不同钾肥品种和用量对花椰菜产量和品质的影响

在不同肥力水平的土壤上,采用田间试验方法,研究了不同钾肥用量水平下硫酸钾和氯化钾对花椰菜产量和品质的影响。试验结果表明,钾肥可提高花椰菜花球产量,施钾增产效应达显著水平;但单位钾素(K2O)养分生产效率随钾肥用量提高而降低。氯化钾的产量效应低于硫酸钾,其效应受土壤氯离子含量和钾肥用量的影响。钾肥可提高花椰菜维生素C含量,用量过高则含量下降;增加和降低效果与土壤含钾量有良好的相关性。中、高用量硫酸钾效果优于氯化钾。钾肥可降低氨基酸总量和各种类氨基酸含量,氯化钾处理花椰菜氨基酸含量高于硫酸钾,特别是谷氨酸和丙氨酸含量。钾肥可促进花椰菜养分吸收,氯化钾更有利于钾素的吸收和积累,氮、钙和镁的转运,而不利于钾素从花轴转运到花蕾。不同钾肥品种的产量品质差异与钾肥陪伴氯离子与土壤氯离子含量关系密切。在土壤氯离子含量高的土壤上,硫酸钾可作为理想的钾肥肥源。     

钾肥类型对西瓜产量和品质的影响

选择硫酸钾、硝酸钾、氯化钾3种钾肥,在江苏沿海开展西瓜钾肥效果试验,研究不同钾肥类型对西瓜生长及品质的影响。结果表明,施用不同钾肥可协调西瓜生长,避免茎叶生长过旺;与对照和其他钾肥处理相比,施用硝酸钾肥显著促进根系干物质积累,硫酸钾肥则显著促进茎部干物质积累;硝酸钾肥和硫酸钾肥显著提高西瓜单果重和产量;氯化钾肥处理西瓜植株干物质积累和产量均最低,与对照无显著差异,但氯化钾肥处理有降低可滴定酸和提高Vc含量的作用。今后应从西瓜产量、品质和环境影响等多方面评价施用不同类型钾肥的综合效应。     

连续施用硫酸钾镁肥对柑橘的效应

以柑为试验材料,采用短期定位试验,研究了施用硫酸钾镁肥料对柑效应的影响。结果表明,施用各种钾肥对柑鲜果产量有极显著增产效果,且能提高叶片中钾素含量。在施用氮磷肥基础上,施用硫酸钾镁肥的增产效应明显,经济效益最佳。在本试验中,与施硫酸钾相比较,施用氯化钾的果实Vc含量略有下降,可滴定酸含量略有提高。     

杂卤石对花生生长及养分吸收的影响

为探讨杂卤石在北方典型棕壤上的应用效果,以花生为研究对象,于2015年2月至6月通过盆栽试验,以不施钾肥为对照,研究了杂卤石不同用量对花生荚果质量和花生秧干质量的影响,并比较了其与氯化钾、硫酸钾镁和硫酸钾对花生养分吸收及产量的影响差异。结果表明:在每千克土施用0～0.133 g K-_2O时,随着杂卤石施用量增加,花生荚果质量和花生秧干质量呈现出先增高后降低的趋势,其中每千克土施用0.089 g K-_2O时均最大,花生荚果质量较其他处理提高14.74%～48.08%,与每千克土壤施入0、0.022 g和0.044 g K-_2O的处理差异达显著水平;花生秧干质量较其他处理显著提高13.33%～49.08%。在每千克土施用0.089 gK-_2O的条件下,杂卤石处理花生荚果质量较氯化钾、硫酸钾镁和硫酸钾处理提高2.42%～12.32%,与氯化钾处理差异达显著水平,花生秧干质量较三种常规钾肥处理显著提高18.49%～25.44%。杂卤石处理植株氮含量较氯化钾、硫酸钾镁和硫酸钾处理平均显著提高1.92%～6.78%,植株钾含量较氯化钾、硫酸钾镁处理平均显著提高15.37%,钾肥表观利用率显著高于氯化钾和硫酸钾镁处理,钾肥农学利用率及钾肥偏生产力显著高于氯化钾处理,植株钙含量较氯化钾、硫酸钾镁和硫酸钾处理平均显著提高4.67%～9.86%,植株硫含量较氯化钾处理显著提高19.13%。研究表明,施用杂卤石能够提高花生荚果质量及花生秧干质量,并促进花生对氮、钾、钙和硫的吸收,其中杂卤石处理花生吸硫量提高可能是其花生荚果质量较氯化钾处理显著提高的主要原因,而吸钙量和吸氮量的提高可能是杂卤石处理花生秧干质量较氯化钾、硫酸钾镁和硫酸钾处理显著提高的主要原因。     

