不同轮作制度下土壤中不稳定有机碳组分的变化

Taking Kenli County in the Yellow River Delta, China, as the study area and using digital satellite remote sensing techniques, cultivated land use changes and their corresponding driving forces were explored in this study. An interactive interpretation and a manual modification procedure were carried out to acquire cultivated land information. An overlay method based on classification results and a visual change detection method which was supported by land use maps were employed to detect the cultivated land changes. Based on the changes that were revealed and a spatial analysis between cultivated land use and related natural and socio-economic factors, the driving forces for cultivated land use changes in the study area were determined. The results showed a decrease in cultivated land in Kenli County of 5321.8 ha from 1987 to 1998, i.e., an average annual decrement of 483.8 ha, which occurred mainly in the central paddy field region and the northeast dry land region. Adverse human activities, soil salinization and water deficiencies were the driving forces that caused these cultivated land use changes.     

黄河三角洲耕地变化及其驱动力的卫星遥感分析

Taking Kenli County in the Yellow River Delta, China, as the study area and using digital satellite remote sensing techniques, cultivated land use changes and their corresponding driving forces were explored in this study. An interactive interpretation and a manual modification procedure were carried out to acquire cultivated land information. An overlay method based on classification results and a visual change detection method which was supported by land use maps were employed to detect the cultivated land changes. Based on the changes that were revealed and a spatial analysis between cultivated land use and related natural and socio-economic factors, the driving forces for cultivated land use changes in the study area were determined. The results showed a decrease in cultivated land in Kenli County of 5321.8 ha from 1987 to 1998, i.e., an average annual decrement of 483.8 ha, which occurred mainly in the central paddy field region and the northeast dry land region. Adverse human activities, soil salinization and water deficiencies were the driving forces that caused these cultivated land use changes.     

采用LBV变形卫星图像对中国亚热带地区土壤灰化进行研究

This paper describes a new type of transformed Landsat images (LBV images) and their application in discriminating soil gleization in subtropic region of China,LBV transformaition was worked out by the present author for extracting useful information from original landsat images.Using this method three black and white images,L image ,B image and V image ,were computer generated from original bans of a Landsat scene,which covers a large area of 34 528 km^2 in Hubei and Hunan province in south China.Then a Color composite was produced by these three images .This kind of black-and-white and color images contained rich and definite geographic in formation.By a field work ,the relationship between the colors on the composite and the land use/cover categories on the graound wa established.37 composite colors and 70 ground feature categories an be discriminated altogether,Finally,17 land use/cover categories and 10 subregions suffering from soil gleization were detemined ,and the gleiztion area for the study area was estimated to be 731.3 km^2.     

基于对象的方法(优于像素法)对巴西大西洋雨林地区的一个保护区进行土地覆盖分类

Conventional image classification based on pixels hinders the possibilities to obtain information contained in images, while modern object-based classification methods increase the acquisition of information about the object and the context in which it is inserted in the image. The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of different classification methods for land cover mapping in the vicinity of the Alto Ribeira Tourist State Park, a Brazilian Atlantic rainforest area. Two classification methods were tested, including i) a hybrid per-pixel classification using the image processing software ERDAS Imagine version 9.1 and ii) an object-based classification using the software eCognition version 5. In the first method, six different classes were established, while in the second method, another two classes were established in addition to the six classes in the first method. Accuracy assessment of the classification results presented showed that the object-based classification with a Kappa index value of 0.8687 outperformed the per-pixel classification with a Kappa index value of 0.2224. Application of the user’s knowledge during the object-based classification process achieved the desired quality; therefore, the use of inter-relationships between objects, superclasses, subclasses, and neighboring classes were critical to improving the efficiency of land cover classification.     

