.     

Behavior of heavy metals from sewage sludge in a Chernozem of the dry belt in Saxony‐Anhalt/Germany

In a small‐plot trial different doses of sewage sludge (equivalent 82‐330 tons of dry matter per hectare) were incorporated in 0—25 cm depth (1982—1985). The aim of the investigations was to study the fate of the heavy metals Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Cr, to determine their concentration in different soil fractions using a sequential extraction method and to ascertain their uptake by Zea mays L. plants. Eleven years after the last application the metals supplied with the sludge had moved as far as 50 cm in depth. The concentrations of Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Cr in the saturation extract of the sampled soil layers were closely correlated with the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). This result suggests that the heavy metal displacement was partly connected with the DOC movement in the soil. Considerable amounts of Zn and Cd coming from sewage sludge were found in the mobile fractions of the soil. Cu, Ni, and Pb were located especially in organic particles, and Cr was obviously bound by Fe‐oxides. Nine years after the last application the binding species of heavy metals were still different compared with those in the untreated soil. The whole withdrawal of heavy metals by plants yielded <1 % of the applied amounts. In the case of Zn the uptake from the sludge amended soil decreased during the experimental period. No similar tendency was observed for the other elements. In any case their annual variations of uptake exceeded the effect of sludge application.     

Modelling trace metal extractability and solubility in French forest soils by using soil properties

Soil/solution partitioning of trace metals (TM: Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Sb, Pb and Zn) has been investigated in six French forest sites that have been subjected to TM atmospheric inputs. Soil profiles have been sampled and analysed for major soil properties, and CaCl₂‐extractable and total metal content. Metal concentrations (expressed on a molar basis) in soil (total), in CaCl₂ extracts and soil solution collected monthly from fresh soil by centrifugation, were in the order: Cr > Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb > Co > Sb > Cd , Zn > Cu > Pb = Ni > Co > Cd > Cr and Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb > Co > Cr > Cd > Sb , respectively. Metal extractability and solubility were predicted by using soil properties. Soil pH was the most significant property in predicting metal partitioning, but TM behaviour differed between acid and non‐acid soils. TM extractability was predicted significantly by soil pH for pH < 6, and by soil pH and Fe content for all soil conditions. Total metal concentration in soil solution was predicted well by soil pH and organic carbon content for Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Zn, by Fe content for Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Sb and total soil metal content for Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Sb, with a better prediction for acidic conditions (pH < 6). At more alkaline pH conditions, solute concentrations of Cu, Cr, Sb and Pb were larger than predicted by the pH relationship, as a consequence of association with Fe colloids and complexing with dissolved organic carbon. Metal speciation in soil solutions determined by WHAM‐VI indicated that free metal ion (FMI) concentration was significantly related to soil pH for all pH conditions. The FMI concentrations of Cu and Zn were well predicted by pH alone, Pb by pH and Fe content and Cd, Co and Ni by soil pH and organic carbon content. Differences between soluble total metal and FMI concentrations were particularly large for pH < 6. This should be taken into account for risk and critical load assessment in the case of terrestrial ecosystems.     

An Air-Pollution History of Metallurgical Innovation in Iron- and Steel-Making: A Geochemical Archive of Sheffield

