茶园红壤施用PAM后的垂直迁移特征及其对土壤微团聚体的影响

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作为一种新型的水保措施在治理水土流失方面发挥着重要作用,PAM在茶园土壤中的适宜性研究较少,而有关PAM在茶园土壤中的环境行为更为缺乏。因此,本研究在南方红壤茶园中设置不同浓度PAM处理的小区,分析PAM在茶园红壤中的垂直迁移特征以及对土壤微团聚体的影响。试验设计的PAM施用量为(0g/m2,1.5g/m2,3g/m2,4.5g/m2,6g/m2,7.5g/m2)6个浓度处理,分别在5月,7月和10月3个月份采集土样来分析在施用不同浓度的PAM条件下,红壤茶园施用PAM后的垂直迁移特征以及红壤茶园施用PAM后对土壤中微团聚体组成及稳定性的影响。结果表明:不同浓度PAM处理小区,土层中的PAM在间隔3次取样后,残留量逐渐减少。在0—20cm土层土壤微团聚体及土壤颗粒的优势粒级在不同浓度PAM处理下与对照没有显著差异。3次不同时间段取样表明,土壤微团聚体和土壤组成粒级愈大,不同PAM处理对它们颗粒含量的影响愈快,粒级愈小,影响愈慢。土壤中的微团聚体的团聚度在PAM措施下,较之对照略有提高,分散系数较之对照略有降低。     

聚丙烯酰胺改良盐渍土壤的适宜用量研究

盐渍土的改良一般采用物理、化学、生物及工程措施,其中化学改良剂应用广泛。聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作为高分子聚合物,能溶于水,并且有良好的凝聚作用,能够改良土壤物理结构,但是其用量的选择至关重要。本研究设计了不同的PAM浓度梯度(0.01、0.03、0.09、0.27、0.81 g/kg)进行盆栽试验,以得到改良中度盐渍障碍土壤的较适宜PAM用量。试验结果表明:PAM在盐渍土改良中较适宜的施用量为0.09 g/kg,在此施用量下,土壤电导率为最低值,为1.63 d S/m,较对照(不施PAM)下降13.42%;土壤毛管孔隙度为45.38%,较对照增加5.35%;总孔隙度为48.44%,较对照增加5%;土壤容重为1.35 g/cm~3,较对照降低5.71%;饱和导水率为0.052 mm/min,较对照提升76.7%。而施用量为0.81 g/kg时,改良效果下降。该结果对使用PAM改良中度盐渍土具有一定的指导意义。     

不同PAM施用方法对土壤入渗和侵蚀的影响

施用土壤调理剂PAM可增加入渗率和减少土壤侵蚀,为了研究不同PAM形态与施用方法对施用PAM效果的影响,该文对3种形态的PAM（溶胶态、溶液与干粉状）以及干粉PAM与石膏混合的2种施用方法进行了试验。结果表明,3种不同形态PAM均能够显著增加土壤入渗、减少侵蚀量。与对照相比,喷洒溶胶和溶液PAM可分别提高土壤稳定入渗率1.0～2.5、1.7～2.8倍,直接施用干粉PAM可提高0.25～1.8倍。综合比较干粉PAM的两种施用方法,地表直接撒施干粉比与土壤混合效果略好一些,与石膏联合施用可明显提高干粉PAM增加入渗效果,并且增加幅度随着石膏混合量增加而增加。地表直接撒施干粉PAM,与对照相比减少土壤侵蚀量最大约80%,可达到施用溶胶态与溶液PAM减少侵蚀相同的效果。干粉PAM与表层土壤混合施用将降低PAM减少侵蚀的效果。增加石膏掺入量可以加强干粉PAM增加土壤入渗、减少径流的效果,但会降低减少土壤侵蚀的作用。综合比较3种形态PAM及干粉PAM施用方法对入渗与侵蚀的影响,直接使用干粉PAM不仅具有较好效果,且施用方法简单易行,适合在旱作农业区推广使用。     

