矿化垃圾中植物大量营养元素含量的剖面分布特征

对经长期填埋后已稳定化的垃圾进行开采和资源化利用,能增加现有填埋场库容,对解决城市生活垃圾填埋场紧张的现状具有重要意义。以一个已运行10a以上的垃圾填埋场为研究对象,对已填埋6、8、10a的矿化垃圾中一些植物大量营养元素的剖面分布进行了测定。结果表明：（1）矿化垃圾中氮、磷、钾养分的浓度总和已达到国家有机肥养分含量标准,有机质含量也明显高于土壤的有机质含量,从植物养分供应的角度看,矿化垃圾可具有资源化利用的价值;（2）矿化垃圾中养分主要以氮素为主,磷、钾营养元素的总量较低,但速效态含量相对较高;（3）不同填埋深度的矿化垃圾中,主要营养元素的含量大部分在填埋8~10a后达到相对稳定的状态,但受矿化垃圾组成成分复杂性的影响,部分形态营养元素的变化规律不明显。     

矿化垃圾和绿化植物废弃物在盐碱土上利用的效果

通过矿化垃圾和绿化植物废弃物在盐碱土上的现场应用试验,研究了土壤性质的变化.结果表明,盐碱土上利用矿化垃圾和绿化植物废弃物后pH和盐分降低,土壤肥力提高;但矿化垃圾中有机质相对稳定,而绿化植物废弃物易分解,其土壤微生物量碳、土壤脲酶和土壤磷酸酶增加效果更明显;而且以矿化垃圾、绿化植物废弃物和原土混合后土地利用的效果最好,其次为矿化垃圾和绿化植物废弃物混合,以矿化垃圾和5%原土处理的利用效果最差;而不同废弃物用量中以30%的绿化植物废弃物添加量改良效果最好;不同处理间土壤微生物量碳、土壤脲酶和土壤磷酸酶的变化趋势基本一致,并与有机质存在显著或极显著相关关系,适合评价有机废弃物土地利用的效果.     

矿化垃圾施用林地重金属污染潜在生态风险评价

以矿化垃圾施用林地土壤为研究对象,采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数评价法对5种重金属元素Cd,Hg,As,Cr,Pb的潜在风险进行评价,同时还对不同深度土壤重金属的迁移及污染程度进行了讨论.不同矿化垃圾添加量下0-90 cm土层的潜在生态风险综合评价结果表明,随着矿化垃圾添加量增加,土壤重金属污染有加重的趋势,25％与50％矿化垃圾添加量的土壤污染程度达到中等程度,1oo％矿化垃圾添加量的土壤达到重度污染程度.矿化垃圾对土壤造成的污染主要集中在0-50 cm土壤层内,对垂直方向50 cm以下土壤影响较小.Hg是矿化垃圾施用中最主要的污染因子.土壤剖面垂直方向重金属含量分析结果表明,Cd,Hg,As,Cr,Pb具有从土壤表层向下层递减的趋势.重金属元素Hg和Cr含量具有土壤表层富集的特征.矿化垃圾大量的施用可能会导致Hg和Cr土壤污染,但不会导致Cd,As,Pb在土层中累积与垂直迁移.     

矿化垃圾腐殖土替代泥炭作仙客来栽培基质的研究

为保护泥炭资源、实现矿化垃圾资源化利用,探讨矿化垃圾腐殖土替代泥炭作盆花栽培基质的可行性,应用盆栽试验将矿化垃圾腐殖土与泥炭、椰糠、蛭石混配,观测不同配比基质物理和化学性质,结合仙客来生长发育状况得出混配基质最佳配比组合。结果表明,添加20%~40%的矿化垃圾腐殖土与泥炭混配栽培效果接近泥炭对照组;配比以草炭∶垃圾腐殖土∶蛭石为5∶2∶3时,基质理化性质更适合仙客来生长发育。添加垃圾腐殖土部分替代泥炭作仙客来盆花栽培基质具有可行性。     

矿化垃圾生物反应床处理垃圾渗滤液的效果

矿化垃圾细料中含有经渗滤液长期驯化获得的优势微生物,是很好的渗滤液处理生物介质。在北京阿苏卫垃圾填埋场室外进行了矿化垃圾生物反应床处理渗滤液的研究,结果表明：二级矿化垃圾生物反应床对垃圾渗滤液具有良好且稳定的处理效果,并对渗滤液中污染物浓度的变化具有较好的适应能力。在水力负荷为40 L/(m3·d),布水时间为2 h/d的条件下,COD和氨氮进水平均浓度分别为10992 mg/L和1977 mg/L,经过二级矿化垃圾生物反应床处理以后,出水平均浓度达到1001 mg/L和23.2 mg/L左右,去除率分别为90.9%和98.9%。     

农村生活固体垃圾管理现状与模式分析

近年来,我国开始强调农村生活固体垃圾的管理,但到目前为止,对于农村生活固体垃圾管理现状和管理模式的研究很少,制约了相关政策的出台。本文基于全国7省（市）123个村的调研数据,深入分析了我国农村生活固体垃圾管理现状和管理模式。研究表明,我国农村生活固体垃圾的管理模式主要包括村领导管理模式、保洁公司管理模式、乡镇及以上政府...     

