不同地面覆盖对土壤性状和秋播大蒜产量及品质的影响

为探究秋播大蒜适宜的地面覆盖类型及其对大蒜产量的影响机制,从而为地面覆盖在大蒜高产高效栽培中的应用提供理论依据,以‘麻江红蒜’为试验材料,以不覆盖处理为对照,分别设置白色地膜、黑色地膜、银灰色地膜、1～2 cm和3～4 cm稻草、1～2 cm和3～4 cm稻壳共7种地面覆盖处理,分析不同处理对土壤含水量、温度和酶活性以及大蒜产量和品质的影响。结果表明:地面覆盖处理均可提高0～10 cm土层的含水量,而对10～20 cm土层的含水量影响不显著;3种地膜覆盖处理可不同程度地提高土壤温度,其中以白色地膜的增温效果最好,而稻草和稻壳覆盖处理的土壤温度与对照间差异不显著;不同处理均不同程度地提高了土壤酶活性,其中脲酶活性以白色地膜和1～2 cm稻草覆盖处理最高,酸性磷酸酶活性以白色地膜和银灰色地膜覆盖处理最高,蔗糖酶活性以白色地膜覆盖处理最高。与对照相比,白色地膜和黑色地膜覆盖处理可显著促进大蒜的植株生长,蒜薹产量和鳞茎鲜重产量均以白色地膜覆盖处理最高(367.63 kg/667m~2和653.57 kg/667m~2),黑色地膜覆盖处理次之(287.73 kg/667m~2和363.80 kg/667m~2),两者显著高于对照及其他处理;鳞茎品质总体上以白色地膜覆盖处理最好,与对照相比,其可溶性糖(192.1mg/g)、可溶性蛋白(23.67 mg/g)和大蒜素(5.13 mg/g)含量均显著提高。综合分析认为:地膜覆盖可以改善土壤含水量和温度,稻草和稻壳覆盖仅提高了土壤含水量,但不同处理均可提高土壤酶活性,促进大蒜产量和品质的提高,以白色地膜覆盖的效果最好,黑色地膜覆盖次之。     

新植甘蔗不同盖膜方式的效应研究

选用粤糖60号作为试验材料,开展新植甘蔗不同盖膜方式的效应研究,研究在不同地膜和不同盖膜方式下甘蔗农艺性状、工艺品质、产量性状和生理指标等方面的表现。结果表明:在不同的盖膜方式下,覆盖光降解除草地膜平均产量高于覆盖普通透明地膜,双行盖膜方式平均产量高于单行覆盖普通透明地膜;覆盖普通透明地膜平均蔗糖分要高于覆盖除草光讲解地膜,双行盖膜方式蔗糖分高于单行盖膜;不同地膜的增温效果不同,其中覆盖普通透明地膜的增温效果最好,覆盖光降解除草地膜普通黑色地膜增温效果最差;在不同的盖膜方式下,覆盖普通透明地膜的甘蔗萌芽率最高,单行盖膜平均萌芽率高于双行盖膜萌芽率;在覆盖黑色地膜下很少生长有杂草,其他地膜都生长有少量或大量杂草。综合各项表现评价,认为使用双行覆盖光降解除草地膜为新植蔗最佳盖膜方式。     

地膜覆盖对耕层土壤温度水分和甘薯产量的影响

以淀粉型甘薯品种‘济徐23’为供试材料,设置不覆盖地膜(CK)、覆盖透明地膜(TF)和覆盖黑色地膜(BF)3个处理,研究地膜覆盖对土壤水热状况、甘薯块根形成及产量的影响。结果表明:地膜覆盖可以提高甘薯块根分化建成期(栽植后0~20 d)0~20 cm各土层的土壤温度1.0~6.5℃,特别是在栽植后10 d覆盖透明地膜比覆盖黑色地膜高0.6~3.5℃;提高0~20 cm土层的土壤相对含水量9.97%~18.1%,且覆盖黑色地膜比覆盖透明地膜高1.2%~5.1%。地膜覆盖增大根系吸收面积和提高根系活力,但在20 d时覆盖黑色地膜处理的根系活力显著低于不覆盖地膜的对照(P0.05);同时,在栽植后20 d,地膜覆盖显著提高了甘薯的光合速率。地膜覆盖显著增加了分化根中内源激素玉米素核苷(ZR)含量,且黑色地膜在20~30 d时ZR含量显著高于透明地膜(P0.05);显著(P0.05)提高栽植后40 d块根中脱落酸(ABA)的含量,且覆盖黑色地膜处理的ABA含量显著(P0.05)高于覆盖透明地膜处理。地膜覆盖还提高了甘薯块根膨大期块根干物质初始积累量和平均积累速率,增加了单株结薯数和单薯重,最终显著提高了收获期块根产量,覆盖透明地膜和覆盖黑色地膜分别较对照增产10.38%和15.91%。因此,覆盖地膜能促进甘薯块根早形成,协调其生长中后期地上部与地下部的关系,从而提高块根产量。     