应用遥感技术对中国亚热带地区坡地利用及土壤侵蚀的研究

This paper introduces briefly two remote sensing case studies on land use in the subtropic region of China. One is on slope land use in the Yangtze River Three Gorges area. This is a large area of 60497 km². First of all, geometric correction and supervised classification were conducted for ten scenes of Landsat-5 TM or MSS images. The resolution of the processed images is 50 m × 50 m on ground. By the classification the land use/cover categories in this area were discriminated. Then the croplands including rice fields and upland fields were extracted from the land use/cover maps. Simultaneously the slope grade maps were prepared based on the topographic maps. Overlaying the slope grade maps and the cropland maps, the area and percentage of the croplands in different slope grades were determined. This case study indicated that 71.5% of the uplands was situated on the slope above 150 and 25% on the slope above 250 in this area. It is dangerous, and urgent cultivation or engineering measures should be taken. Another case study is on soil erosion in Linshan County of Guangxi Province. Airphoto interpretation and supervised classification of a Landsat TM image were carried out for discriminating land cover/use categories in an area of 3 557.8 km². And the soil erosion intensity grades were determined according to the land cover/use maps and slope maps. It wad discovered that the land suffering soil erosion accounted for 2404.0 km², 67.6% of the total area of the county. Necessary measures to control soil erosion should be taken also.     

Utilizing landsat TM imagery to map greenhouses in Qingzhou, Shandong Province, China

To build a rapid and accurate method for greenhouse vegetable land information extraction using an index model derived from TM digital data of Qingzhou City, Shandong Province, based on a systematic analysis of the spectral characteristics of different land use types in the study area, a subset of the image was first made to eliminate the mountainous region not associated with vegetable distribution, and then water body pixels were masked. With this the VI index model for greenhouse vegetable land extraction was developed. The index model indicated greenhouse vegetable land for Qingzhou in April 2002 was concentrated in the southeast and around rural residential areas. Field data used for an accuracy evaluation showed that greenhouse hectares determined with remote sensing were 95.9% accurate, and accuracy for the spatial distribution of greenhouse vegetable land cross checked with a random sample was 96.3%. Therefore, this approach provided an effective method for greenhouse vegetable land information extraction and has potential significance for management of greenhouse vegetable production in the study area, as well as North China.     

一种新的辨别土地利用/覆被的遥感图像融合方法

In China, accelerating industrialization and urbanization following high-speed economic development and population increases have greatly impacted land use/cover changes, making it imperative to obtain accurate and up to date information on changes so as to evaluate their environmental effects. The major purpose of this study was to develop a new method to fuse lower spatial resolution multispectral satellite images with higher spatial resolution panchromatic ones to assist in land use/cover mapping. An algorithm of a new fusion method known as edge enhancement intensity modulation (EEIM) was proposed to merge two optical image data sets of different spectral ranges. The results showed that the EEIM image was quite similar in color to lower resolution multispectral images, and the fused product was better able to preserve spectral information. Thus, compared to conventional approaches, the spectral distortion of the fused images was markedly reduced. Therefore, the EEIM fusion method could be utilized to fuse remote sensing data from the same or different sensors, including TM images and SPOT5 panchromatic images, providing high quality land use/cover images.     

多源卫星遥感影像进行土地利用变化监测

Due to inappropriate planning and management, accelerated urban growth and tremendous loss in land, especially cropland, have become a great challenge for sustainable urban development in China, especially in developed urban area in the coastal regions; therefore, there is an urgent need to effectively detect and monitor the land use changes and provide accurate and timely information for planning and management. In this study a method combining principal component analysis (PCA) of multisensor satellite images from SPOT (systeme pour l'observation de la terre or earth observation satellite)-5 multispectral (XS) and Landsat-7 enhanced thematic mapper (ETM) panchromatic (PAN) data, and supervised classification was used to detect and analyze the dynamics of land use changes in the city proper of Hangzhou. The overall accuracy of the land use change detection was 90.67% and Kappa index was 0.89. The results indicated that there was a considerable land use change (10.03% of the total area) in the study area from 2001 to 2003, with three major types of land use conversions: from cropland into built-up land, construction site, and water area (fish pond). Changes from orchard land into built-up land were also detected. The method described in this study is feasible and useful for detecting rapid land use change in the urban area.     