PAM与不同土壤调理剂混合施用对降雨入渗和土壤侵蚀的影响

土壤中施用聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)可以提高降雨入渗率,减少土壤侵蚀量。PAM大多施用于土壤表面。为了研究PAM与不同土壤调理剂混合施用对入渗率和侵蚀量的影响,对PAM(22.5kg/hm2)与保水剂(45kg/hm2)、粉煤灰(1 500kg/hm2)、腐殖酸(900kg/hm2)混合的6种施用方法进行了试验。结果表明,施加了PAM的土壤调理剂均能显著提高降雨入渗率和减少土壤侵蚀量。与对照相比,施加了PAM处理的降雨入渗率较对照试验提高了1.8～2.7倍,土壤侵蚀量减少约50%～70%,PAM与粉煤灰和腐殖酸混合施用提高降雨入渗率效果最为显著,PAM和保水剂混合施用减少土壤侵蚀量最多,PAM与粉煤灰和腐殖酸混合施用相比单独施用PAM均没有显著性差异。综合比较结果发现,PAM与粉煤灰混合施用增加降雨入渗率和减少径流的效果最好,PAM与保水剂混合施用抗土壤侵蚀效果最好。     

生物质炭施用对潮土理化性状、酶活性及黄瓜产量的影响

分析生物质炭施用对潮土理化性状、酶活性及黄瓜产量的影响,为生物质炭在农业中的推广应用提供科学依据。以如皋市农业科学研究所大棚示范区为试验基地,通过田间小区试验,研究了不同生物质炭施用量(0,5,10,20,30,40t/hm~2)条件下土壤理化性状、酶活性及黄瓜产量变化。结果表明:生物质炭施用对土壤理化性状及土壤酶活性有显著的影响。高施用量(40t/hm~2)处理对土壤物理性状的改良效果最好,当生物质炭施用量为30t/hm~2时对土壤养分含量提升效果最好。与对照相比,施用生物质炭各处理土壤容重降幅为0.88%~10.52%,而土壤孔隙度、饱和含水量、田间持水量、饱和导水率、有机质、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和速效磷含量的增幅分别为3.68%~7.53%,27.96%~119.25%,30.73~55.05%,1.89%~224.61%,10.39%~54.56%,6.06%~22.58%,2.33%~45.63%,235.71%~414.29%和19.37%~77.76%。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性及黄瓜产量随着生物质炭施用量的增加均呈先增加后降低的趋势,两种酶的活性分别在生物质炭施用量为30t/hm~2和20t/hm~2时最大,较对照分别提高了104.57%和15.38%;生物质炭施用量为30t/hm~2时对黄瓜增产效果最好,该处理下黄瓜产量较对照提高了21.80%。主成分分析结果表明,不同生物质炭施用量处理下的土壤质量次序为C4C5C3C2C1CK。在土壤中施用生物质炭不仅可以促进黄瓜增产,改善土壤理化性状,提高土壤养分含量,还可以改良土壤生物学性质,提升土壤酶活性。     

沼液对成都平原地区土壤氮、磷、钾含量及其平衡的影响

为探讨在成都平原地区冲积性水稻土上施用沼液后土壤氮磷钾元素含量的变化及养分平衡的状况,实现沼液资源化利用的绿色发展。采用田间试验,设置10个沼液施用量梯度,并以清水与常规化肥为对照。研究施用不同量沼液对土壤氮、磷、钾等养分含量的影响,并对田间各养分平衡状况进行综合分析。结果表明:当沼液施用量在108.0～126.0 t/hm~2时土壤全氮、碱解氮、全钾及速效钾含量较高,为1.35～1.42 g/kg、63.31～65.34 mg/kg、12.90～13.26 g/kg、45.45～59.25 mg/kg。随着沼液施用量的增加,土壤全磷含量(0.92～1.10 g/kg)变化不明显,而速效磷含量(8.49～18.85 mg/kg)较清水对照相比降低11.0%～59.9%。沼液处理组土壤氮、磷、钾元素的平衡范围为-25.61～66.68,-7.99～-15.34,-81.33～-145.82 kg/hm~2。当沼液施用量大于108.0 t/hm~2时,氮素能基本维持平衡。随沼液施用量增加,磷素亏损得到缓解,而钾素亏损加剧。施用适量沼液能提高土壤氮钾元素含量,但单施沼液难以满足土壤磷钾元素的平衡。因此,在实际生产过程中沼液施用量应控制在108.0～144.0 t/hm~2,并与10～15 kg/hm~2磷肥、115～120 kg/hm~2钾肥配合施用才能达到理想的效果。     