不同覆盖方式的土壤温、湿度变化及对紫甘蓝早熟栽培的影响

研究早春四种覆盖方式下的土壤温、湿度表明,四种覆盖方式的优劣顺序为:地膜+稻草>地膜>露地>稻草.与之相呼应的紫甘蓝营养生长、产量、外观品质也证明这点.最佳方式的地膜+稻草 666.7m2紫甘蓝早期净菜产量达3499.2kg,叶球紧实度为0.059kg/cm.     

地膜厚度对马铃薯生长及农田水热条件和残膜污染的影响

为寻求阴山北麓农牧交错带马铃薯种植适宜的农用地膜厚度,揭示地膜厚度对马铃薯生长发育、土壤水热状况及地膜残留的影响规律,并评价其经济效益,选择当地主栽作物马铃薯为研究对象,在膜下滴灌栽培方式下通过设置4种地膜厚度(0.006、0.008、0.011 mm和0.012 mm)的田间试验,研究地膜厚度对马铃薯生长发育及地膜残留的影响。结果表明,增加地膜厚度对株高有促进作用,出苗率在0.008 mm处理最高。生育期土壤水热状况:增厚地膜可提升4周内0～20 cm土壤贮水量,随后作用相反,播后4周是土壤贮水量响应的拐点,并且在5周内可促进地表以下5 cm处的土壤积温。0.008 mm处理的产量、商品薯率和经济效益均最高。土壤残膜量随地膜厚度增加而增大,但回收难度随之降低,且加深翻耕深度加重了20～30 cm土层的残膜污染,需要通过加强残膜回收机具的研发利用来削减残膜系数,降低农田白色污染,提高土壤环境承载力。推荐阴山北麓农牧交错带马铃薯种植采用0.008 mm地膜配套适宜残膜回收机具以获得优良的经济效益与生态效益。     

有色地膜栽培玉米的主要性状及相关性分析

采用大田试验对绿洲灌区玉米覆盖黑色、红色、蓝色与透明4种颜色地膜,对主要农艺性状进行相关性分析。结果表明:不同颜色地膜栽培的玉米相比透明地膜的经济产量增产率表现为:黑色膜减产9.22%,蓝色膜增产9.23%,红色膜增产2.29%。由于黑色地膜出苗率低导致玉米的生长密度降低,单株玉米的生境空间增大,出现双穗的比率增高,因而黑色地膜处理的单株产量较高。不同颜色地膜的各农艺性状表现为蓝色膜的株高、穗位、穗长、穗粒数均最高,黑色膜的千粒重最高,并且穗位低、茎粗高;在地膜影响下各玉米果穗性状对单株产量的相关系数均不显著,各性状对单株籽粒产量的相关系数依次为千粒重 > 穗行数 > 出籽率 > 行粒数 > 穗粗 > 穗粒数 > 穗长。     

稻田冬种马铃薯不同覆盖物免耕栽培初报

以冬种马铃薯品种费乌瑞它为试验材料,进行4种不同冬种马铃薯栽培方式的比较试验,探讨不同覆盖物对冬种马铃薯产量等的影响.结果表明:翻耕的出苗期最早;不同处理中以免耕覆盖稻草8cm的总产量和单株产量最高.因此,生产上采用免耕稻草覆盖8cm或免耕覆盖稻草2cm后盖玉米秸秆栽培方式,可提高马铃薯的产量.     

