复合菌剂提高果树枝条堆肥过程中酶活性

为了探讨接种复合菌剂对果树枝条堆肥过程的影响,以猪粪和果树枝条为试验材料,研究了复合菌剂对高温好氧堆肥过程的温度、酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明,接种复合菌剂在堆肥前期提高堆肥温度,比对照处理高温期(高于55℃)持续时间多3d,促进堆料的腐熟。接种菌剂还能有效地提高果树枝条堆肥过程中酶活性,纤维素酶、漆酶、锰过氧化物酶和木质素过氧化物酶活性在堆肥过程中分别比CK处理提高15.0%~19.8%、1.0%~11.0%、4.1%~26.8%、4.0%~22.2%。Biolog微平板法测定结果表明,接种复合菌剂显著提高了堆肥中微生物的平均每孔颜色变化率(average well color development),并改变了高温期和降温期微生物对6大类碳源的利用;主成分分析表明,复合菌剂主要在高温期发挥作用,对堆料中微生物起分异作用的碳源主要为糖类和氨基酸类。     

微生物菌剂对麦草、鸡粪高温堆肥进程及质量的影响

通过鸡粪与麦草静态高温好氧堆肥,对接种微生物菌剂的堆肥处理与不接种微生物菌剂的常规堆肥过程中温度、碳氮比（C/N）、铵态氮以及种子发芽指数（GI）的变化进行了比较分析。结果表明：与不接种微生物菌剂比较,接种自制微生物菌剂CM和市售的有机废弃物发酵菌曲JM堆肥温度提前3d达到最高温度60℃;接种微生物菌剂CM和JM堆肥经过14d其C/N就由30降为15以下,较不接种提前10d;接种微生物菌剂CM和JM堆肥经过20d其NH4＋-N含量分别达到1.42,1.54g/kg,显著低于对照的2.01g/kg;经过14d的堆肥处理,接种CM、JM菌剂以及不接种的堆肥GI分别为57,48,32。研究表明,接种微生物菌剂CM、JM有助于麦草和鸡粪的快速腐熟,接种CM菌剂较接种JM菌剂有助于堆肥质量的提高。     

啤酒厂污泥与鸡粪接种菌剂堆肥除臭效果及其作用机制

通过探讨功能性菌剂对堆肥化进程的影响,为减少啤酒厂污泥与鸡粪堆肥臭气产生提供理论依据,将自制具有去除臭味能力的微生物菌剂DF-1接种至啤酒厂污泥与鸡粪的堆体中,测定堆肥化过程中各参数的变化和微生物群落及菌剂DF-1中优势微生物变化情况,以不接种堆体为参照。结果显示,菌剂DF-1中优势菌种为乳酸乳球菌、热带假丝酵母及绿色木霉。相对于不接种菌剂的堆体而言,接种菌剂DF-1的啤酒厂污泥与鸡粪堆体在升温期和高温期仅感觉到微弱的臭味,降温期勉强感觉到臭味,堆肥达到稳定状态后则感觉不到臭味。堆肥的升温期,菌剂中优势菌种乳酸乳球菌,热带假丝酵母和绿色木霉均可检测到;堆肥的高温期,菌剂中优势菌种仅检测到乳酸乳球菌;堆肥的降温期和腐熟期,菌剂中优势菌种仅检测到绿色木霉;菌剂DF-1中优势微生物在堆肥过程中存在一个交替演变的过程。     

接种方式对堆肥过程中功能菌定殖的影响

利用园林绿化废弃物添加磷矿粉,在堆肥前期、后期以及前后期分两次接种复合菌剂进行好氧堆肥,通过抗生素标记、选择性培养基方法,研究堆肥过程功能菌（解磷菌、拮抗菌）的定殖状况,分析堆肥产品的微生物群落功能多样性、解磷效果以及对青枯病菌的拮抗性能。结果表明：堆肥后期和分前后两次接种复合菌剂明显增加堆肥枯草芽孢杆菌、胶质芽孢杆菌功能菌数量,而前期接种经过堆肥高温期,堆体功能菌数量锐减,表明功能菌定殖效果取决于是否后期接种;堆肥后期和分前后两次接种显著提高了堆肥的微生物群落功能多样性、堆肥水溶性磷和有效磷含量以及堆肥对青枯病菌拮抗性能。     