PAM控制土壤风蚀的风洞实验研究

风蚀是我国干旱、半干旱地区土壤退化的主要影响因素。本实验采用室内风洞实验,研究了不同PAM处理对土壤的风蚀控制效果。实验土壤分别是黏粒含量为28.0%的壤土和黏粒含量为15.2%的砂壤土,实验条件为固定风速14 m/s、固定吹角5°。研究表明,对土壤表层覆盖PAM可以增加土壤的抗风蚀能力,有效地减少土壤风蚀,增加PAM使用量可以进一步增加土壤的抗风蚀能力,即4 g/m2PAM用量的效果要好于2 g/m2PAM的用量;前期累积在土壤中的PAM不能明显增加土壤抗风蚀的能力;在水分和PAM的共同作用下,黏粒含量高的土壤的抗风蚀能力要强于黏粒含量低的土壤。     

生物有机肥对连作压砂田土壤肥力及西瓜品质的影响

为解决宁夏连作压砂西瓜田土壤肥力和果实品质下降的问题,通过施用生物有机肥改土培肥,提高压砂西瓜产量和品质。本试验以"金城5号"为试验材料,通过田间小区试验研究了生物有机肥不同施用量对土壤肥力及压砂西瓜品质、产量的影响。结果表明,施用生物有机肥3 750 kg·hm~(-2)处理0～20 cm土壤pH值为8.39,较CK处理降低1.76%;全盐含量为2.34 g·kg~(-1),较CK处理降低26.18%,0～20 cm土壤有机质含量较CK处理提高12.99%;碱解氮含量较CK处理提高56.06%;有效磷含量较CK处理提高71.63%;速效钾含量较CK处理提高28.78%,0～20 cm土壤全氮含量较CK处理提高176.84%;全磷含量较CK处理提高92.53%。随着土壤理化性质的改善,土壤酶活性也呈现升高趋势,说明两者存在相关性。施用生物有机肥3 750 kg·hm~(-2)处理下西瓜果实品质提高,可溶性固形物含量达到14.69%,较CK处理升高22.62%;有机酸含量为0.051%,较CK处理降低41.38%;维生素C含量达到12.74mg·kg~(-1)。通过比较,生物有机肥3 750 kg·hm~(-2)为最佳施用量,施用生物有机肥可改善压砂西瓜连作土壤的肥力水平,有效提高土壤酶活性、压砂西瓜产量及品质,有利于宁夏压砂西瓜产业的可持续发展。     

连施石灰对 Cd污染土壤 Cd形态及稻麦吸收 Cd的影响

为探索成都平原轻度Cd污染耕地有效治理措施,以稻麦轮作耕地为研究对象,采用田间试验,施加不同梯度石灰作为钝化剂,研究连续3年施加石灰后,对土壤Cd形态以及水稻、小麦籽粒吸收Cd的影响。结果表明,当每季石灰施用量为2 250 kg/hm~2时,稻麦产量较高,籽粒重金属Cd含量达到《食品安全国家标准-食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2012)规定的限值。当石灰施用量为1 500～3 000 kg/hm~2时,能有效提高土壤pH值,改善土壤酸性。随石灰用量的增加土壤Cd有效性降低,且水稻、小麦籽粒Cd含量也随之降低。与对照相比,每季石灰施用量为2 250和3 000 kg/hm~2的处理,水稻籽粒Cd含量分别降低到0.12和0.08 mg/kg;小麦籽粒Cd含量分别降低到0.097和0.075 mg/kg。施用石灰可促进土壤中可交换态Cd向可还原态和残渣态Cd转换,土壤可交换态Cd从对照的44.1%降至3 000 kg/hm~2石灰处理的29.0%;而残渣态从对照处理的18.8%升高到34.3%。     