根区施用钾肥对烤烟产量、钾含量及钾素吸收的影响

为了探讨根区施用钾肥对黄淮烟区石灰土烤烟产量和钾素吸收利用的影响,采用田间试验,研究根区枸溶性钾肥与硫酸钾配施对烟叶产量、钾含量以及钾素吸收利用的影响。试验共设9个处理,分别为CK、CP_1、CP_2、WP_1、WP_2、CW_(1-50%)、CW_(2-50%)、CW_(1-75%)与CW_(2-75%)(CK表示对照,CP表示只施用枸溶性钾肥,WP表示只施用硫酸钾,CW表示枸溶性钾肥与硫酸钾配施;数字1、2表示施用量分别为225、300 kg/hm~2,百分数表示硫酸钾的配施比例)。结果表明,烟叶钾含量随生育期推进呈下降趋势,不同施肥处理各时期烟叶钾含量均高于CK;不同施肥处理下土壤钾素在垂直和水平方向上迁移距离较小,根区钾肥施用可直接有效的增加根区土壤速效钾含量;施钾(K_2O)300 kg/hm~2与225 kg/hm~2相比,可显著提高烟叶钾含量和钾肥利用效率(P0.05);CW_(2-75%)处理下烟叶钾含量、土壤速效钾含量和钾肥利用率最高,而CW_(2-50%)处理下烟叶产量最高。综上所述,根区施用含75%硫酸钾的枸溶性钾肥300 kg/hm~2(CW_(2-75%)处理)可有效改善黄淮烟区石灰土钾素养分,提高该区烤烟产量、钾含量与钾肥利用效率,达到优质高产。     

硫酸钾镁肥对小白菜、茶叶、西瓜产量和品质的影响

通过田间试验,研究在施用氮、磷肥基础上,配施硫酸钾镁肥对小白菜、茶叶、西瓜的产量、品质及主要农艺性状的影响。结果表明:施用钾肥都能增加产量,提高品质。施硫酸钾镁与施硫酸钾或氯化钾相比,小白菜产量提高3.81%和9.88%,茶叶产量提高8.75%和3.81%;小白菜NO3-含量降低180.7 mg/kg和52.5 mg/kg;茶叶游离氨基酸含量增加0.30%和0.27%,茶多酚含量减少0.90%和3.63%,咖啡碱含量增加0.31%和0.19%;西瓜中心可溶性固形物增加0.07%和0.57%,Vc含量提高8.84%和7.35%。施用硫酸钾镁比施用硫酸钾或氯化钾每公顷增加经济效益733~4041元。     

钾肥种类及用量对马铃薯生长和品质的影响

利用盆栽马铃薯探究钾肥种类及用量对马铃薯块茎产量、品质等指标的影响。结果表明,中量控释包膜氯化钾处理马铃薯产量最高,较不施钾空白处理(CK)提高82.81%,较普通钾肥处理提高6.04%~51.88%。适量的增施钾肥有效地提高马铃薯叶片的胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和净光合速率,同时增加块茎中可溶性蛋白质含量、维生素C(Vc)含量和淀粉含量,并降低还原糖含量。控释包膜氯化钾处理的马铃薯品质和光合等指标与硫酸钾、氯化钾处理未存在显著差异。控释包膜氯化钾处理显著提高钾肥利用率,分别较氯化钾和硫酸钾处理平均提高80.69%和171.86%。因此,在本试验条件下可以用适量控释包膜氯化钾代替普通硫酸钾,在不影响品质的前提下获得更高的产量和经济效益。     

铜基营养保护剂及控释钾肥配合施用对黄瓜产量和品质的影响

通过黄瓜盆栽试验,研究了铜基营养保护剂和控释钾肥对其产量、品质及病害防治的影响。结果表明:喷施铜基营养保护剂和施用控释钾肥显著提高了黄瓜产量,改善了黄瓜营养品质,含硼锌的铜基营养保护剂较清水和传统波尔多液的处理分别增产106.73%和19.81%;施用控释钾肥较不施钾肥和施用普通钾肥的处理分别增产26.61%和6.22%,且显著提高了黄瓜生长后期土壤速效钾含量。铜基营养保护剂和控释钾肥对黄瓜产量和营养品质均有显著的交互作用,且喷施铜基营养保护剂对黄瓜植株白粉病具有很好的防治效果,比传统波尔多液处理降低了铜的积累,增加了锌的含量。因此在黄瓜上施用控释钾肥配合叶面喷施铜基营养保护剂,既能满足黄瓜生育期内对钾素的需求,增加黄瓜产量,又在预防植株白粉病的同时,显著改善果实营养品质。     