石化污泥堆肥过程中的温度层次效应及动态变化

温度是影响微生物活性的最显著因子.通过分析自然通风三角形长垄堆肥工艺处理石油化工污泥的堆体温度的层次效应及动态变化,结果表明,堆体剖面自上而下存在温度梯度,堆肥过程是好氧微生物降解有机质作用范围由上至下动态变化过程.堆肥初期,表层升温速率最快,是好氧微生物作用的主要区域.堆肥进入中、后期,次表层温度最高,成为好氧微生物作用的主要作用区域.由于核心区容重较高,整个堆肥过程中基本处于厌氧状态.不同污泥比例的堆肥对比分析表明,堆肥原料中污泥配比和高效微生物复合菌剂的投加也会对堆体的不同层次的温度变化形态具有显著影响,提高堆肥对环境变化的抵抗能力.     

生物强化技术在污泥堆肥处理中的效果

为了探究生物强化技术在污泥堆肥处理中的优势,以接种量分别为0.2%和0.4%的复合生物菌剂研究对污泥堆肥的作用效果,分析了温度、有机质含量、铵态氮、硝态氮、重金属含量、蛔虫卵死亡率和种子发芽指数(GI)的动态变化,结果表明:接种复合生物菌剂处理较对照组(CK)对堆肥指标有一定的影响,能够提高堆体升温速率及延长高温持续时间、加速有机质的降解、促进铵态氮与硝态氮的转化、降低重金属含量、提高蛔虫卵死亡率、提高种子发芽指数,其中复合生物菌剂接种量为0.4%时作用效果较为明显,有利于污泥堆肥。     

利用PCR-DGGE方法研究添加复合菌剂对堆肥微生物群落的影响

为研究接种复合菌剂对堆肥微生物群落变化的影响,以奶牛粪便和稻草为原料进行堆肥试验,设添加复合菌剂BLD（由3株木质纤维素降解细菌组成,经测序鉴定分别为枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌属中未鉴定种）和不加菌剂两个处理,利用传统平板培养与聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）方法相结合研究两种堆肥处理对微生物群落演替的影响。结果表明,基于传统培养方式,微生物数量呈升高-降低-升高-降低的趋势,且细菌数量明显大于真菌数量;DGGE图谱显示,两种堆肥处理的条带数呈现与传统培养相似的变化趋势。接种菌株在堆肥初期成功定殖,高温期成为优势菌株,降温期优势逐渐减弱。接种菌剂增加了堆肥中细菌数量,提高了堆肥微生物群落多样性,从而促进堆肥微生物群落演替,缩短堆肥腐熟时间。     

不同促腐菌剂对有机废弃物堆肥效果的研究

为了促进当地农业有机废弃物资源的循环利用,以牛粪、鸡粪、食用菌渣为堆肥原料并协调碳氮比为30∶1,添加不同的微生物菌剂进行堆肥,研究堆肥过程中的温度、pH值、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和发芽指数的变化趋势,比较不同菌剂处理在堆肥前后养分含量的差异。结果表明,枯草芽孢菌剂和EM菌剂处理堆肥初期升温快,发酵基和速腐剂处理堆肥初期升温相对缓慢;枯草芽孢菌剂处理高温阶段温度基本上维持在70℃上下,堆肥前后氮素损失率最大为33.18%,发芽指数最低,而EM菌剂处理的高温阶段温度维持在55~68℃,氮素损失率最小为10.73%,发芽指数在堆肥21 d为51.55%,达到了基本腐熟,堆肥35 d为84.27%,达到了完全腐熟,堆肥腐熟快于其他处理。因此,在利用牛粪等有机废弃物进行高温好氧堆肥过程中,需要选择具有多种微生物能够相互协调作用并适应高温堆肥的菌剂,并且菌剂用量适宜,以达到减少氮素损失,提高堆肥的效果。     

添加木质素降解菌对堆肥中酶活性的影响

以奶牛粪便和稻草为堆腐材料,采用静态好氧堆肥的方式研究接种木质素降解菌对堆肥过程中的温度、pH等理化性质以及木质素降解酶活性动态变化的特征,从生物酶学角度考察人工接入外源菌剂对堆肥的影响。结果表明,接菌后的堆肥处理较CK早2 d进入高温期,并且维持时间多于CK 12 d。发酵前8 d pH值的上升幅度大且高于CK,而且接种处理比对照的C/N提前5 d达到20∶1,提早达到腐熟指标,加快堆肥腐熟化进程。堆肥中酶活分析结果表明,加入菌剂后,β-葡萄糖苷水解酶在堆置第6 d达到第一个峰值14.7μmol,较CK早6 d;羧甲基纤维素钠酶在第12 d达到峰值3 270 U,同比CK高出1 220 U;漆酶酶活峰值高达93.5U,而CK峰值只有82.8 U;锰过氧化物酶进入高温期后酶活最高为75.25 U,CK最高为54.8 U。由此可见,加入微生物菌剂后可使相关酶活性提高并提高堆体温度,加快堆肥腐熟,加速堆料中各种有机质的降解,提高微生物对底物的利用,从而提高好氧堆肥的效率。     