This paper explores the degree to which palaeoecological analyses can determine the history of metallurgical innovation and complex technological developments that took place in the iron- and steel industries of the City of Sheffield, Yorkshire, England. A knowledge of the key scientific breakthroughs as well as documentary evidence of industrial growth and decline in Sheffield are used as base-line historical data with which to interpret the palaeoecological and geochemical evidence presented here as a result of investigations of peats and clays collected from the Tinsley Park Bog in the Lower Don Valley of Sheffield. These deposits were analysed for charcoal, pollen, mineral magnetic properties and some trace elements (Ti, V, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, and Pb). Metal concentrations (measured using AAS) were as high as 320 ppm Ni, 472 ppm Cu, 613 ppm Zn, and 827 ppm Pb. Compared to the typical concentrations found in crustal rocks, Ni is enriched in the peats and sediments by as much as a factor of 5 times, Cu and Zn by a factor of 10, and Pb by more than 60 times. The lowest concentrations of Cu, Ni, Zn and V were found in the basal peats of Tinsley Park Bog arguing against a natural geochemical source as the cause of the enrichments. The greatest Cu and Zn enrichments are found in the peats in the top 0.1 m of the bog, possibly an indication of a large Special Steels Plant which began production nearby in 1963. Below these levels in the peat, in contrast, Ni and V are relatively abundant. They are believed to reflect the manufacture of complex steels during the earlier part of the twentieth century. Lead is most abundant in samples from depths in the peat which are though to post-date the onset of coal utilisation at the nearby Rothervale Mine. Interpretation is hampered because at present there is no independent evidence of the antiquity of the peat deposits studied. Neither is there any clear understanding of the significance of the taphonomic processes which have influenced the geochemical and paleoecological records obtained from the deposits. Nevertheless, our present interpretation of the data presented here indicates that to a suprising extent, it is possible to detect in the peat monolith (i) evidence of the expansion and relative decline of the adjacent steel industry; (ii) the impact of this manufacturing economy and associated coal-mining upon the adjacent vegetation; and (iii) the introduction of trace elements in pure forms or as alloys, as steel-making processes developed through the 19th and 20th centuries.     

Limited downward migration of pollutant metals (Cu,Zn, Ni,and Pb) in acidic virgin peat soils near a smelter

The distribution of pollutant heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, and Pb) was determined in 11 acidic virgin peat profiles located along two transects moving away from a smelter plant in the Noranda region of Quebec. The levels of all five metals were found highest in the 0 to 15 cm layer at site near the smelter, and decreased progressively with the distance from the smelter, up to 42 km. Copper had the highest concentrations (5525 μg g^?1) followed by Pb and Zn. The maximum levels of total metals built up in the peat surface near the smelter were high, approximately reaching the threshold limits for phytotoxicity in peat soils. The amounts of heavy metals moving down and accumulating in the anaerobic zone of the peat profiles were limited. The distribution and enrichment ratios in the profiles showed that Cu, Zn, and Cd would have relatively higher mobility than Pb.     

Contents and chemical forms of heavy metals in school and roadside topsoils and road-surface dust of Beijing

Purpose

The concentration of human activities in urban systems generally leads to urban environmental contamination. Beijing is one of ancient and biggest cities on the world. However, information is limited on Beijing’s soil contamination, especially for roadside and campus soils. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate the contents and chemical forms of toxic heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the road-surface dust, roadside soils, and school campus soils of Beijing. In addition, enrichment and spatial variation of these toxic heavy metals in the soils and dust were assessed.

Materials and methods

Topsoil samples were collected from the schools and roadside adjacent to main ring roads, and dust samples were collected from the surface of the main ring roads of Beijing. These samples were analyzed for total contents and chemical forms of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sc, Zn, Al, and Fe. Enrichment factors (EFs, relative to the background content) were calculated to evaluate the effect of human activities on the toxic heavy metals in soils.

Results and discussion

Heavy metal contents in the road dust ranged from 0.16 to 0.80, 52.2 to 180.7, 18.4 to 182.8, 11.9 to 47.4, 23.0 to 268.3, and 85.7 to 980.9 mg kg^?1 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively. In the roadside soil and school soil, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents ranged from 0.13 to 0.42, 46.1 to 82.4, 22.7 to 71.6, 20.7 to 29.2, 23.2 to 180.7, and 64.5 to 217.3 mg kg^?1, respectively. The average EF values of these metals were significantly higher in the dust than in the soils. In addition, the average EF values of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the soils near second ring road were significantly higher than those near third, fourth, and fifth ring roads. Anthropogenic Cd, Pb, and Zn were mainly bound to the carbonates and soil organic matter, while anthropogenic Cu was mainly bound to oxides. The mobility and bioavailability of these metals in the urban soils of Beijing generally decreased in the following order: Cd?>?Zn?>?Pb?>?Cu?>?Ni?>?Cr; while in the dust, they decreased in the following order: Zn, Cu, and Cd?>?Pb?>?Ni?>?Cr.

