土壤无机磷分级及生物有效性研究进展

结合国内外已有研究成果,介绍了无机磷来源、形态和数量概况,综述了无机磷分级测定方法的研究进展,分析了无机磷生物有效性的影响因素,尤其施肥对无机磷剖面分布及分级的影响。在此基础上,指出目前农田土壤无机磷分级研究存在的问题,并对下一步研究进行了展望。     

酸性土壤磷分级新方法建立与生物学评价

土壤磷分级方法可用于估算土壤有效磷数量、不同土壤磷组分库数量及其对土壤有效磷的补充能力。以云南赤红壤、黄红壤及湖北棕红壤为供试材料,运用张守敬方法、蒋柏藩方法及本文提出的新方法,对三种酸性土壤和其石灰改良后的土壤磷进行分级研究,探讨石灰改良对酸性土壤磷组分数量及其生物有效性的影响。结果表明:Ca2-P、Al-P和Fe-P是酸性土壤主要的有效磷源,O-P(闭蓄态磷)也是潜在有效磷源,土壤中活性有机磷库相对比较稳定,可转化为高活性有效磷源供植物吸收利用。与两种经典磷分级方法相比,新方法将O-P划分为O-Al-P和O-Fe-P,O-Fe-P较好地反映了石灰处理与对照之间的土壤磷植物有效性差异。     

土壤磷素研究进展

从土壤磷素分级研究,土壤磷各组分所占的比例,土壤磷的植物有效性,长期施肥对土壤磷的影响,不同轮作方式对土壤磷的影响几个方面综述了土壤磷素研究进展及现状,以期综合已有的经验和成果,促进土壤磷素今后的研究。     

石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法的应用

土壤磷素形态的分级,对研究磷素形态转化及有效性,对了解土壤供磷状态,指导磷肥的合理施用等都是极其重要的。石灰性土壤无机磷的分级,过去一直沿用张守敬等(1957)的方法^[1],但该法对石灰性土壤中占主要成份的Ca-P没有从有效性上进一步分级。     

潜育化作用对水稻土磷素形态与供磷能力的影响

本文对江汉平原四湖地区几个不同潜育度水稻土剖面的磷素状况及其有效性进行了研究 ,并用张守敬—Jakson无机磷分级法做无机磷分级。结果表明 ,土壤潜育化程度对土壤全磷没有明显的影响 ,对土壤磷素形态及其有效性有明显的影响。随着土壤潜育化程度加重 ,无机磷中的O—P含量有增加趋势 ,其占土壤无机磷的百分数增大 ;土壤有机磷也随之增加 ;但有效磷含量减少。潜育化状况对土壤磷素形态与有效性的影响与土壤有机质和还原状况有关     

热带胶园土壤磷素形态和生物有效性

采用Ｈｅｄｌｅｙ的磷素分级方法研究热带胶园土壤磷的形态，结果表明，热带胶园土壤磷主要以ＲｅｓｉｄｕａｌＰ、ＮａＯＨ－Ｐｏ和ＮａＯＨ－Ｐｉ形态存在；各种形态磷的损失质量分数均高于３８％；其中Ｒｅｓｉｄｕａｌ Ｐ和ＮａＯＨ－Ｐｏ的损失量最高，分别占全磷损失量的５２％和１６％，它们是长期耕作条件我园土壤磷两种最重要的有效磷源。     