市政污泥直接施用对玉米生长和品质的影响

[目的]研究市政污泥施用后对土壤和作物生长与品质的影响,为市政污泥的直接土地利用提供科学依据。[方法]以玉米为试验材料,利用田间试验研究了污泥不同的施用方式(沟施、撒施、表土下20 cm施用)和施用量(30,90,200 t/hm~2)对玉米生长和品质以及土壤重金属含量的影响。[结果]适量的污泥对玉米个体的生长有促进作用,施用量为30 t/hm~2时株高、单株生物量、叶片叶绿素含量、籽粒蛋白质含量均显著高于对照。表土下20 cm施用污泥在整体上较其他两种施用方式有更高的出苗率和籽粒产量,在施用量为30 t/hm~2时籽粒产量最高,为656.70 kg/667m~2,高出对照29.64%。3种施用方式下,土壤中的Cu,Zn,Pb含量及玉米籽粒中的Cu,Zn含量均随污泥施用量的增加而增加,而玉米籽粒中Pb含量与对照相比差异不显著,土壤和籽粒中重金属含量均未超过国家相关标准。以重金属浓度满足土壤环境质量标准为限制条件,推算出当地的市政污泥施用量为30 t/hm~2可以连续施用5 a。[结论]施用30 t/hm~2的污泥具有良好的效果和环境效应;为了降低污泥在土壤中的局部累积而导致的胁迫效应,表土下20 cm施用和地表撒施是相对较好的方式。     

Effects of wastewater application on saturated hydraulic conductivity of different soil textures

As metropolitan areas expand, the municipal and industrial uses of freshwater increase. Therefore, water resources for irrigation become limited and wastewater reuse for irrigation becomes a good alternative. For this purpose, the effects of suspended solids in wastewater on the soil physical properties, i.e., saturated hydraulic conductivity, K_s, have to be considered. The objectives of this research were to study the effects of applying freshwater and differently treated wastewater on K_s in the surface and subsurface layers of sandy‐loam, loam, and clay‐loam soils. This effect was studied by investigating the ratio of K_s for wastewater to K_s for fresh water in soil surface as K_r1 and in soil subsurface as K_r2. The results showed that the application of freshwater did not reduce the K_r1 considerably. However, the reduction in K_r1 mainly occurred in soil depth of 0–50 mm due to the application of wastewater. This effect is more pronounced in clay‐loam soil than in loam and sandy‐loam soils. It is concluded that application of wastewater with TSS (total suspended solid) of ≥ 40 mg L^–1 resulted in K_r1 reduction of >50% in different soil textures. However, the K_r2 reduction at soil depth of 100–300 mm is not considerable by application of wastewater for different soil textures. Further, it is concluded that less purified wastewater can be used in light‐texture soils resulting in less reduction in K_r1. Empirical models were developed for predicting the value of K_r1 as a function of amounts of wastewater application and TSS for different soil textures that can be used in management of wastewater application for preventing deterioration of soil hydraulic conductivity.     