Conclusions

Both EF and chemical forms documented that Cr and Ni in the soils and dust mainly originated from native sources, while Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn partially originated from anthropogenic sources. In overall, Beijing’s road dust was significantly contaminated by Cd and Cu and moderately contaminated by Cr, Pb, and Zn, while Beijing’s roadside soil and school soil were moderately contaminated by Cd and Pb. However, the maximal hazard quotients (HQs) for individual Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn and comprehensive hazard index (HI) of these metals in the dust and soil were less than 1, indicating that the heavy metals in the dust and soil generally do not pose potential health effects to children, sensitive population.     

Heavy metal contamination of soils in Northern Slovakia

Environmental damages like forest decline in Northern Slovakia could be a result of long-distance transport of pollutants with the dominating north-west winds. On 10 sites, primarily in the northbound upper slopes of west-east oriented mountain ranges in Northern Slovakia, the extent of the heavy metal contamination in soils along a north-south transect was examined. Oi, Oe, Oa, A, and B horizons were sampled and the total concentrations of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were determined. The ranges of heavy metal concentrations in the forest floor were higher than reported for comparable samples from Bavarian soils except for Zn (Cd: 0.65–1.77; Cr: 12–40; Cu: 19–41; Ni: 8–24; Pb: 70–187; Zn: 31–92 mg kg^?1), in the mineral soil the concentrations were lower. The depth distribution of the metal concentrations indicated a contamination with Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The concentration differences between forest floor and mineral soil tended to be higher at the northern than at the southern sites for Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, indicating a long-distance transport from the north. Correlation and principal component analyses of the total metal concentrations revealed three groups: Cu, Pb, and Zn inputs mainly seemed to result from long-distance transport from the north, Cr and Ni inputs additionally from local sources. Cd probably had its origin mainly in local sources. This result was further confirmed by the grouping of the sites when clustered.     

Atmospheric bulk deposition of trace metals to the Seine river Basin, France: concentrations, sources and evolution from 1988 to 2001 in Paris

Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined in bulk atmospheric deposition collected at five stations in the Seine River basin (France), to evaluate sources and fluxes of atmospheric trace metals. Bulk deposition (wet + dry) was sampled weekly from March 2001 to February 2002 for 4 sites and from March to December 2001 for the last one. The concentrations of the elements in bulk deposition (dissolved + particulate form) followed the order: Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd. Concentrations of Zn, Pb and Ni were highly correlated with one another, suggesting a common source, related to the combustion of coal and heavy fuel. Metal concentrations in bulk deposition did not exhibit a high degree of temporal variability over the annual cycle and were not obviously related to meteorological parameters (rainfall, wind). Estimates of the total annual direct atmospheric deposition of metals to the Seine Estuary ranged from 16 kg yr^{? 1} for Cd to 5600 kg yr^{? 1} for Zn. Loadings of Cd, Cu and Ni from direct atmospheric inputs were less than 1% of those contributed by the Seine River and loadings of Pb and Zn represented 1.27% and 1.56% of the Seine contribution. Direct atmospheric inputs are negligible compared to fluvial inputs, but the indirect atmospheric deposition to the estuary was not estimated. Based on these results, trace metal concentrations in Paris have decreased by a factor of 4.6 for Zn and by a factor of 50 for Ni from 1988 to 2001. Of particular interest is the continued decrease in bulk deposition of Pb during this period, underlining the impact of policy initiatives concerning the reduction of lead on emissions in France.     