生活垃圾微生物强化堆肥对放线菌群落的影响

为了探讨微生物强化堆肥对生活垃圾好氧堆肥过程及堆肥过程中放线菌群落的影响,在堆肥过程中接种高效细菌复合菌剂和真菌复合菌剂,并以不接种的堆体为对照,对堆肥过程的温度变化和木质纤维素的降解效率进行了测定,并借助于PCR-DGGE方法对堆肥过程中放线菌群落的动态变化和种群多样性进行研究。结果表明：微生物强化堆肥能缩短堆体起爆时间,并能有效提高堆体降温期和二次发酵期的温度;和自然堆肥相比微生物强化堆肥使半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的降解率分别提高8.95%、12.72%和10.13%。DGGE图谱显示：2种堆肥方式的放线菌多样性指数表现出极显著差异,微生物强化堆肥能增加堆体中优势菌群的种类和数量,能有效提高腐熟期的放线菌群落多样性,有利于堆肥腐熟。优势条带测序结果表明：在接种堆肥过程中检测到了放线菌门的棒杆菌属、分支杆菌属、链霉菌属、热孢菌属、迪茨菌属、糖丝菌属和放线菌属。     

微生物菌剂对小麦秸秆和尿素静态堆腐过程的影响(简报)

为了探讨微生物菌剂对小麦秸秆和尿素静态堆腐过程的影响机制,研究了在静态通气条件下,微生物菌剂对堆腐过程温度和水解酶活性的影响。结果表明,G+J（添加葡萄糖活化的微生物菌剂）、J（微生物菌剂）和CK（不加微生物菌剂）处理的最高温度分别为66 .0℃、67.1℃和59.5℃,整个堆腐过程温度高于50 ℃的时间为：G+J（240 h）＞J（120 h）＞CK（96 h）。G+J处理的纤维素酶活性峰值出现在第9 d,达到 334.37 mg/(g·d),J和CK酶活性峰值较G+J滞后3 d和6 d出现,酶活性峰值分别为271.59 mg/(g·d)和236.67 mg/(g·d);G+J处理蔗糖酶活性峰值是CK处理的2.53倍,J处理蔗糖酶活性是CK处理的2.33倍;随着堆腐时间的延长,23 d后各处理脲酶活性均小于 20.00 mg/(g·d)。相关性分析表明,3个处理的纤维素酶活性与温度负相关,但是不显著(P＞0.05);G+J处理的蔗糖酶活性与温度呈极显著负相关,J处理的蔗糖酶活性与温度呈显著性负相关;3个处理的脲酶活性与温度均达到显著或极显著负相关（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）。可见,复合微生物菌剂可以改变腐解过程中温度与水解酶活性。     

Effect of Composting on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Removal in Sewage Sludge

Changes in the concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) identified by the US Environmental Protection Agency as priority pollutants were investigated during the composting process of sewage sludge mixed with rapeseed marc (9:1, weight base). Results showed that total PAHs concentrations of the sludge sampled in different seasons had far exceeded the accepted Europe Union cut-off limits for land application. Phenanthrene, fluorene and dibenz(a, h) anthracene were dominant PAHs in the sludge, accounting for 62.8~69.6% of the total amount of the 16 PAHs. Composting appeared to be an effective method for the removal of PAHs in sewage sludge. After 50 days of composting, a significant reduction of concentration of the total PAHs was detected as compared with the initial concentration in composting material. The significant relationship between the biodegradation of organic matter and the losses of Σ16 PAHs during composting indicated that microbial degradation was the key process responsible for the efficient removal of PAHs from the sludge. Among all tested PAHs, fluorene was the most recalcitrant and became the primary residual PAH in the composted material. The lower removal rate of fluorene during composting was a limiting factor for the potential land application of the sludge. Further studies are needed to enhance the removal of fluorene in order to achieve a safe utilization of this sludge.     