基施钾肥有效提高内蒙古河套灌区向日葵产量和油分品质

【目的】 氯化钾和硫酸钾价格差异较大,在碱性土壤上比较氯化钾和硫酸钾及其施用时期对向日葵产量、品质的影响,为向日葵科学经济合理施用钾肥提供理论依据。 【方法】 于2014—2016年,在内蒙古河套灌区向日葵典型种植区进行了3年的钾肥品种和施用时期田间定位试验。供试钾肥为硫酸钾和氯化钾,施用量为K₂O 120 kg/hm2。施用方式设100%基施 (100%B)、50%基施 + 50%现蕾期追施 (50%B + 50%T) 和25%基施 + 50%现蕾期追施 + 25%花期追施 (25%B + 50%T + 25%T) 三个处理,以不施钾肥为对照。向日葵收获后,调查了产量、产量性状及钾素吸收量,钾肥利用率,分析了向日葵籽实中粗脂肪、粗蛋白和主要脂肪酸的含量。 【结果】 向日葵施用钾肥显著增产。施硫酸钾增产10.4%,施氯化钾增产10.6%。钾肥的农学效率平均为3.08 kg/kg。施用硫酸钾和氯化钾均显著增加籽实粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量,粗脂肪分别增加2.17%和2.74%,粗蛋白分别增加1.95%和2.45%,硫酸钾和氯化钾以及三种施用方式间均无显著差异。施用钾肥对向日葵的盘径、盘粒重、千粒重影响显著,其中对盘粒重和千粒重影响较大。施用钾肥后向日葵的吸钾量和吸钾效率显著增加,3年连续施用钾肥的利用率平均为47.7%,但各施钾处理之间没有显著差异。钾肥增加了向日葵籽实粗脂肪含量,主要是增加了向日葵籽实中不饱和脂肪酸比例达2.20%,钾肥不同品种和不同施用方式对其影响不显著。 【结论】 河套灌区向日葵种植中施用钾肥可以显著增加籽实产量,提高籽实蛋白质含量和油分含量。氯化钾和硫酸钾效果相当,全部钾肥一次基施的效果与基施加一次追施或两次追施的效果没有差异。综合考虑钾肥价格和劳动力投入,河套地区向日葵种植推荐选用氯化钾全部基施。      

不同钾肥对甘蓝产量、品质和营养元素形态的影响

选择重庆地区适宜栽培的甘蓝品种,采用田间小区试验,研究不同种类和用量钾肥对甘蓝产量、品质和营养元素形态的影响,为无公害甘蓝生产确定合理的施钾技术提供科学依据。结果表明,不同施钾处理甘蓝生物产量和商品产量均显著提高(增量为4.3%~20.2%),两种钾肥均以中量水平(K2)增产最显著,但相同用量下钾肥种类间增产效果无显著差异,从肥料成本看以氯化钾更优。各处理均提高甘蓝氨基酸含量,以低量硫酸钾最优,增幅达56.9%;除中量氯化钾提高甘蓝维生素C含量6.8%外,其余处理均降低维生素C含量;各处理对甘蓝硝酸盐含量以降低为主,以高量硫酸钾降幅最大达12.3%;钾肥对甘蓝还原糖含量表现为提高,且以低量氯化钾最优。各处理均在一定程度上提高甘蓝矿质元素含量(Zn除外)。甘蓝各营养元素形态中,均以非蛋白态为主。不同钾肥处理蛋白氮含量与氨基酸含量呈极显著负相关(相关系数r=-0.820),蛋白磷与氨基酸含量呈显著正相关,而非蛋白磷含量与维生素C含量呈显著正相关;与氮、磷素形态相比,不同钾素形态与甘蓝品质间关系更为密切,其中全钾、蛋白钾含量与维生素C含量均呈显著正相关。综合各指标效应看,甘蓝适宜钾肥种类为氯化钾,且以中量施钾水平最优。     

柑桔施用硫酸钾和氯化钾效果研究 I对树体生长、产量和品质的影响

分别在湖北省柑桔主产区通山、宜昌和秭归进行为期 4年的柑桔施用硫酸钾 (SOP)和氯化钾 (MOP)试验。结果表明 ,施钾能有效地提高叶绿素值、促进树体生长、提高果实产量和改善品质。SOP和MOP对柑桔产量的影响在三个试验点表现不尽相同 ,其中通山、宜昌点MOP增产效果高于SOP ,而在秭归点则相反 ,这种差异与土壤钾、硫含量和施用的其他肥料品种有关。两种品种的钾肥均能改善果实品质 ,SOP作用略高于MOP。连续 4年施用MOP未见对柑桔生长、产量和品质产生不良影响。     