淮南市石楠叶片重金属分布特征、来源及对大气污染的指示作用

以典型绿化树种石楠叶片为研究对象,采集了淮南市区6个不同功能区种植的石楠叶片,分析石楠叶片中Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn的分布特征、来源及对大气污染的指示作用。结果表明:淮南市商业交通区叶片中Pb、Zn平均浓度显著大于公园绿地(P0.05),分别是公园绿地的2.95,1.78倍;煤炭运输区叶片中Cu平均浓度显著大于居住区(P0.05)和公园绿地(P0.05),其分别是居住区和公园绿地的2.30,2.81倍,而叶片中Ni和Cr在各功能区的差异无统计学意义。石楠叶片中Pb、Zn主要来自交通排放,Cu主要来自于煤炭开采、燃煤发电以及交通运输,Ni和Cr主要来自自然源。叶片中Cu、Pb、Zn浓度与叶面尘中Cu、Pb、Zn总量呈显著正相关,说明石楠叶片中Cu、Pb、Zn浓度受到叶面尘中Cu、Pb、Zn总量的显著影响。石楠叶片中Cu、Pb、Zn主要是从大气中吸收,而Ni和Cr主要是从土壤中吸收,利用石楠叶片对大气中Cu、Pb、Zn的监测可以取得良好的效果。     

Distributions of Heavy Metals and Benzo[<Emphasis Type="Italic">a</Emphasis>]pyrene in Oligotrophic Peat Soils and Peat Gleyzems of Northeastern Sakhalin

The contents and profile distributions of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb, and benzo[a]pyrene in oligotrophic peat soils, oligotrophic peat gley soils (Dystric Fibric Histosols), humus-impregnated peat gleyzems (Dystric Histic Gleysols), and mucky gleyzems (Dystric Gleysols) have been analyzed with consideration for their degree of oligotrophicity and anthropogenic loads. Horizons with the accumulation (O, Tpyr, TT) and removal (Ghi,e) of heavy metals have been revealed. The increase in the content of heavy metals and benzo[a]pyrene in the upper layer of oligotrophic peat soils under technogenic fallouts in the impact zone of flare and motor transport has been considered. Statistical parameters of the spatial variation of parameters in organic and gley horizons have been calculated. The variation coefficients of pollutant elements (Pb and Zn) in the surface horizons of soils increase to 100–125%. Positive correlations revealed between the content of some heavy metals in litter indicate their bioaccumulation and possible joint input with aerotechnogenic fallouts. No correlations are found between the contents of benzo[a]pyrene and heavy metals, but a reliable negative correlation with the ash content is noted in the peat horizon.     

Sediment trace metal contamination in the Ivory Coast,West Africa

To help expand our global perspective on trace metal contamination, concentrations of Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were determined for sediments from the Ebrie Lagoon in the Ivory Coast, a developing West African nation. Excess loading of several metals, especially Hg, Pb, and Zn was found at several sites. The maximum concentration of Hg measured in sediments from the Ebrie Lagoon (2250 ng g^?1) is about 30 times greater than natural levels. Similarly, Pb and Zn concentrations for the Ivorian lagoonal sediments are as high as 250 and 560 μg g^?1, respectively, showing sizeable anthropogenic inputs. Trace metal sources to the Ebrie Lagoon include untreated sewage and industrial wastes.     

Multi-element analysis of an english peat bog soil

Nineteen elements were quantitatively determined by atomic emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma in peat profiles in Ringinglow Bog, Derbyshire, England. For the elements Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, La, Mn, Ni, Ti, and Zn an enrichment in the upper 5 cm of the peat bogs was found probably caused by anthropogenic influences. The elements Al, Be, Cu, and Pb showed a different distribution pattern with maximum concentration in the 5 to 15 cm layer. The elements Mg, Na, and Sr showed no enrichment in the upper 55 cm of the peat reflecting the constant input of these elements from the sea during the last few centuries. Upper parts (leaves and stems) of the plants investigated (Calluna vulgaris and Eriophorum vaginatum) only represent higher values of Pb compared with the normal element content in other plants. Compared with the results of peat profiles in a Norwegian bog, the concentrations of the comparable elements (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) are much higher in the English peat. Ringinglow Bog seem to be very suitable for further investigations within the scope of a global monitoring programme.     