Penicillium bilaii effects on maize growth and P uptake from soil and localized sewage sludge in a rhizobox experiment

With P being a non-renewable resource, the use of microbial inoculants and waste products for more efficient and sustainable P use in plant production has been proposed. We investigated the ability of Penicillium bilaii to mobilize P in a low-fertility soil with or without amendment of sewage sludge as additional P source. Maize was grown for 27 days in rhizoboxes enabling studies of root growth in addition to plant and soil parameters. P. bilaii was inoculated either at the seed or the sewage sludge patch. At early growth stages, P. bilaii inoculation of seeds increased maize shoot length. However, at the end of experiment, the effect had ceased. Root growth was increased by seed P. bilaii inoculation alone and in combination with sewage sludge, whereas patch inoculation was less effective. Colonization studies performed at harvest showed that P. bilaii could not be detected in the maize rhizosphere but stayed at the place of inoculation. In sewage sludge patches, the growth of Penicillium strains other than P. bilaii was stimulated; hence, using sewage sludge for combined P resource and carrier of microbial inoculants is discussed. Unexpectedly, the greater root development of seed-inoculated plants did not result in increased plant P uptake and neither did inoculation at the sewage sludge patch. This study raises the question if the soil P status can be too low for a beneficial effect of additional early root growth and thus a beneficial effect of seed inoculation of P. bilaii.     

Degradation of DEHP,PAHs and LAS in Source Separated MSW and Sewage Sludge During Composting

The efficiency of composting to remove the pollutants DEHP, PAHs and LAS from organic waste products was investigated. Source separated MSW and sewage sludge, respectively, were composted at temperatures ranging from 35 to 70°C using a laboratory-scale reactor composting system. At regular intervals, compost samples were taken from the reactors for chemical analysis. DEHP disappeared rapidly during composting of MSW; 96 to 99% of the initial content was degraded within 25 days of composting regardless of process temperature. In sewage sludge, the highest degradation of 91% was reached at a composting temperature of 65°C. LAS degradation in sewage sludge was fastest at 55°C, but at both process temperatures tested 99% of the initial content had been removed within 25 days. Degradation of PAHs was less complete. However, in all composting experiments, with MSW as well as sewage sludge, the final PAH concentration was less than in the starting material. Further experiments suggested that less than 0.1% of the pollutants had evaporated. Thus, composting proved to be a promising technique to promote degradation of organic pollutants — especially DEHP and LAS — in MSW and sewage sludge.     

菌剂对鸡粪堆肥腐殖质含量品质的影响

腐殖质是评价堆肥品质的重要因素,该文利用鸡粪和秸秆为原料进行高温好氧堆肥,设计接种菌剂和不接种菌剂(对照)2个处理,研究菌剂添加对堆肥腐殖质形态、含量、品质的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,接种菌剂可以加快有机物的降解,矿质化时间缩短14d,菌剂具有良好的保碳效果,总有机碳含量提高了16.1%,同时总腐殖酸、游离腐殖酸以及水溶态腐殖酸及胡敏酸的含量,分别提高了38.7%,45.7%、39.0%及54.9%。接种菌剂可以提高腐殖酸的活性,堆肥结束后,接种菌剂处理的游离腐殖酸和水溶性腐殖酸含量均增加,而对照处理的含量均降低;堆肥可以提高腐殖酸质量,堆肥结束后两个处理总腐殖酸含量均下降但是缩合度、腐殖化率、腐殖化指数及胡敏酸百分比均提高,特别是添加菌剂的处理腐殖化程度明显高于对照。说明了菌剂可以增加堆肥腐殖质含量,提高腐殖质缩合度、芳构化程度及活性。     

Der Einfluß von Klärschlamm auf die mikrobielle Tätigkeit im Boden

The influence of sewage sludge on microbial activity in soil The effect of untreated, pasteurized and irradiated sewage sludge on soil biology was studied in model and field experiments. Sewage sludge from the sewage plant Geiselbullach in the west of Munich city was used for these experiments. The investigations were performed with 4 soil types according to the different locations. All the results demonstrate that there is an increase in biomass after application of sewage sludge while there were definite influences from the location. No significant relation could be observed according to sewage sludge treatment. Under favourable lab conditions the mineralization of the organic matter applied to the soil with higher amounts of sewage sludge induces in short time a definite decrease in pH. In accordance with these changes in pH there is a corresponding decrease in microbial biomass. Early results on the influence of microbial N-cycle demonstrated that amounts of sewage sludge applied under practical conditions brought an increase in denitrification capacity of the soil. In the experiment with soils nitrification rate was doubled after sewage sludge application.     

