氮磷钾用量对宁南旱地马铃薯产量及水肥利用效率的影响

在宁南旱地上利用田间试验研究了氮、磷、钾各4个施肥水平对马铃薯(庄薯3号)产量及水肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,增施氮、磷、钾肥马铃薯产量均呈抛物线型增长,其中氮肥增产幅度最高,其次为磷肥,钾肥最低且与对照无显著差异。施用氮对马铃薯产量构成有显著影响,钾肥有利于块茎膨大。马铃薯氮、磷、钾养分累积量随着施肥量的增加而增加,当季氮、磷肥利用率都随着施肥量的增加先升高后降低,钾肥利用率随施肥量增加而降低。氮、磷、钾肥偏生产力均随着施肥量增加而显著降低(P0.05)。施用氮、磷、钾肥显著提高马铃薯水分利用效率,当氮肥施用量大于240 kg/hm2、钾肥施用量大于135 kg/hm2时水分利用效率降低。不同氮、磷、钾肥水分利用效率增幅分别为19.6%~31.2%、11.2%~12.6%、1.3%~9.5%。本试验条件下,从经济施肥与水分高效利用角度宁南旱地马铃薯氮、磷、钾肥推荐量分别为174.0~189.7、92.2~94.6、113.0~113.7kg/hm2。     

施用生物质炭对黄淮海地区玉米生长和土壤性质的影响

本文通过大田试验研究了施用生物质炭对玉米的生长性状、产量以及土壤性质的影响。生物质炭是小麦秸秆在350℃~450℃下限氧热裂解制成。田间设置了20 t/hm2和40 t/hm2两个生物质炭施用水平。结果表明:①施用生物质炭在玉米拔节期抑制了植株生长,其株高、地上部生物量和叶片叶绿素含量均显著低于对照;在生育后期施用生物质炭20 t/hm2处理的玉米生物量、叶面积指数和叶绿素含量显著高于对照,40 t/hm2处理则没有显著性差异。②施用生物质炭显著影响土壤特性,在施用量为20 t/hm2和40 t/hm2时,土壤有机碳含量较对照分别提高34.79%和44.93%,土壤全氮含量在40 t/hm2水平下显著增加12.2%,同时还显著提高了土壤的pH和土壤含水量,显著降低土壤体积质量;③施用生物质炭玉米产量的提高范围为2.2%~4.8%,但不同施用量间差异不显著。本研究结果为生物质炭改良和培肥土壤、提高作物生产效率、促进土壤可持续利用及作物增产提供了一定的理论依据。     

宁南旱区有机培肥对冬小麦光合特性和水分利用效率的影响

2007～2010年在宁夏南部半旱区,设置了有机肥的不同施用量 （90000、60000、30000 kg/hm2和不施有机肥对照）处理,对土壤贮水量、功能叶片的和水分利用效率等影响的定位试验。结果表明,随有机肥施用量由高到低,在试验第4年（2010年）冬小麦播种期0200 cm土层的土壤贮水量分别较CK提高6.46%、5.06%和2.12%,成熟期提高12.47%、9.38%和3.58%;产量分别较CK提高35.05%、20.77%和11.51%（P0.01）;作物水分利用效率分别较CK提高38.26%、22.61%和11.88%（P0.01）。施用有机肥有利于提高冬小麦旗叶的相对叶绿素含量（SPAD值）,增强冬小麦的光合效率。高、中、低3个有机肥施用量处理的净光合速率和蒸腾速率日均值分别较 CK 增加5.79、4.68、2.00 mol /(m2?s) 和1.50、1.17、0.57 mmol/(m2?s),处理间差异极显著（P0.01）。说明在宁南半干旱区长期施用有机肥对提高土壤水分的保蓄能力、冬小麦的光合效率、产量和水分利用效率有显著效果。     