Removal of Heavy Metals from Soil Components and Soil by Natural Chelating Agents. Part I: Displacement from Clay Minerals and Peat by L-Cysteine and L-Penicillamine

The β-thiol group containing amino acids L-cysteineand L-penicillamine were tested for their ability to releaseheavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) from bondings ontotypical soil components (peat, bentonite, illite) at neutral pHformed by batch adsorption procedure. Following equilibrationthe metal loaded sorbents were extracted by aqueous amino acidsolutions under various physico-chemical conditions.The extractability of metals from peat (metal contents between62.0 and 6170 mg kg^-1) increased in thepresence of L-penicillamine following the order Cr < Hg < Pb <Ni ≈ Zn ≈ Cd, ranging from 9% (Cr) to 97% (Cd).The extractability by L-cysteine was slightly lower, followingthe sequence Cr < Pb < Cd < Ni < Zn. In both cases the sequencesdid not correlate with the order of the stability constants ofthe corresponding amino acid complexes. The recovery of metalsfrom bentonite was higher generally. The extent of removal increased with increasing molar excess of the amino acids and,to a lower extent, with increasing extraction volume.Presumably initiated by oxidation of amino acids or by theformation of sparingly soluble polymeric metal complexes, theconcentrations of dissolved metals dropped after an agitationperiod of 2 to 24 hr in most of the extracts. Aspects of thisprocess were discussed in detail.     

重金属复合处理对小麦锌铜镍镉积累和分布的影响

为增加粮食可食用部分有益元素的浓度,同时减少有毒重金属元素的含量,需要更好地了解元素在植株和籽粒内的运输和分布。在温室盆栽条件下,以春小麦为供试材料,设置对照（不添加重金属）和重金属复合处理（同时添加铜、锌、镍、镉,以不影响小麦生长为前提）,研究锌（Zn）、铜（Cu）、镍（Ni）、镉（Cd）在成熟植株和籽粒不同部位的分布特点。结果表明,重金属复合处理对小麦成熟期籽粒和秸秆产量、收获指数以及粒重均无显著影响,但使小麦各器官重金属浓度均显著增加,增幅因不同器官和不同元素而异,籽粒中Zn、Cu、Ni和Cd浓度分别增加1.8、0.5、48.1倍和45.3倍。重金属复合处理还显著改变了Zn和Ni在地上部各器官中的分配模式：对照小麦吸收的Zn更易向生殖器官中转运,处理植株则更多地滞留在营养器官中,而Ni呈相反的趋势。激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（LA-ICP-MS）对籽粒糊粉层和胚乳的定量分析表明,重金属复合处理使糊粉层Zn和Cu浓度仅增加了78%和86%,而糊粉层Ni和Cd浓度分别增加了30倍和121倍。重金属复合处理使胚乳Zn和Cu浓度分别增加了49%和48%,使Ni和Cd浓度均超出小麦标准中Ni和Cd的最大允许浓度（对照籽粒胚乳中没有检验到Ni和Cd）。以上结果表明,在小麦生物强化实践中,在增加有益营养元素（如Cu和Zn）的同时亦存在有毒重金属（如Ni和Cd）超标的巨大风险。     

皖南茶园土壤重金属化学形态及其生物有效性

以皖南茶园为研究对象,通过Tessier连续提取分级法对茶园土壤重金属(Zn,Cu,Pb,Ni)全量及其化学形态进行了分析,利用活性态重金属占全量之比来评价其生物有效性。结果表明,皖南茶园土壤中Zn,Cu,Pb,Ni含量均未超过国家标准;除Zn外,其他元素均高出背景值,存在较明显的富集现象;土壤中4种重金属在5种形态上表现出不同的分布规律,Zn,Cu,Ni以残渣态为主,分别占总量的72.55%,90.00%和81.79%,而Pb以铁锰氧化物结合态为主,占总量的70.09%;Zn,Cu,Pb,Ni的活性态部分占全量比例分别为5.04%,1.51%,0.97%和0.23%,土壤重金属活性态部分与茶叶中重金属含量之间呈现正相关关系,且皖南茶区的茶叶重金属含量在限量值的安全范围内。