应用概率细胞自动机-马尔科夫模型模拟评价中国区域土地利用/土地覆盖的时空动态

Using the fuzzy rule-based classification method, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images acquired from 1982 to 1998 were classified into seventeen phases. Based on these classification images, a probabilistic cellular automata-Markov Chain model was developed and used to simulate a land cover scenario of China for the year 2014. Spatiotemporal dynamics of land use/cover in China from 1982 to 2014 were then analyzed and evaluated. The results showed that the change trends of land cover type from 1998 to 2014 would be contrary to those from 1982 to 1998. In particular, forestland and grassland areas decreased by 1.56% and 1.46%, respectively, from 1982 to 1998, and should increase by 1.5% and 2.3% from 1998 to 2014, respectively.     

地理信息技术支持下中国三峡典型区植被变化预测的试验研究

A computerized parametric methodology was applied to monitor, map, and estimate vegetation change in combination with ＂3S＂ （RS--remote sensing, GIS--geographic information systems, and GPS---global positioning system） technology and change detection techniques at a 1：50 000 mapping scale in the Letianxi Watershed of western Hubei Province, China. Satellite images （Landsat TM 1997 and Landsat ETM 2002） and thematic maps were used to provide comprehensive views of surface conditions such as vegetation cover and land use change. With ER Mapper and ERDAS software, the normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） was computed and then classified into six vegetation density classes. ARC/INFO and ArcView software were used along with field observation data by GPS for analysis. Results obtained using spatial analysis methods showed that NDVI was a valuable first cut indicator for vegetation and land use systems. A regression analysis revealed that NDVI explained 94.5% of the variations for vegetation cover in the largest vegetation area, indicating that the relationship between vegetation and NDVI was not a simple linear process. Vegetation cover increased in four of areas. This meant 60.9% of land area had very slight to slight vegetation change, while 39.1% had moderate to severe vegetation change. Thus, the study area, in general, was exposed to a high risk of vegetation cover change.     

利用GIS与TM资料集成技术估算龙游县早稻面积

提出利用GIS 与TM资料集成技术估算中国南方丘陵山地早稻种植面积的方法。该方法首先利用ARC/INFO对土地利用现状图进行数字化，建立拓朴关系后将其转化为栅格，然后进行投影变换，使土地利用现状图、行政图、TM数据具有相同的坐标，最后利用土地现状图，提取水田分布图，对水田分布图进行分类估算早稻种植面积。不同方法比较结果表明：非监督分类法不能用于提取丘陵山区的水稻种植面积；只用TM资料估算龙游县早稻面积，与统计数据相比，平行六面体分类法、最大似然分类法精度分别达到82.83%和59.95%；而用GIS 与TM资料集成技术对水田分布图进行分类估算早稻面积，平行六面体分类法、最大似然分类法的估算精度分别达到93.98%和60.65%，所以利用平行六面体分类法对南方丘陵山地早稻种植面积估算是可行的。     