鄱阳湖洲滩湿地土壤-水-植物系统中磷的静态迁移研究

通过采集鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地土壤和植物来开展磷的静态迁移模拟实验,研究了鄱阳湖洲滩湿地土壤-水-植物系统对磷的吸收、释放及转移规律,并对静态实验前后,不同形态磷素在系统中的迁移量进行了监测。在此基础上,利用Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型对鄱阳湖洲滩湿地土壤基质对磷的吸附解吸特性进行了一元线性回归分析。结果表明:磷素不断从土壤和水体中释放出来,被植物大量的吸收。在培育之前,植物体内磷含量为1.0 mg g-1,水样磷浓度为2.3 mg L-1;而试验后植物体内磷含量为2.1 mg g-1,水样磷浓度为0.062 mg L-1。随着植物根系的生长,对磷素需求不断变大。直至试验进行到28d时,植物体内的磷素含量趋于恒定。同时,由土壤磷分级试验可看出,试验前后Al-P含量变化较小,Ca-P含量略有增加,Fe-P含量增幅较大。相对于Freundlich模型而言,采用Langmuir模型对湿地土壤基质对磷的吸附过程进行模拟相关性更好。该研究成果旨在为防治湖泊水体污染、开展湿地污染物的环境效应研究提供科学的理论依据。     

长期施用有机物料对旱地红壤磷组分及磷素有效性的影响

针对中亚热带第四纪红黏土发育的红壤旱地,建立了玉米单作系统等碳量投入有机物料的田间试验,利用不同的磷分级方法研究了不同有机物料施用对土壤磷组分的影响,构建了不同磷组分的含量与土壤全磷及有效磷之间的回归方程,明确了不同磷组分对土壤磷活化系数(PAC)及磷肥(表观和经济)利用率的影响。连续7a的试验结果表明:施用有机物料可以增加土壤PAC和磷肥利用率,并以秸秆猪粪9︰1配施(NPKS/M)处理效果最佳,显著高于常规施肥处理(NPK);施用有机物料显著提升了土壤有机磷含量,且与土壤有效磷含量显著正相关,其对土壤PAC及磷肥(表观和经济)利用率影响显著。施用有机物料通过影响土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、交换性K~+以及交换性Al~(3+)含量影响土壤磷的有效性。     

土壤磷素形态及其生物有效性研究进展

土壤磷素形态及其生物有效性的研究对解决农业生产中所引起的经济、环境和资源问题有很重要的作用。结合国内外已有成果和最新研究进展,从土壤的形态、磷的分组以及测定方法,土壤各形态磷的生物有效性等几个方面综述了国内外土壤磷的研究现状,并提出了目前在土壤磷研究中存在的一些问题以及今后研究的热点。     

杨凌地区大棚土壤无机磷形态及有效性研究

为了研究杨凌地区不同年限大棚土壤磷素的有效性及无机磷的空间分布状况,采用蒋-顾石灰性土壤无机磷形态分级方法.对大棚土壤磷素形态、空间分布特性以及无机磷形态的生物有效性进行了研究.结果表明:大棚土壤各形态无机磷呈现出在表层(0-10 cm)强烈富集,向下剧减的垂直分布特征,大棚土壤的磷素以无机磷为主,Ca-P含量占无机磷含量的73.61%～77.11%,平均74.99%,大棚土壤0-40 cm土层中各形态无机磷含量大体也表现Ca-P含量(Ca10-P、Cas-P)高于其他形态的磷;大棚土壤无机磷含量高于露天菜地,但无机磷占全磷的比例有所下降,随着大棚土壤栽培年限的延长,Ca-P在无机磷组分中始终占主导地位,Ca10-P、Ca8-P、Ca2-P等无机磷组分的含量顺序及比例在一定范围内基本不变,保持耕层各形态磷的平衡,无机磷组分的形态分布及比例分配并没有随棚龄的变化而发生改变;与露天土壤相比,大棚种植的环境提高了Ca8-P、Ca2-P在无机磷所占的比例,从而提高了土壤中磷素的生物有效性.     