PBAT生物降解膜覆盖对绿洲滴灌棉花土壤水热及产量的影响

为应对农田残膜污染,探明基于聚己二酸丁二醇酯-对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBAT)材料的完全生物降解地膜代替普通塑料地膜与滴灌结合在棉花滴灌上应用效果,于2015-2016年在新疆石河子大学节水灌溉试验站,分别设置4种不同厚度和降解诱导期生物降解地膜和普通塑料地膜共5种不同处理,研究不同覆盖对滴灌棉花土壤温度、水分及产量的影响,并对可降解膜降解性能和经济效益对比分析.2a试验结果表明,覆膜60～80 d开始出现降解,至覆盖180 d后出现均匀细纹并未完全降解,0.012mm可降解地膜覆膜180 d仅仅出现裂纹,降解速度较慢.0.010mm和0.012mm厚完全生物可降解地膜处理棉花苗期土壤0～25 cm平均温度较对照分别低0.94℃和1.34℃(P＜0.05),但随着作物生长两者差异逐渐减小.4种类型可降解膜覆盖在棉花生长前期均能提高土壤土壤水分,但随地膜降解和棉花生长后期则显著降低,与普通塑料地膜相比土壤水分显著降低1％～3％.总体而言,覆盖完全生物可降解地膜处理2a平均产量较CK减少2％～3％,水分利用效率减少4％左右(P＜0.05),净收入少1 858.5元/hm2 (10.2％),4种类型可降解地膜产投比相比,厚度较薄0.010mm处理应用经济效果较好.可见,目前全生物降解地膜若要代替普通地膜,解决残膜污染,仍需进行较大的改善.     

覆盖材料和厚度对堆存牛粪氨气和温室气体排放的影响

为了研究锯末和稻草2种材料覆盖以及不同厚度的锯末覆盖对牛粪堆存过程中氨气(NH3)和温室气体(N2O、CH4和CO2)排放量的影响,采用静态箱的方法测试了不同覆盖厚度(1、3和5 cm)和2种材料(锯末和稻草)覆盖下牛粪NH3、N2O、CH4和CO2排放量。结果表明,在不同厚度锯末覆盖的试验中,与不覆盖处理组相比,覆盖降低了牛粪NH3和CO2累积排放量,但覆盖显著增加了牛粪N2O和CH4累积排放量(P0.05);3个覆盖处理组内,NH3、N2O和CO2排放量随着覆盖厚度的增加而下降,然而,CH4排放量随着覆盖厚度的增加而升高;1、3和5 cm厚锯末覆盖的牛粪总温室气体排放量分别为108.61、103.57和101.36 g/kg,与1 cm锯末覆盖相比,3和5 cm厚锯末覆盖的牛粪总温室气体排放量显著降低(P0.05)。在相同质量的锯末(2 cm厚)和稻草(6 cm厚)2种材料覆盖的比较试验中,2种材料覆盖都显著降低了牛粪NH3和CO2的累积排放量(P0.05),但同时也显著增加了CH4的累积排放量(P0.05);锯末覆盖增加了牛粪N2O累积排放量(P0.05),而稻草覆盖则降低了牛粪N2O累积排放量(P0.05)。与锯末覆盖相比,稻草覆盖显著增加了CH4的累积排放量(P0.05),但同时显著降低了牛粪CO2的累积排放量(P0.05);锯末覆盖和稻草覆盖牛粪总温室气体排放量分别为101.51和109.46 g/kg,与锯末覆盖相比,稻草覆盖显著增加了牛粪总的温室气体排放量。试验结果表明,较厚的锯末(3和5 cm)覆盖对牛粪NH3和温室气体的减排效果更好。     

秸秆覆盖及播种方式对马铃薯耗水特性和产量的影响

为明确西北旱作雨养农业区不同秸秆带状覆盖种植模式下马铃薯耗水规律、水分利用效率及产量的变化规律,以地膜覆盖和露地种植(CK)为对照,设置4种秸秆带状覆盖模式(①种植带和覆盖带各40 cm、单行播种,②种植带和覆盖带各40cm、双行播种,③种植带和覆盖带各50cm、单行播种,④种植带和覆盖带各50 cm、双行播种),研究不同秸秆带状覆盖模式对旱地马铃薯耗水特性和产量的影响。结果表明:秸秆带状覆盖处理与CK相比,马铃薯薯块产量和水分利用效率平均分别显著提高34.0%、21.5%,分别平均较地膜覆盖显著降低31.3%、25.0%;其中40 cm覆盖种植结构产量和水分利用效率较50 cm覆盖种植结构分别明显提高4.5%和6.8%,双行播种较单行播种增产4.4%,二者水分利用效率无明显差异。秸秆带状覆盖条件下,播种—现蕾阶段的耗水量、耗水强度及耗水模系数平均较CK显著降低14.5%、15.2%、15.4%,平均较地膜覆盖显著增加20.9%、19.0%、31.5%;与CK相比,现蕾—块茎膨大阶段耗水量、耗水强度及耗水模系数无显著性差异,相比于地膜覆盖,则分别平均显著减少20.7%、22.2%、13.9%;块茎膨大—成熟阶段分别平均较CK显著提高51.7%、52.4%、50.0%。同时,相比于CK,单薯重、商品薯率分别显著提高17.3%、31.8%,单株结薯数和小薯率降低7.5%、17.6%。可见,秸秆带状覆盖栽培可通过降低现蕾前的耗水和增加块茎膨大后的耗水,一定程度上缓解马铃薯植株后期对水分的需求,延长块茎膨大后植株光合作用,提高有机物的积累量,从而提高薯块产量和水分利用效率。而秸秆带状覆盖中,单行种植以种植带∶覆盖带=40 cm︰40 cm最好,双行种植以种植带︰覆盖带=50 cm︰50 cm较适宜。     