垃圾填埋场植被恢复技术进展

随着世界各地城市化的不断扩大,垃圾填埋场的环境影响和植被恢复已成为全球共同面临的一个相当紧迫和突出的环境问题.在简述垃圾卫生填埋的概念、方式、组成及其带来的生态环境问题的基础上;对影响垃圾填埋场上植物生长的各种因素,以及国内外研究现状作了评述,同时提出我国垃圾填埋场植被恢复的研究方向.     

添加矿化垃圾腐殖土对绿化土壤物理特性的影响

矿化垃圾腐殖土作为绿化基质使用可以增加土壤中有机质及养分质量分数,但同时可能会对土壤物理及水分特性造成影响。运用土壤物理及水动力学方法,通过不同矿化垃圾质量添加比(0%、25%、50%、75%)进行田间、室内对比试验,比较不同配比对土壤物理性质和水分特性的影响。结果表明:1)添加矿化垃圾腐殖土质量比为25%时,土壤物理性质(密度、孔隙度等)和水分特性均无明显变化,仅土壤砂粒体积分数增加;添加比为50%时,土壤密度、毛管孔隙度和饱和含水率均无显著变化,但土壤总孔隙度明显降低,土壤砂粒体积分数及饱和导水率显著升高;添加比为75%时,土壤物理性质和水分特性均影响显著,其中土壤砂粒体积分数升高约217%,土壤饱和含水量降低11%,毛管含水量降低26%,土壤饱和导水率增加约93%,土壤有效水含量减少24.9%;2)Gardner模型能较好地拟合不同处理土壤水分特征曲线;3)添加矿化垃圾腐殖土在作为绿化基质使用过程中,质量添加比为25%~50%较适宜。     

北方典型农村生活垃圾分类模式初探——以曲周县王庄村为例

以华北平原上的曲周县王庄村为研究对象,在对村民进行环境意识调查的基础上详细分析了生活垃圾组成及农业活动旺季垃圾的变化趋势,并对生活垃圾分类进行了典型示范。结果表明,村民对垃圾污染问题较为关注,并希望能回收利用,但主动改善性不强;王庄村生活垃圾成分较为简单,主要可分为有机垃圾、无机垃圾、塑料垃圾及有害垃圾4大类,产生量为有机垃圾〉无机垃圾〉有害垃圾〉塑料垃圾,其中有机垃圾占主要部分,达到56.76%;农户种植生产活动对有机垃圾和有害垃圾的产生有显著影响,无机垃圾产生量则主要与农户的燃料结构变化有关。通过对垃圾分类试验的效果进行分析得出,北方以种植业为主的农村地区适宜采取以村为单位的垃圾分类收集方法,并实施村委会-保洁员-农户三方的监督机制和适当奖惩措施,垃圾处理方式开始宜采取卫生填埋兼以废品回收的无害化模式,并逐渐过渡到分类利用的资源化模式。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液地下原位脱氮技术综述

氨氮是城市垃圾厌氧填埋过程中产生的常见的污染物。由于氨氮的持久性和生物毒性,生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液中氮的脱除已引起了人们的高度关注。文中结合国内外的研究现状的基础,论述了厌氧渗滤液回灌、强制通风好氧填埋、准好氧填埋和生物反应器填埋四种垃圾渗滤液原位脱氮处理技术的原理、技术特点、工程投资、运行成本以及处理效果等;指出了垃圾填埋场渗滤液原位脱氮技术的未来研究重点：填埋场内脱氮机理和脱氮速率的深入研究、工艺控制优化研究以及生物反应器填埋的实际应用设计研究。     

长期定位试验条件下红壤性水稻土有机质的变化

通过22年长期定位试验,研究了红壤性水稻土有机质的含量及其结合形态在3种稻作制、3种有机肥施用水平及2种地下水位深度条件下的长期演变规律,结果表明:红壤旱土改水田后,土壤有机质含量逐渐增加,各处理平均增长15.2gkg-1,增长率达98.9%。不同稻作制间,以稻—稻—冬泡处理土壤有机质增长幅度最大,21年共增加了18.0gkg-1,增长率达116.9%;稻—稻—冬绿处理次之,共分别增长15.8gkg-1和102.6%;稻—稻—冬油处理最低,仅分别增长11.9g kg-1和77.3%。不同有机肥施用水平间,以高量有机肥处理土壤有机质增长最快,21年共增加了17.9gkg-1,增长率为116.2%;常量有机肥处理次之,共分别增加16.1gkg-1和104.5%;化肥处理最低,共分别增加11.8gkg-1和76.6%。不同地下水位深度对土壤有机质积累的影响不显著。土壤腐殖质结合形态以紧结态为主,占腐殖质总量的50～70%,松结态腐殖质次之,占20～40%,稳结态腐殖质最少,仅5～11%。冬种处理土壤腐殖质的松/紧比大于冬泡处理。施用有机肥料能提高土壤腐殖质的松/紧比。     

Gel structures in soils

The colloidal structures in soils were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Small-angle neutron scattering was used in the pioneering study of the colloidal soil structures and their rearrangements under the effect of different factors. It was found that colloidal particles are fixed apart in a gel matrix formed by organic molecules. The results obtained suggest that the organomineral gel is composed of soil humus occurring, at least in part, in a gel-like status and reinforced by organic and inorganic colloidal particles. In the interaction with water, the reinforced humus gel behaves as many polymers: it swells, absorbing water and increasing in volume; it shrinks under drying conditions. Different impacts on the soil affect the status of the reinforced humus gel, which results in the observed changes of the soil properties.     