Effect of zeolite and saline water application on saturated hydraulic conductivity and infiltration in different soil textures

The effects of zeolite application (0, 4, 8 and16 g kg^?1) and saline water (0.5, 1.5, 3.0 and 5.0 dS m^?1) on saturated hydraulic conductivity (K _s) and sorptivity (S) in different soils were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Results showed that K _s was increased at salinity levels of 0.5‐1.5 dS m^?1 in clay loam and loam with 8 and 4 g zeolite kg^?1 soil, respectively, and at salinity levels of 3.0–5.0 dS m^?1 with 16 g zeolite kg^?1 soil. K _s was decreased by using low and high salinity levels in sandy loam with application of 8 and 16 g zeolite kg^?1, respectively. In clay loam, salinity levels of 0.5–3.0 dS m^?1 with application of 16 g kg^?1 zeolite and 5.0 dS m^?1 with application of 8 g zeolite kg^?1 soil resulted in the lowest values of S. In loam, all salinity levels with application of 16 g zeolite kg^?1 soil increased S compared with other zeolite application rates. In sandy loam, only a salinity level of 0.5 dS m^?1 with application of 4 g zeolite kg^?1 soil increased S. Other zeolite applications decreased S, whereas increasing the zeolite application to 16 g kg^?1 soil resulted in the lowest value of S.     

Nitrogen availability to grain sorghum from organic and inorganic sources on sandy and clayey soil surfaces in a greenhouse pot study

In a greenhouse pot study, we examined the availability of N to grain sorghum from organic and inorganic N sources. The treatments were¹⁵N-labeled clover residues, wheat residues, and fertilizer placed on a sandy clay loam and loamy sand soil surface for an 8-week period. Soil aggregates formed under each soil texture were measured after 8 weeks for each treatment. Significantly greater ¹⁵N was taken up and recovered by grain sorghum in sandy clay loam pots compared with loamy sand pots. Greater ¹⁵N recovery was consistently observed with the inorganic source than the organic sources regardless of soil texture or time. Microbial biomass C and N were significantly greater for sandy clay loam soil compared with the loamy sand. Microbial biomass ¹⁵N was also significantly greater in the sandy clay loam treatment compared to the loamy sand. The fertilizer treatment initially had the greatest pool of microbial biomass ¹⁵N but decreased with time. The crop residue treatments generally had less microbial biomass ¹⁵N with time. The crop residues and soil texture had a significant effect on the water-stable aggregates formed after 8 weeks of treatments. Significantly greater water-stable aggregates were formed in the sandy clay loam than the loamy sand. Approximately 20% greater water-stable aggregates were formed under the crop residue treatments compared to the fertilizer only treatment. Soil texture seemed to be one of the most important factors affecting the availability of N from organic or inorganic N sources in these soils.Contribution from the MissouriAgricultural Experiment Station, Journal Series No.12131     

Potassium Leaching as Affected by Soil Texture and Residual Fertilization in Tropical Soils

Potassium (K) leaching is affected by soil texture and available K, among other factors. In this experiment, effects of soil texture and K availability on K distribution were studied in the presence of roots, with no excess water. Soils from two 6-year field experiments on a sandy clay loam and a clay soil fertilized yearly with 0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha^?1 of K₂O were accommodated in pots that received 90 kg ha^?1 of K₂O. Soybean was grown up to its full bloom (R2). Under field conditions, K leaching below the arable layer increased with K rates, but the effect was less noticeable in the clay soil. Potassium leaching in a sandy clay loam soil was related to soil K contents from prior fertilizations. With no excess water, in the presence of soybean roots, K distribution in the profile was significant in the lighter textured soil but was not apparent on the heavier textured soil.     