两种钾肥对湖北棉区棉花养分吸收及经济效益的影响

通过田间试验研究了钾肥用量(K2O 75、150、225 kg/hm2)与种类对棉花产量、养分吸收及经济效益的影响。结果表明:施硫酸钾与硫酸钾镁都能增加产量,提高养分含量及经济效益,两者相比,在低、中、高3个水平上棉花产量前者比后者分别提高3.5%、3.2%和1.4%;相比硫酸钾镁,施硫酸钾可使棉花对氮、磷的吸收量增加,棉花根的氮含量平均增加13.9%,茎的磷含量平均增加2.7%,但对钾、钙、镁、硫的吸收量影响较少。施用硫酸钾比施用硫酸钾镁所获的效益平均高540元/hm2,且在施K2O 75 kg/hm2处理所获效益最高,比不施钾肥多获效益10 350元/hm2。     

Polyhalite as a sulfur source for fresh market tomato production in Brazil

Abstract

Polyhalite (PH), a naturally occurring multinutrient fertilizer containing potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S), has improved tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production in Brazil but a specific response by tomato to the S in PH is not confirmed. We compared four S sources – PH, sulfate of potash (SOP), sulfate of potash magnesia (SOPM), and single super phosphate (SSP) – applied at a target application rate of 40?kg?S?ha^?1 to fertilizers with no S (muriate of potash, MOP), and no K or S at commercial application rates in three commercial fields in Brazil with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and K applied at recommended rates of 355, 500, and 200–300?kg?ha^?1, respectively. Consistent across locations, PH increased total yields over the control, MOP, and SSP, with SOP and SOPM higher than the control but not MOP or SSP. Only PH increased marketable yields compared to the control. Yields increased linearly with fruit numbers per plant which were higher for PH than the control or MOP, indicating higher fruit set in PH contributed to yield differences. While fertilizers increased leaf K and S concentrations and soil test K and SO₄–S, yield differences did not appear to be related solely to either K or S fertilization, nor to Mg fertilizers to which there was no response. Leaf and fruit Ca concentrations were higher in PH than the control and MOP at some locations suggesting Ca improved fruit set in PH. Results suggest tomato likely responded to the multinutrient content or solubility pattern of PH.     

磷钾调控对冷浸田水稻产量和养分吸收的影响

【目的】冷浸田是典型低产稻田,其施肥结构和模式与普通稻田应存在差异。本研究拟在普通稻田施肥结构的基础上,通过调整肥料结构,探索冷浸田最佳施肥模式,为提高冷浸田水稻产量提供数据支撑和理论依据。【方法】通过连续3年的定位试验,以水稻产量为目标,通过测定产量构成因素、水稻养分吸收和土壤养分变化,分析冷浸田施肥模式,提出冷浸田最佳施肥用量。【结果】土壤速效磷含量介于2.7~7.3 mg/kg之间,速效钾含量介于20~80 mg/kg,明显低于普通稻田（平均速效磷11.5 mg/kg,平均速效钾95.8 mg/kg）,是冷浸田主要养分障碍因子;施肥可以极大提高水稻产量,其中NPK、NP2K、NPK1、NPK+Zn和NPK2处理的产量比不施肥（CK）或习惯（FP）高20%~30%左右。在氮磷钾基础上增施锌肥、硅肥和钾肥增产达到显著水平,降低磷肥和钾肥用量则有降低产量的趋势。连续三年种植水稻土壤碱解氮、速效钾呈现平稳,速效磷有增加趋势。施肥处理水稻籽粒和茎部钾含量明显高于CK,籽粒氮累积量显著高于CK和习惯施肥处理。相对于NPK、CK、FP处理,增施磷、钾肥,添加微肥可显著提高籽粒氮、磷、钾累积量。【结论】鄂东南低丘区冷浸田速效磷、速效钾含量低,是主要营养限制因子,需要长期加大磷、钾肥施用量;该地区冷浸田适宜施肥量为N 180、P2O5 90~108、K2O 120~144 kg/hm2,同时配施锌肥和硅肥,连年施用可保证冷浸田水稻的稳步增产。     