Organic matter and biological activity of postagrogenic soils in the southern taiga using the example of Kostroma oblast

The dynamics of the humus status (some indices) and the biological activity of agrosoddy-podzolic soils in the course of the natural forest regeneration were studied based on the example of the soils of two succession series, which differed both in their parent rock and the history of their development. Upon the overgrowing of the croplands, the humus content increased, and its distribution within the soil profile became more differentiated. As a hayfield was overgrown, the humus content decreased to some extent at the earliest stages. The parameters of the humus status more clearly changed in the succession series with the light-textured soils, which had a relatively simple history of agricultural development. The biological activity mainly decreased at the earlier succession stages and became higher with the increasing productivity and greater amounts of easily decomposing falloff entering the soil. This relationship was especially distinctly revealed in the grass communities.     

Changes in the humus status of a layland sandy gleyic soddy-podzolic soil

Changes in the content, reserves, and composition of humus in a sandy gleyic iron-humus-illuvial soddy-podzolic soil under intensive, decreasing, and ceased agrotechnical impacts were studied. It was shown that when a well-cultivated soil is removed from economic use, the conditions of humus formation in the former homogeneous plow layer develop differently. A deterioration of the humus status parameters of the layland soil was found as compared to the cultivated soil. It was concluded that, when a soil is removed from economic use, its profile, which was disturbed by the anthropogenic impact, tends to return to the original genetic state. The change in the level of the agricultural practices affected the optical density of the humic acids only slightly, which is indicative of their relative stability under specific soil-forming conditions.     

不同植被恢复模式下煤矸石充填复垦土壤物理性质与有机无机复合体的关系

[目的]揭示复垦土壤物理性质与有机无机复合体的关系,为改善复垦土壤的物理特性提供依据。[方法]选择淮南大通煤矸石充填复垦区三种典型植被恢复模式下人工恢复7a的土壤,定量分析其物理性质及有机无机复合体,并运用多元统计分析两者的关系。[结果]研究区土壤的有机无机复合状况及结合态腐殖质在不同植被恢复下发生了不同程度的变化。结合态腐殖质以稳结态为主,所占比例为41%~67%。植被恢复降低了复垦土壤的容重而增加了其总孔隙度,而且臭椿+草本恢复模式效果最佳。土壤非毛管孔隙度与有机无机复合量及紧结态/重组碳呈显著正相关,而与稳结态/重组碳呈显著负相关。毛管孔隙度与有机无机复合量及紧结态/重组碳呈显著负相关,而与稳结态/重组碳呈显著正相关。土壤总孔隙度及容重与结合态腐殖质各组分的绝对含量分别呈显著正相关和负相关关系。[结论]复垦土壤物理性质与有机无机复合体具有密切关系。     

Effect of the chemical composition of green manure crops on humus formation in a Soddy-Podzolic soil

The effects of different types of green manure (Trifolium pratense L., Dactylis glomerata L., and Secale cereale L.) and the time of its input into the soil (autumn and spring) on the contents of humus and labile humus substances in a soddy-podzolic soil and the relationship between the formation of humus and the chemical composition of the applied biomass were studied. Green manure had a positive effect on the accumulation of humus in the soil. When the plants were plowed into the soil in the fall, the amount of humus formed in the soil in the first year was 0.1% higher in comparison with the spring application of green manure. The most active synthesis of new humus substances took place upon the following properties of the plant biomass: C: N = 15–25, the cellulose content of 20–28%, and the lignin content of 14–17%. The highest amount of labile humus substances was formed during the decomposition of the biomass with the C: N ratio above 20, the cellulose content of 19–20%, and the lignin content of 14–16%.     

Humus status of soddy-podzolic soil upon application of different green manures

Results of studying the effect of different plant species on the humus status of loamy sandy soddy-podzolic soil were generalized. It was found that the application of different green manure species (Lupinus luteus L., Trifolium pratense L., and Raphanus sativus L.) and straw from cereal crops (Secale cereale, Hordeum L.) under percolative conditions helped to sustain a stable humus budget in grain agrophytocenoses. A significant change in the fractional composition of HAs and FAs occurred under the effect of green manure. The fractions of free HAs and those bound to clay minerals accumulated with the application of Trifolium pratense and Raphanus sativus biomass and cereal straw. Lower amounts of aggressive and free FAs were formed in the soil with the application of straw and fallow plants. The decomposition of green manure and the formation of humic substances also depended on the hydrothermal conditions during application of manure.