Colored plastic mulches affect soil temperature and tuber production of potato

Abstract

The main crops on which plastic mulch is widely used in Mexico include tomato, bell pepper, eggplant, melons, watermelons, and strawberry; however, very little research has been performed on potato. One of the main benefits associated with plastic mulching is the modification of the microclimate around the plant. To obtain a positive microclimate modification studies are required to understand how plastic mulch affects growth and yield of a given species. Previous field research assessing the response to colored plastic mulching in potato shows no consistent results on yield, maybe because it has been performed under different geographical latitudes. Potato in Mexico is conventionally cultivated on bare soil combined with various irrigation systems. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of colored plastic mulches on soil temperature, growth, yield and photosynthetic response of potato plants. The experiment was conducted in Northeast Mexico and the treatments included were: black plastic mulch (BPM); white-on-black plastic mulch (W/B), silver-on-black (SPM), aluminum-on-black plastic mulch (APM) and a control that consisted of bare soil cultivated plants. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results suggest that average daily mean soil temperature was linearly and negatively correlated with total yield and yield of first-quality tubers. Total yield and yield of first-quality tubers of plants mulched with W/B, SPM and APM was significantly higher (p≤0.05) than those of control plants. Leaf area and shoot dry weight were increased when soil temperatures were higher due to the effect of radiation transmission to the soil, however, this decrease was associated with a decrease in tuber production. The results of our study indicate that plants grown under BPM, which induced the highest soil temperature, showed marginal difference in yield compared with control plants, suggesting that colored plastic mulches have a positive effect on yield through decreased rise in soil temperature.     

对板栗园树盘土壤双重覆盖的效应研究

对板栗园树盘土壤进行麦秸、黑色地膜和无色地膜的单一或双重覆盖试验。结果表明，所有覆盖处理的保水效果均好于对照，但对温度的影响因不同处理而有差异；覆草＋覆膜的处理不仅具有显著的增温保墒作用，能培肥地力，双重覆盖处理的有机质平均含量比单独的膜覆盖增加0.1%，有效磷和有效钾分别提高1.2和5.7 mg·kg^-1，孔隙度增加3.21%，栗果产量增加10.70%。综合各种效应不同处理优劣顺序为：黑膜+草>无色膜+草>覆草> 黑膜>无色膜>对照。     

Photosynthesis,growth, and fruit yield of cucumber in response to oxo-degradable plastic mulches

The use of plastic mulch is associated with a higher increase in yield of vegetables. However, at the end of the growing season for each crop, plastic mulching can create environmental pollution that can cause negative impacts on the environment that could be solved by the use of degradable plastics. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of oxo-degradable plastic mulches on soil temperature, growth, gas exchange, and cucumber crop yield. The study was conducted in two locations in the northeast of Mexico during the spring and summer of 2013. The plastic mulch colors with additives were blue, green, and red and each color having 8% and 12% of pigment and 22% and 23% of Titanium dioxide (Rutile). The resultant treatments were compared with the black plastic mulch, which is the standard plastic in the world, and bare soil in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two locations. The mean soil temperature at both locations was statistically higher in black plastic mulch, followed by the oxo-degradable plastics mulches and lowest in the control. Gas exchange was not affected by plastic mulches. SPAD units as the index of chlorophyll content in leaves were very little affected by plastic mulch. Both, commercial and total yield were statistically similar in the oxo-degradable plastic mulches and the black plastic mulch, and lowest in the control. Plastics with higher concentrations of pigment registered higher degradation in both locations. Our results suggest that different plastic mulches impact positively on the yield of cucumber crop. The benefit in yield by the different plastic mulches in the conditions of this study was due to their soil warming ability that results in improved soil temperature, leaf area, and plant dry weight.     