长期轮作施肥对棕壤磷素形态及转化的影响

对沈阳地区棕壤定位试验地各施肥处理土壤按Hed ley等建议的分级方法进行测定。结果表明,棕壤磷中残留态含量最高,无机磷主要以NaOH-P i和HC l-P i形态存在,有机磷主要以NaOH-Po形态存在,NaHCO3-Po在各组分中所占比例最小。施用有机肥能明显增加潜在活性有机磷(NaOH-Po)的数量。1.0mol L-1HC l浸提的Ca-P i存在着缓慢的动态转化过程,是棕壤中的潜在磷源。     

氮磷输入对湿地生态系统碳蓄积的影响

湿地生态系统在全球碳循环中有着举足轻重的作用。由于湿地垦殖、农业化施用等人类活动和全球变暖、大气氮沉降的增多等自然因素的综合作用,大量氮磷营养物质进入湿地,这必将对湿地生态系统碳蓄积产生影响。本文综述了外源氮磷输入对湿地土壤碳库、植被碳库和枯落物分解的影响以及湿地生态系统碳循环的模型研究,并对以后发展趋势进行了预测。     

Phosphorus fractions in Brazilian Cerrado soils as affected by tillage

No-tillage systems lead to physical, chemical and biological changes in soil. Soil fertility is responsive to changes in tillage as it depends on nutrient status, soil water content and biological characteristics. This work aimed to determine long term changes in phosphorus forms and availability in the profile of two tropical soils under conventional and no-till systems, and to discuss the significance of these changes on plant growth and demand for P fertilizers. Undisturbed soil cores with 20 cm in diameter were collected to a depth of 40 cm, accommodated in PVC tubes and taken to a greenhouse, where the experiment was conducted. Two soils were collected in Central Brazil, in areas under Cerrado. Both soils had been cropped for at least 10 years under conventional tillage and no-till. In the greenhouse, pots received phosphorus fertilization or not at 43.7 kg ha⁻¹, and soybean was grown for 60 days, when soil P fractions were determined. Labile P fractions in the soil profile were not affected by management systems, and there was no accumulation of available P under no-till. A large amount of P added as fertilizer was adsorbed in soil and remained in moderately labile fractions, mainly on uppermost soil layers. Therefore, the phosphate fertilizer has promoted P accumulation on less available fractions in soil, remaining P on the soil after crop harvest. Eventually this phosphorus could migrate to more labile fractions and be available for crops grown in succession.     

Phosphorus fractionation in lowland tropical rainforest soils in central Panama

Phosphorus availability is commonly assumed to limit productivity in lowland tropical rainforests, yet there is relatively little information on the chemical forms of soil phosphorus in such ecosystems. We used the Hedley sequential fractionation scheme to assess phosphorus chemistry in five soils supporting tropical rainforest on Barro Colorado Island, Republic of Panama. The soils represented a range of orders (Inceptisols, Alfisols, and Oxisols) formed on contrasting geological substrates and topography, but under uniform climate and vegetation. Total phosphorus in surface horizons ranged between 315 and 1114 mg P kg^− 1, being lowest on a soil derived from marine sediments and highest on soils derived from andesite. The majority of the phosphorus occurred in recalcitrant forms, although between 14% and 39% occurred as organic phosphorus. Readily-available phosphate, as extracted by anion-exchange membranes, occurred in small concentrations (4–13 mg P kg^− 1), although labile phosphorus, defined as phosphate extracted by anion-exchange membrane plus inorganic and organic phosphorus extracted by 0.5 M NaHCO₃, accounted for between 4.7% and 11.4% of the total soil phosphorus. Our results indicate a strong control of geology and topography on soil phosphorus in tropical rainforests, which may have important implications for understanding the diversity and distribution of plant species in such ecosystems. Further, some of the most common soils on Barro Colorado Island, including those on the 50 ha forest dynamics plot, are rich in phosphorus despite their relatively advanced stage of pedogenesis.     