δ13C法研究砂姜黑土添加秸秆后团聚体有机碳变化规律

为研究水稻秸秆添加对砂姜黑土水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响,探索水稻秸秆腐解过程中外源新碳及原有机碳在不同粒级团聚体中的分配规律,该文通过室内模拟试验,运用δ~(13)C示踪方法,将稳定同位素碳(δ~(13)C)标记的水稻秸秆添加入砂姜黑土,利用湿筛法得到不同培养时期不同粒级的土壤水稳性团聚体,测定不同时期各粒级土壤外源新碳及原有机碳含量。结果表明:未添加水稻秸秆的砂姜黑土(对照组),水稳性微团聚体(250μm)占主体,团聚体有机碳含量低。与对照相比,添加水稻秸秆(试验组)显著促进了2000、2000~250μm粒级水稳性大团聚体的团聚(P0.05);培养到120 d时,2000、2000~250μm水稳性团聚体比对照组分别增加了265.5%、16.0%,促使水稳性大团聚体(250μm)占主体,显著提高了砂姜黑土水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径(mean weight diameter,MWD)、几何平均直径(geometric mean diameter,GMD)、水稳性大团聚体含量(R0.25),降低了分形维数(D)值(P0.05),土壤结构稳定性明显得到改善。试验组各粒级团聚体有机碳含量显著增加,培养到15 d时,2000、2000~250、250~53、53μm粒级团聚体有机碳分别比对照组增加了21.4%、25.4%、34.7%、50.0%,其中微团聚体有机碳增加幅度大于大团聚体的增加幅度。MWD、GMD、R0.25与2000~250、250~53μm粒级团聚体有机碳呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),与2000μm粒级团聚体有机碳呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)、与53μm粒级团聚体有机碳关系不显著。不同粒级团聚体的δ~(13)C值明显增加,动态变化较大,表明外源新碳周转速率较快。外源新碳主要分配在250~53、53μm粒级微团聚体中,分配比例分别为38%、28%,外源新碳的分解速率明显快于原有机碳。研究得出添加水稻秸秆有利于增加砂姜黑土的团聚体稳定性,提高土壤及不同粒级团聚体的有机碳含量,提升土壤碳水平,改善了土壤结构,这为淮北地区土壤质量提升及有机碳循环提供了理论依据。     

基于网格搜索随机森林算法的工矿复垦区土地利用分类

为提高工矿复垦区遥感影像土地利用分类精度,为土地复垦监测工作提供数据支持,该文探讨了基于网格搜索(Grid-Search)的随机森林(random forest)复垦区土地利用分类方法。研究利用GF-1影像、DEM(digital elevation model)和野外调查等数据,以随机森林分类算法为框架,采用基于OOB(Out-of-Bag)误差的网格搜索法对算法进行参数寻优,结合影像光谱、地形、纹理、空间信息,计算选取了33个特征变量,构建了4种变量组合模型开展随机森林分类试验,4个组合模型的分类精度分别达到82.79%、84.91%、86.75%、88.16%。为去除33个特征变量中的冗余信息、降低影像波段变量维度、缩短分类执行时间并保证影像分类精度,试验分别利用变量重要性估计和Relief F方法进行特征选择后再次执行随机森林分类,将分类结果与不同组合模型、不同分类方法进行比较,结果表明:基于网格搜索参数寻优的随机森林算法在多特征变量的影像分类中可以达到88.16%的分类精度,在利用不同方法降维后依然可以将分类精度保持在85%以上,精度优于相同特征变量下的SVM(support vector machine)和MLC(maximum likelihood classification)分类方法;在效率方面,随机森林分类方法执行时间优于SVM,并且在处理多维特征变量时能力更强。由此可见,采用基于网格搜索的随机森林方法对工矿复垦区土地利用信息进行分类提取可以得到较高的精度,基于该方法开展遥感影像解译可为土地复垦监测工作提供技术支持和理论参考。     

基于影像融合的陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区土地利用自动分类

 采用1种遥感影像和单纯的监督分类方法,在黄土丘陵沟壑地区的土地利用调查中,难以获得高精度的土地利用数据。为解决此问题,以陕北无定河流域为研究区,以主成分变换的方法,对多源遥感影像(TM多光谱数据和SPOT全色波段数据)进行融合处理;同时,在分类中,采用监督分类与非监督分类相结合的混合分类法,改进训练样本选取方法,先以非监督分类获得初始训练样本,在对样本进行删除、增补、合并等调整的基础上,再进行监督分类。2种方法的结合使用,使土地利用信息自动提取的精度明显提高。与仅以TM影像为信息源,采用单纯监督分类法的分类结果对比可知:土地利用各类别的提取精度都有不同程度的提高,分类总精度从82.0%提高到89.2%;水体、水田和城镇用地等面积较小类别的精度,提高了10%以上;坡耕地与林草地的混分现象明显减少,精度均提高了5%以上,取得了良好的分类效果。研究结果为陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区土地利用变化动态监测,提供了重要的技术支持和借鉴。     