深松条件下不同地表覆盖对马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响

水分不足是限制旱区作物生长的主要因素,覆盖耕作能够改善土壤的微环境,从而显著提高作物的产量和水分利用效率。为探讨深松结合地表覆盖对土壤物理性状、马铃薯生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响,2013-2015年在宁南旱区采用深松覆盖秸秆、深松覆盖地膜、深松不覆盖3种覆盖耕作模式,以传统耕作不覆盖为对照,对土壤体积质量、团聚体、水分、马铃薯产量和水分利用效率等方面的影响进行了研究。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,深松结合地表覆盖可有效降低耕层土壤体积质量,改善土壤孔隙状况,以深松覆盖秸秆处理效果最佳,深松覆盖秸秆处理0~40 cm平均土壤体积质量较传统耕作降低17.1%。与传统耕作相比,深松覆盖地膜和深松覆盖秸秆处理可使0~40 cm土层0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体数量显著增加30.7%和17.4%。深松结合不同覆盖方式能有效改善马铃薯生育期0~200 cm土层土壤水分状况,深松覆盖地膜对作物生育前期土壤水分保蓄效果较好,深松覆盖秸秆对生育中后期土壤水分状况的改善效果最佳。深松结合不同覆盖方式下马铃薯植株株高、茎粗及地上部生物量均显著高于传统耕作。作物生育前期以深松覆盖地膜处理效果最佳,中后期以深松覆盖秸秆处理促进作用明显。深松结合地表覆盖能明显提高马铃薯的产量和水分利用效率,深松覆秸秆处理的马铃薯产量、商品薯率和水分利用效率分别较传统耕作处理平均提高37.3%、93.3%和41.2%。通过两年试验研究,在宁南旱区采用深松结合地表覆盖措施具有良好的蓄水保墒效果,对马铃薯生长有利,以深松覆盖秸秆处理的增产和提高水分利用效率效果最为显著。     

Changes induced by plastic film mulches on soil temperature and their relevance in growth and fruit yield of pickling cucumber

Purpose: The aim of this study was to realize whether soil mulching, with different plastic mulch colors, is a suitable practice for the culture of pickling cucumber.

Materials and Methods: The crop was cultured or not with black, silver/black, white/black, and aluminum/black plastic films, treatments were evaluated in randomized complete block design, to determine their effect on soil temperature, gas exchange, nutrient concentration, growth, and fruit yield.

Results and Conclusions: Black, silver/black, and aluminum/black plastic mulches were higher (p?≤?0.05) in plant height, leaf area, and shoot dry weight than bare soil at 15 days after sowing, whose results were similar than using white/black film. Maximum, minimum, and mean soil temperatures were higher with all plastic mulches except for aluminum/black, in which the maximum soil temperature was similar to the one in bare soil. There was no difference in net photosynthesis and there was very little difference in nutrient concentration between plants in plastic mulches and plants in bare soil; however, early and total yield showed a higher (p?≤?0.05) yield in all plastic mulches, and lower with bare soil and white/black plastic mulch. Our results confirm that soil mulching impacts the pickling cucumber yield. We suggest a carefull selection of the color plastic mulch.     

适当保水剂施用和覆盖促进旱作马铃薯生长发育和产量提高

为明确保水剂、秸秆覆盖及行间覆膜等抗旱保水措施对旱作马铃薯渗透调节物质、质膜体系等生理特性的影响和对产量的作用效果,以夏波蒂品种马铃薯为材料,设对照、秸秆覆盖、行间覆膜、单施保水剂、秸秆覆盖加施保水剂、行间覆膜加施保水剂6个处理田间试验。结果表明:各处理的马铃薯叶片细胞质膜透性苗期较大,而后呈先降后升趋势;丙二醛、脯氨酸含量随生育期推进呈逐渐增加趋势;可溶性糖含量呈"单峰"曲线变化。行间覆膜加施保水剂、单施保水剂、秸秆覆盖、秸秆覆盖加施保水剂处理较好地缓和了土壤的干旱情况,有效降低了马铃薯叶片中的渗透调节物质和质膜体系。马铃薯生育后期,至淀粉积累期,各处理脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、质膜透性和丙二醛含量变化较为稳定,行间覆膜加施保水剂处理脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、质膜透性和丙二醛含量较对照分别减少15.57%、6.90%、42.79%和17.69%,单施保水剂处理分别减少2.31%、5.17%、10.62%和8.04%,秸秆覆盖处理分别减少28.45%、3.45%、51.63%和25.58%,秸秆覆盖加施保水剂处理分别减少25.14%、12.07%、49.17%和22.58%,降低干旱胁迫程度明显。马铃薯成熟收获期,秸秆覆盖及其加施保水剂处理各土层的土壤含水率变化相对稳定;0～20cm土层加施保水剂处理的土壤含水率相对高于不加保水剂处理。秸秆覆盖、秸秆覆盖加施保水剂、单施保水剂及行间覆膜加施保水剂处理显著增加了马铃薯产量和商品薯率(P<0.05)。总体上,秸秆覆盖处理较有效地缓和了土壤旱情,秸秆覆盖加施保水剂、单施保水剂和行间覆膜加施保水剂处理作用效果也较好,降低了干旱胁迫程度,促进了马铃薯的生长发育、产量提高。     