Bowman-Cole石灰性土壤有机磷分组法的改进

本文研究了Bowman-Cole土壤有机磷分组法应用于石灰性土壤存在的若干问题,并提出了改进法。改进法的四组土壤有机磷(P0)的分组为:在氯仿预处理土样后用0.5molL-1NaHCO3浸提活性P0;然后,先用0.05molL-1NaOH、后用1molL-1H2SO4处理残余土样浸提中度活性P0,0.05molL-1NaOH提取的无机磷和1molL-1H2SO4提取的有机磷属于中度活性P0;在氯仿和0.5molL-1NaHCO3处理后,用0.05molL-1NaOH浸提稳定性P0,把浸提液的酸度调至pH3.00时,上清液中的有机磷为中度稳定性P0,而沉淀中的有机磷为高稳性P0。结果表明,改进法能更好地区分具有不同矿化率的有机磷化合物,例如,核酸、甘油磷酸、植酸钙、肌醇三磷酸铁、植酸铁等。改进法增加了超声波处理,使震荡时间也明显缩短。因此,石灰性土壤有机磷分组的改进法比Bowman-Cole法更理想。     

我国农田磷养分平衡研究进展

从农田养分平衡的角度出发,通过磷平衡的计算方法、我国农田磷平衡的时空变异特征、不同作物农田磷平衡状况、磷平衡对土壤磷含量的影响等4个方面,综述了近年来我国农田磷平衡研究的主要进展。研究表明,我国农田磷平衡表现为整体盈余,且目前盈余程度仍在加剧;但不同区域间变异较大,部分农田磷亏缺,不同区域及不同作物间磷平衡呈现"两极化"发展趋势。不同研究者对于我国农田磷平衡的总盈余量、单位面积盈余量以及空间变异特征所得结果差异较大,不宜直接对比;而对时间变异、不同作物种植类型农田磷平衡以及土壤磷累积规律等方面的研究结果基本一致。为保持土壤磷养分库的稳定与提升,基于我国磷平衡研究现状,探讨了我国未来在磷平衡评价指标、改善磷平衡技术措施方面的几个研究方向,并提出政策措施引导、客观舆论宣传等建议。     

Phosphorus availability and environmental risks in potato fields in North Florida

Soil phosphorus (P) availability was compared with Mehlich‐1 soil testing and P fractionation at a research farm (RF) and 32 private farms (PFs) in north Florida. The environmental risks caused by P release were evaluated using the P saturation ratio (PSR). Soil Mehlich‐1 P at the RF and the PFs was 41.9 ± 4.1 and 278 ± 13 mg/kg, respectively. The dominant inorganic P fraction for all farms was NaOH‐Pi (Al/Fe‐bound P) followed by HCl‐Pi (Ca/Mg‐bound P) at most of the PFs but by NaOH‐Po for the RF. Furthermore, the high PSR at the PFs indicated high risks of P loss from soil. To improve P use efficiency and enhance ecological sustainability, better P nutrient management should be implemented for Florida crop production.     

Effect of ultrasonic power on soil organic carbon fractions

Ultrasonic dispersion is a prevalent tool for soil fractionation. It is widely ignored that variation in ultrasonic power might lead to significantly different dispersion. We evaluated the effect of power variation with constant energy on the fine fraction mass, its organic C content and quality. All parameters increased significantly with power. The term “stable aggregates” as used in fractionation schemes cannot be defined by ultrasonic energy alone but power needs to be standardized, too.     

Long-term land-use change effects on phosphorus fractionation in Zrêbar Lake margin soils

The aim of this study was to survey long-term changes in phosphorus (P) fractions in soils in different land uses. Sequential extraction had been used to determine soil P fractionation on the basis of land-use change, i.e. native forest to vineyard and wetland to both alfalfa and wheat at the end of 30 and 20 years, respectively. The highest values of labile-P (L-P) fractions in surface soil layers were observed in the cultivated land. The calcium-bound P was the most affected fraction by land-use change with the lowest amount in the vineyard and the highest amount in the alfalfa land. Conversion of forest to vineyards causes P in the soils to be more vulnerable to transmission; thus, the least amount of total P (T-P) in vineyard may be attributed to the removal of sediment and sediment bond P from runoff in response to land-use changes. Average L-P in alfalfa land was two times more than that in vineyard. Results showed that 44.5% of T-P in native land was stored in surface layer; besides, the portion of the arable surface horizon in T-P sequestration was 33%.