氮肥基追比对小麦产量、土壤水氮分布及利用的影响

为解决区域土壤质地类型针对性氮肥施用问题,在轻壤土和黏壤土上分别设置不施氮肥,氮肥基追比3∶7,4∶6,5∶5,6∶4和7∶3处理,研究小麦产量、水氮利用效率以及土壤含水量、贮水量、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N动态变化规律。结果表明:轻壤质土壤氮肥基追比4∶6的处理小麦产量、水分利用效率、氮肥生产效率最高分别为8 265.3 kg/hm~2,27.6 kg/(hm~2·mm),34.4 kg/kg。黏壤质土壤氮肥基追比5∶5的处理小麦产量、水分利用效率、氮肥生产效率最高分别为8 363.2 kg/hm~2,28.3 kg/(hm~2·mm),34.8 kg/kg。小麦不同生育期各土层含水量垂直分布变化较大,轻壤质土壤含水量在9.3%～26.2%,而黏壤质为9.7%～27.6%;小麦全生育期内土壤贮水量呈先升高后降低趋势,黏壤质土壤贮水量高于轻壤质。氮素追施量越多土壤表层NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N含量越高,且随土层加深土壤NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N含量降低,受降水影响轻壤质土壤NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N更易于向土层深处淋溶,成熟期黏壤质各土层的NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量均多于轻壤质。说明黏壤质土壤保水保氮肥能力强于轻壤质,氮肥基追比可以适当增加。     

Response of soil exchangeable and crop potassium concentrations to variable fertilizer and cropping regimes in long-term field experiments on different soil types

Annual potassium (K) balances have been calculated over a 40‐year period for five field experiments located on varying parent materials (from loamy sand to clay) in south and central Sweden. Each experiment consisted of a number of K fertilizer regimes and was divided into two crop rotations, mixed arable/livestock (I) and arable only (II). Annual calculations were based on data for K inputs through manure and fertilizer, and outputs in crop removal. Plots receiving no K fertilizer showed negative K balances which ranged from 30 to 65 kg ha^?1 year^?1 in rotation I, compared with 10–26 kg ha^?1 year^?1 for rotation II. On sandy loam and clay soils, the K yield of nil K plots (rotation I) increased significantly with time during the experimental period indicating increasing release of K from soil minerals, uptake from deeper soil horizons and/or depletion of exchangeable soil K (K_ex). Significant depletion of K_ex in the topsoil was only found in the loamy sand indicating a K supply from internal sources in the sandy loam and clay soils. On silty clay and clay soils, a grass/clover ley K concentration of ～2% (dry weight) was maintained during the 40‐year study period on the nil K plots, but on the sandy loam, loam and loamy sand, herbage concentrations were generally less than 2% K.     

Evaluation of Soil Physical Quality under Amendments and Hydrogel Applications in a Soybean–Wheat Cropping System

A field study was conducted in alluvial sandy loam soil to assess the impact of amendments and hydrogel application on soil hydrophysical properties. Soil physical environment was characterized and quantified using soil physical quality index (S). The main treatments include farmyard manure (FYM) and tank soil applied at 5 t ha^?1 and no amendment, and subtreatments included three rates of hydrogel: 5, 2.5, and 0 kg ha^?1. Hydrogel was applied at 5–7 cm deep just below the seed in rows. Results revealed that FYM along with gel application at 5 kg ha^?1 significantly increased mean weight diameter, field capacity moisture content, plant-available water content and relative field capacity, retention pores (Ret P), water-stable structural units, and structural coefficient and reduced transmission pores (TP), penetration resistance, and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s). Significantly greater values of S in hydrogel-treated plots and close associations of S with other soil physical parameters were obtained.     

Plant Response to Copper Toxicity as Affected by Plant Species and Soil Type

ABSTRACT

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the bioavailability of copper (Cu) in clay loam and sandy clay loam soil. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) were grown in pots for 45 d. When mature, plants were treated for 15 additional days with 0, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 mg Cu kg^?1 as CuSO₄·5H₂O. After harvest, Cu in soils and plant tissues was determined. In soils, applied Cu raised total and EDTA-extractible Cu. Results also revealed that the amounts of Cu extracted from sandy clay loam soil (80%) were higher than those extracted from clay loam soil (70%). In plants, increasing soil Cu concentration increased plant concentration of the metal. Plant species vary in their capacity for Cu accumulation: Lettuce has a relatively higher potential for Cu uptake and translocation than does spinach. Cu accumulation also differs among plant organs. In lettuce, metal accumulation is higher in roots than in shoots, where 60% to 80% of the total Cu of the plant is located in the roots. However, in spinach, there is no significant difference in Cu content between roots and shoots. The transfer of the metal from soil to plant is higher for plants grown on sandy clay loam soil. For a given rate of applied Cu, metal content in plant tissues is higher on sandy clay loam soil due to its higher transfer coefficient (C_T) from soil to plant. Nevertheless, all crops studied showed a positive linear relationship between extractible soil Cu and plant Cu.     