全极化SAR图像的煤矿区土地覆盖信息分层提取方法研究

为弥补光学遥感在煤矿区资源与生态环境监测中应用的不足, 研究应用全极化SAR图像有效提取煤矿区土地覆盖信息的方法具有重要意义。针对全极化SAR图像极化信息丰富、斑点噪声多、局部异质性大等特点, 提出采用面向对象的影像分类方法对其进行分层土地覆盖信息提取。以徐州市西南部的煤矿区为研究区, 选取Radarsat-2的全极化SAR图像, 分析了研究区内全极化SAR图像中典型地物的灰度特征, 提出面向对象分类方法所涉及的最优分割尺度选择法, 给出全极化SAR图像分割对象后向散射特征的计算方法。对研究区的SAR图像进行试验, 首先对SAR图像进行多尺度分割, 选择各土地覆盖类型的最优分割尺度, 然后在该尺度下计算出土地覆盖类型的后向散射特征指数, 最后采用模糊逻辑分类法分层提取出研究区内的土地覆盖信息。结果表明: 在适于各土地覆盖类型提取的最优分割尺度下, 充分利用分割对象的灰度、形状、纹理以及类间相关特征, 并综合应用隶属函数法和最邻近分类法, 能有效地提取煤矿区的农田、道路、塌陷地、建筑物、山林这5类土地覆盖信息。与最大似然分类法相比, 该方法能够较好地消除"椒盐现象", 各种土地覆盖类型的提取精度都有所提高, 其总体分类精度可提高38.3%。     

基于双分支卷积网络的高光谱与多光谱图像协同土地利用分类

高精度监测土地利用对实现可持续发展有重要意义。然而,由于遥感传感器成像的限制和地物的复杂性,单一的高光谱和多光谱图像已经不能满足高精度土地利用分类的要求,充分利用高光谱和多光谱遥感图像的互补信息能克服仅采用单一遥感图像分类的不足。该研究设计双分支卷积神经网络协同高光谱和多光谱遥感图像进行土地利用分类。针对高光谱图像设计3维-1维卷积神经网络(3D-1D Convolutional Neural Networks,3D-1D CNN)分支自动提取高光谱图像的空间-光谱特征;针对多光谱图像,设计3维卷积神经网络(3D Convolutional Neural Networks,3D CNN)分支提取多光谱图像的空间-光谱特征;设计融合层将从高光谱和多光谱图像提取的特征进行融合,最后通过全连接层输出土地利用类别。研究表明,与决策树(Decision Tree,DT)、支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)以及1D、2D和3D CNN方法相比,该文提出的基于双分支卷积神经网络的方法在两个数据集上Kappa系数平均分别提升了15.9、8.1、5.4、5.4和2.7个百分点。     

微生物固化砂质黏性紫色土的三轴抗剪强度与浸水抗压强度

实现复杂农区作物种植信息的精准、动态监测是中国农业精细化管理面临的迫切需求,而作物种植碎片化和异质性给作物遥感精细分类带来了诸多挑战,该文旨在探索基于高分辨率影像的地块尺度多种作物同步识别方法,以满足实时获取复杂农区作物详细分布信息需要。研究选取武汉市新洲北部为典型区,以WorldView-2影像为数据源,利用ReliefF-Pearson方法优选作物遥感特征,采用人工神经网络、K最近邻和随机森林算法进行作物分类,并对比分析其精度。研究发现：1）RVI、NDVI、相关性和边界长度等12个特征构成了地块尺度作物分类的相对较优特征,可在充分表征影像信息同时降低数据冗余;2）相比于人工神经网络和K最近邻算法,随机森林算法分类精度最高,其总体精度达79.07%;3）以光谱特征差异为作物区分基础,形状和纹理特征的使用能有效改善地块尺度作物分类精度,总体精度可提高4%左右;4）研究所采用的方法体系能有效提升复杂种植区地物分类精度,水稻、棉花、荷等主要作物以及裸旱地、裸水田等地物分类精度均达到了80%以上。研究成果可为复杂种植区作物遥感精细分类提供新的思路和方法借鉴,亦可为作物种植信息精准普查、土地利用精细化管理以及农业产业结构调整动态监测等提供参考。     