The Effects of Goat Manure,Sewage Sludge And Effective Microorganisms on the Composting of Pine Bark

This study investigated the cocomposting of pine bark with goat manure or sewage sludge, with or without inoculated effective microorganisms (EM). Composting was done for 90 days and parameters monitored over this period included temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), C/N ratio, inorganic N, as well as tannin content. Changes in temperature, pH and EC during composting were consistent with those generally observed with other composting systems. The parameters were influenced by the feedstock materials used but were not affected by inoculation with effective microorganisms. The highest temperature measured from pine bark-goat manure composts was 60°C but much lower maximum temperatures of 40°C and 30°C were observed for pine bark sewage sludge and pine bark alone composts, respectively. The C/N ratios of the composts decreased with composting time. Ammonium levels decreased while nitrate levels increased with composting time. Tannin levels generally decreased with composting time but the extent of decrease depended on the contents of the composting mixtures. The trends observed showed that temperature, pH, EC, C/N ratio, tannin levels, and inorganic NH₄-N and NO₃-N were reliable parameters for monitoring the co-composting of pine bark with goat manure or sewage sludge. The pine bark-goat manure compost had more desirable nutritional properties than the pine bark and pine bark-sewage sludge composts. It had high CEC, near neutral pH, low C/N ratio, and high amounts of inorganic N and bases (K, Ca, and Mg) while pine bark compost had the least amounts of nutrients, was acidic, and had high C/N ratio and low CEC. The final tannin content of the pine bark-goat manure compost was below the 20 g/kg upper threshold level for horticultural potting media, implying that its use as a growing medium would not cause toxicity to plants.     

Studying the Effects of Two Various Methods of Composting on the Degradation Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sewage Sludge

The research comprised of studying the effect composting sewage sludge with sawdust and vermicomposting with earthworm Eisenia fetida has on the degradation of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Raw rural sewage sludge prior composting was more contaminated with PAHs than urban sewage sludge, in both cases exceeding EU cutoff limits of 6 mg/kg established for land application. Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBahAnt), acenaphtylene (Acy) and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene (IPyr) were predominant in rural sewage sludge, whilst the urban sewage sludge contained the highest concentrations of benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbFl), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkFl) and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene (IPyr). Thirty days of composting with sawdust has caused a significant reduction of 16 PAHs on average from 26.07 to 4.01 mg/kg (84.6%). During vermicomposting, total PAH concentration decreased on average from 15.5 to 2.37 mg/kg (84.7%). Vermicomposting caused full degradation of hydrocarbons containing 2 and 6 rings and significant reduction of PAHs with 3 aromatic rings (94.4%) as well as with 5 aromatic rings (83.2%). The lowest rate of degradation (64.4%) was observed for hydrocarbons with 4 aromatic rings such as fluoranthene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene and pyrene. On the other hand, the highest level of degradation was determined for PAHs with 2 rings (100%), 3 rings (88%) and 6 aromatic rings in the molecule (86.9%) after composting with sawdust. Acenaphthene and pyrene were found to be the most resistant to biodegradation during both composting methods.     

添加不同辅料对污泥堆肥腐熟度及气体排放的影响

选择玉米秸秆和木本泥炭两种辅料添加至脱水污泥中进行联合好氧堆肥,研究了秸秆和木本泥炭作为添加剂对污泥堆肥腐熟度和堆肥过程中气体排放(NH_3、CH_4和N_2O)的影响。两种辅料添加量均为初始物料的15%,堆肥在60 L的密闭反应器中共持续35 d。研究结果表明,秸秆作为添加剂与污泥联合堆肥,堆肥产品可以达到卫生标准和腐熟标准。添加秸秆处理整个堆肥过程中累积NH_3、CH_4和N_2O排放量分别为2.2、0.14和0.09 g/kg,NH_3和CH_4排放主要发生在堆肥的升温期和高温期,N_2O排放主要发生在堆肥的后腐熟阶段。添加木本泥炭作为添加剂不能成功启动堆肥,整个堆置过程中未检测到NH_3和CH_4排放,但是在堆肥前期有大量N_2O产生。对于添加秸秆的处理,CH_4、N_2O和NH_3对总温室气体排放的贡献率分别为45%,36%和19%,CH_4所占比重最高。