施钾对有些茄科作物产量和品质的影响

Over a period of two years,field experiments were conducted on wto silty loam soils grown with four solanaceous vegetable crops of geggplant(var.serpentinum Bailey),tomato(var.commune Bailey),sweet pepper(var.grossum Bailey) and chilli (var.lengum Bailey),respectively,Each experiment included four treatments with from low to high doses,0-450 kg ha^-1 for eggplant ,tomato and sweet pepper,and 0-270 kg ha^-1 for chilli,of K fertilizers in the from of sulfate of potash(SOP) applied together with N and P fertilizers. One CK treatment without K,N and P fertilzers applied and one treatment of K fertilizer in the form of muriate of potash(MOP) applied at the high level(450kg ha^-1) together with N and P fertilizers were included in the experiments of eggplant,in order to compare the effects of SOP and MOP,The fruit yields of the tested crops increased significantly with the increasing rate of K application.The crops supplied with K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application,The K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application,The dry matter and vitamin C contents in fruits of tomato,sweet pepper and chilli,and the sugar content and the titratable acidity level of tomato fruits were increased,and the S/A ratio( ratio of sugar content to titratable acidity) of tomato fruits were decreased by K fertilization,indicating that K fertilization could improve the fruit quality of the solanaceous vegetable crops.However,the high rate of Kfertilizer might lower the dry matter and vitamin C contents of tomato fruits and sewwt pepper fruits.SOP was more effective than MOP in increasing the yield and quality of eggplant fruits at the high fertilization rate;therefore,the choice of applying SOP may be better for high levels of K fertilization.     

Response of tomato to polyhalite as a multi-nutrient fertilizer in southeast Brazil

Abstract

Limited information on the agronomic performance of polyhalite (K₂SO₄.MgSO₄.2CaSO₄.2H₂O) motivated us to establish two field trials in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The objective was to evaluate the comparative responses of tomato to muriate of potash (MOP), sulfate of potash, potassium magnesium sulfate, and polyhalite at different graded doses of potassium (K) application supplying varied amount of secondary nutrients. Under very low soil K conditions, polyhalite resulted in significantly higher marketable fruit yield, and higher foliar and fruit K and sulfur (S) concentrations than other K sources. This was not the case under medium soil K levels, that is, 101?mg?kg^?1. Likewise, polyhalite enhanced postharvest residual soil calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and S than other evaluated sources. Depending on soil nutrient status and the cost of polyhalite, tomato farmers of Brazil could consider polyhalite as an option to meet crop K and secondary nutrient requirements.     

POTATO TUBER YIELD AND QUALITY AS AFFECTED BY RATES AND SOURCES OF POTASSIUM FERTILIZER

Among the major nutrients, potassium (K) not only improves yields but also improves quality parameters. Field experiments were conducted to assess the comparative effect of sources and rates of K fertilizer on potato yield and quality on a sandy loam soil. Graded doses of potassium, i.e., 0, 150 and 225 kg ha^?1 K₂O from sulfate and muriate of potash were applied in triplicate. Recommended dose of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) applied uniformly. Significant increase in tuber yield was observed with 150 kg ha^?1 K₂O from both the sources over control. Increase in tuber yield with 225 kg ha^?1 K₂O was statistically non significant compared to 150 kg ha^?1. The dry matter and specific gravity were more affected with sulfate of potash (SOP) than muriate of potash (MOP). The quality parameters like dry matter, specific gravity, starch contents, vitamin C, chips color and taste were improved with K application.     

施用钾肥对叶菜产量和品质的影响

Over a period of two years, field experiments were conducted on four silty loam soils grown with foliar vegetable crops including Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis Rupr., cv.Lu-Bai 3), autumn greens (B. chinensis L., cv.Piao-Geng-Bai), winter greens (B. var.rosularis Tsen et Lee, cv.You-Dong-Er), and summer greens (B. chinensis L., cv.Zao-Shu 5), respectively. Each experiment included one CK treatment without K, N and P fertilizers applied, and four treatments with from low to high doses, 0~300 kg hm^-2 for Chinese cabbage, 0~150 kg hm^-2 for autumn and winter greens and 0~180 kg hm^-2 for summer greens, of K fertilizers in the form of sulfate of potash (SOP) applied together with N and P fertilizers. One treatment of K fertilizer in the form of muriate of potash (MOP) applied at high levels (150 or 180 kg hm^-2) together with N and P fertilizers was included in the experiments of autumn, winter and summer greens, respectively, in order to compare the effects of SOP and MOP. The market yields of the tested crops increased significantly with the increasing rate of K application. The crops supplied with K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application. K fertilization increased not only K contents but also the amounts of N, P and K absorbed in shoots of autumn, winter and summer greens, which were statistically significantly correlated to their yields. It can also be found that potassium improved the quality of the foliar vegetable crops as their dry mater contents were generally increased and Vc contents obviously increased and nitrate contents markedly decreased. As compared to MOP, SOP was more effective on the yields and quality of autumn, winter and summer greens at the high levels of fertilization.