地膜秸秆复合覆盖改善龟裂碱土水盐特性提高油葵产量

为了提高盐碱地降水利用率,抑制化学(脱硫石膏)改良碱土过程中土壤盐分表聚及板结问题,该文以宁夏平罗县西大滩盐碱地试验站为例,设置了地膜秸秆复合覆盖(plastic and straw dual mulching,PSM)、地膜覆盖(plastic film mulching,PM)、秸秆覆盖(straw mulching,SM)和无覆盖常规种植(no mulching,CK)4个处理,探讨改良龟裂碱土过程中不同覆盖措施下旱地油葵的土壤水盐结构特征及其对产量的影响。结果表明,PSM处理有效提高了30~100 cm土层土壤贮水、持水能力,推迟油葵消耗相对深层60~100 cm土壤水分的时间;在30~90 cm土层,其水分活跃性显著高于其他处理;比单一覆盖抑盐效果佳,土壤盐分缓冲性增强,盐分表聚程度显著降低;同时能显著降低土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度。PSM处理提高了油葵苗期存活率和产量,其较PM、SM处理和CK分别增产35.45%,120.15%,87.80%(P0.05);PSM处理较PM、SM处理和CK的降水利用效率分别提高了14.71%、86.45%和59.05%(P0.05),其水分利用效率分别比SM和CK提高了10.80%和32.71%。综上,地膜秸秆复合覆盖(PSM)可增强土壤保墒抑盐能力,改善作物根区土壤水盐环境,提高天然降水的生产潜力;促进碱土改良初期的保苗增产,提高经济效益。     

秸秆腐解物覆盖对园林土壤理化性质的影响

为了了解不同类型不同厚度的作物秸秆腐解物的覆盖在园林上的应用效果,采用玉米、小麦、棉花秸秆的腐解物为覆盖材料,覆盖3、6、9 cm,研究了不同秸秆腐解物及不同厚度覆盖对土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明,覆盖可以显著降低表层（0～10 cm）土壤体积质量,提高土壤渗透性,具有显著的保水作用,如覆盖1 a,各材料覆盖6 cm效果理想,如覆盖2 a,玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆覆盖最佳覆盖厚度为9 cm,棉花秸秆最佳覆盖厚度为6 cm;3种秸秆覆盖6 cm时,杂草减少96%以上,覆盖9 cm时,杂草抑制率达100%;覆盖1 a后土壤中有机质和养分含量显著增加;覆盖后地面径流浑浊度减少90%以上;覆盖还能减缓土壤温度变化幅度。农业废弃物园林覆盖省水、省肥、省工,符合节约型园林的要求,生态效益显著,值得推广应用。     

补充灌溉、氮素营养与秸秆覆盖对冬小麦生长及产量的影响研究

大田试验研究补充灌水、施N肥与秸秆覆盖对冬小麦根系和地上部生长、产量及其构成因子的影响结果表明 ,施N肥对冬小麦生长发育和产量的效应最明显 ,单独覆盖秸秆或补充灌水基本无效甚至出现副作用。施用N肥和秸秆覆盖可促进冬小麦根系发育和地上部生物量累积。肥料供应充足时覆盖秸秆对冬小麦根系的作用与水分状况有关 ,土壤水分胁迫下秸秆覆盖效果不明显 ,此时施用N肥甚至出现一定负效应。水分充足与否 ,施N肥和秸秆覆盖均对冬小麦产量的形成有一定协同效应 ,补充灌溉与施用N肥和秸秆覆盖配合处理小麦产量最高。