Effects of polyacrylamide,biopolymer and biochar on the decomposition of 14C‐labelled maize residues and on their stabilization in soil aggregates

The efficacy of applying plant residues to agricultural soils as a carbon (C) source for microorganisms and C sequestration is dependent on soil physiochemical properties, which can be improved by aggregation using soil conditioners. However, no attempt has been made to assess the effects of soil conditioners such as biochar (BC), biopolymer (BP) or polyacrylamide (PAM) on plant residue decomposition. We assessed the effects of BC, synthesized BP and anionic PAM on the decomposition of ¹⁴C‐labelled maize residues and on their stabilization in aggregate fractions in sandy and sandy loam soils. Polyacrylamide and BP were applied at 400 kg ha^?1 and BC was applied at 5000 kg ha^?1, and the soils were incubated for 80 days at 22°C. The conditioners improved the physical and biological properties of both soils, as shown by a 24% increase in the 1–2 mm aggregates. Biochar and BP accelerated the decomposition of plant residues as indicated by ¹⁴CO₂ efflux, and resulted in reduced stabilization of residues in both soils relative to that observed in the control and PAM treatments. The reduction in ¹⁴C incorporation and C stabilization in the BC‐ and BP‐treated soils was observed mainly in the < 0.25‐mm aggregates. This was confirmed by reduction of activity of hydrolytic enzymes (β‐cellobiosidase and β‐glucosidase). Decomposition of plant residues in sandy soil was more sensitive to BP and PAM application than that in sandy loam soil. Improved soil structure after applying BC and BP increased aeration and decreased the contact between plant residues and mineral soil particles and consequently accelerated plant residue decomposition and reduced C sequestration.     

硫酸铝对新开垦苏打盐碱水田的快速改良和培肥效果

通过田间试验,研究了硫酸铝(0,300,500,900,1400kg/hm^2)施用对新开垦苏打盐碱水田的快速改良和培肥效果。结果表明:与不施用硫酸铝的对照处理相比,施用硫酸铝后土壤pH、全盐量、交换性钠、阳离子交换量和碱化度降低;可溶盐组成中,CO32-、Ca2+、K+、Na+含量通常降低,SO42-含量增加,而HCO3-、Cl-和Mg2+含量没有显著的变化,从而使得(CO32-+HCO3-)/(Cl-+SO42-)比值下降;土壤有机碳、胡敏酸碳、富里酸碳、胡敏素碳及各粒径水稳性团聚体有机碳含量均显著增加,而水溶性有机碳含量则显著降低;土壤有机碳组成中,烷基碳和烷氧碳的比例增加,而芳香碳和羰基碳的比例降低,导致烷基碳/烷氧碳和疏水碳/亲水碳比值降低而脂族碳/芳香碳比值增加;此外,土壤中>2mm水稳性团聚体和<0.053mm粉黏粒组分的比例降低,而2~0.25,0.25~0.053mm水稳性团聚体的比例增加,导致水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径降低;随硫酸铝施用量的增加,上述规律性通常表现得更为明显,但900,1400 kg/hm^2硫酸铝用量间通常没有明显的差异。说明硫酸铝施用能降低土壤碱性和盐分含量,同时有助于提高土壤有机碳含量并改善其品质,是快速改良和培肥苏打盐碱土的有效方式;但值得注意的是,硫酸铝单独施用不利于土壤结构性的改善,还需要与其他改良措施配合使用。