地块尺度的复杂种植区作物遥感精细分类

实现复杂农区作物种植信息的精准、动态监测是中国农业精细化管理面临的迫切需求,而作物种植碎片化和异质性给作物遥感精细分类带来了诸多挑战,该文旨在探索基于高分辨率影像的地块尺度多种作物同步识别方法,以满足实时获取复杂农区作物详细分布信息需要。研究选取武汉市新洲北部为典型区,以WorldView-2影像为数据源,利用ReliefF-Pearson方法优选作物遥感特征,采用人工神经网络、K最近邻和随机森林算法进行作物分类,并对比分析其精度。研究发现：1）RVI、NDVI、相关性和边界长度等12个特征构成了地块尺度作物分类的相对较优特征,可在充分表征影像信息同时降低数据冗余;2）相比于人工神经网络和K最近邻算法,随机森林算法分类精度最高,其总体精度达79.07%;3）以光谱特征差异为作物区分基础,形状和纹理特征的使用能有效改善地块尺度作物分类精度,总体精度可提高4%左右;4）研究所采用的方法体系能有效提升复杂种植区地物分类精度,水稻、棉花、荷等主要作物以及裸旱地、裸水田等地物分类精度均达到了80%以上。研究成果可为复杂种植区作物遥感精细分类提供新的思路和方法借鉴,亦可为作物种植信息精准普查、土地利用精细化管理以及农业产业结构调整动态监测等提供参考。     

基于HJ卫星数据与面向对象分类的土地利用/覆盖信息提取

土地利用/覆盖信息是区域气候与环境研究的基础,是土地资源规划与管理、合理开发与保护的信息保障。为此,该文选取长株潭城市群核心区为试验区,以时间序列HJ卫星影像为数据源,首先构建了时间序列归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、时间序列光谱第一主成分(first principal component,PC1)数据集,通过J-M(Jeffries-Matusita)距离变量可分离性分析结合地表覆盖的物候特征,确定最佳时序HJ组合数据;其次,采用面向对象的随机森林算法对研究区土地利用/覆盖信息进行分类,并对分类结果进行精度评价与比较分析。研究结果表明:采用时间序列HJ组合数据与面向对象的分类方法,提取城市土地利用/覆盖信息的总体精度和Kappa系数分别达到91.55%和0.90,其中水田、水浇地、旱地、林地、建设用地的生产者精度均达到90%及以上;相对于时间序列基于像元分类、单时相面向对象的分类方法,该文提出的土地利用/覆盖信息提取方法的总体分类精度和Kappa系数分别提高了2.26%、0.02和6.82%、0.08,有效提高了区域土地利用/覆盖信息提取的精度,为大范围土地利用/覆盖精细化分类提供了有效的途径。     

基于无人机遥感影像的覆膜农田面积及分布提取方法

针对基于无人机遥感的覆膜农田识别研究甚少的现状,该文以云南省昭通市鲁甸县为研究区,获取了研究区中地表类型复杂程度不同的2幅航空影像(复杂区影像和简单区影像)作为试验数据,利用灰度共生矩阵对原始航片影像进行纹理特征提取并选择纹理特征最佳提取参数;然后基于随机森林算法进行纹理特征重要性评价,优选纹理特征,结合原始数据进行最大似然初步分类;运用众数分析进行分类后处理;最后结合图像形态学算法与面积阈值分割法提取出了最终的覆膜农田面积及分布。通过试验结果发现,依据该文提出的方法,复杂区和简单区覆膜农田识别的总体精度、Kappa系数、产品精度、用户精度和面积误差分别达到了94.84%、0.89、92.48%、93.39%、0.38%和96.74%、0.93、97.39%、94.63%、1.95%。该文提出的融合监督分类和图像形态学算法的覆膜农田提取方法可以简单、快速的将地膜连成块,形成覆膜农田对象,进而通过面积阈值分割法获取高精度的覆膜农田分布信息。该方法可以为精准覆膜农田识别算法的发展提供参考。