生物质炭施用对潮土理化性状、酶活性及黄瓜产量的影响

分析生物质炭施用对潮土理化性状、酶活性及黄瓜产量的影响,为生物质炭在农业中的推广应用提供科学依据。以如皋市农业科学研究所大棚示范区为试验基地,通过田间小区试验,研究了不同生物质炭施用量(0,5,10,20,30,40t/hm~2)条件下土壤理化性状、酶活性及黄瓜产量变化。结果表明:生物质炭施用对土壤理化性状及土壤酶活性有显著的影响。高施用量(40t/hm~2)处理对土壤物理性状的改良效果最好,当生物质炭施用量为30t/hm~2时对土壤养分含量提升效果最好。与对照相比,施用生物质炭各处理土壤容重降幅为0.88%~10.52%,而土壤孔隙度、饱和含水量、田间持水量、饱和导水率、有机质、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和速效磷含量的增幅分别为3.68%~7.53%,27.96%~119.25%,30.73~55.05%,1.89%~224.61%,10.39%~54.56%,6.06%~22.58%,2.33%~45.63%,235.71%~414.29%和19.37%~77.76%。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性及黄瓜产量随着生物质炭施用量的增加均呈先增加后降低的趋势,两种酶的活性分别在生物质炭施用量为30t/hm~2和20t/hm~2时最大,较对照分别提高了104.57%和15.38%;生物质炭施用量为30t/hm~2时对黄瓜增产效果最好,该处理下黄瓜产量较对照提高了21.80%。主成分分析结果表明,不同生物质炭施用量处理下的土壤质量次序为C4C5C3C2C1CK。在土壤中施用生物质炭不仅可以促进黄瓜增产,改善土壤理化性状,提高土壤养分含量,还可以改良土壤生物学性质,提升土壤酶活性。     

有机无机肥配施对旱地冬小麦产量、水肥利用效率及土壤肥力的影响

在陕西渭北旱塬,为探寻适合当地冬小麦生产的合理有机无机肥配施比例,通过田间试验研究不同氮肥用量(0kg/hm2,75kg/hm2,150kg/hm2,225kg/hm2和300kg/hm2)与有机肥(30t/hm2猪粪)配施对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用效率、水分利用效率及土壤养分的影响。结果表明,有机无机肥配施能提升冬小麦产量,3a冬小麦产量最高值均出现在M+N225处理,比对照分别增产23.1%,49.7%和23.0%,比相同氮肥用量下的单施无机肥处理分别提升1.2%,12.7%,3.5%。经过3a连续种植,有机无机肥配施处理有土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾分别比试验前提升18.8%,22.2%,282.1%和15.1%。合理的有机无机肥配施比例能显著提升冬小麦水分和氮肥利用效率,但过量氮肥与有机肥配施会造成冬小麦减产,水分和氮肥利用效率显著降低,而且残留在土壤中的硝态氮含量显著增加。综上所述,在渭北旱塬地区小麦生产中,应在施用有机肥30t/hm2(折合纯氮240kg/hm2)的基础上配施75~150kg/hm2的氮肥。     

高寒半干旱区春小麦田施肥效应

高寒半干旱区旱滩草甸栗钙土土壤贫磷少氮,增施氮磷肥显著提高春小麦产量,氮磷配合施用有机肥是提高春小麦产量的关键技术措施.单施无机肥时,N、P2O5经济最佳施用量分别为56.95kg/hm2和49.23kg/hm2,施有机肥22500kg/hm2时,N、P2O5则分别为30.34kg/hm2和26.02kg/hm2.氮磷配施使春小麦水分利用效率与降水利用效率分别较未施肥增大1.98～2.49kg/(mm·hm2)和3.00～3.84kg/(mm·hm2),低量有机肥22500kg/hm2与氮磷配施分别增大2.71～3.27kg/(mm·hm2)和3.67～4.70kg/(mm·hm2),高量有机肥45000kg/hm2与氮磷配施则分别增大3.08～3.73kg/(mm·hm2)和4.29～5.05kg/(mm·hm2).氮磷与有机肥配施是充分挖掘春小麦水分生产潜力的有效途径.     

保水剂对冬小麦不同生育阶段土壤水分及利用的影响

为探明保水剂施用后对冬小麦不同生育阶段水分利用的作用机理,在豫西丘陵旱作区,通过大田试验,研究了保水剂对冬小麦不同生育阶段的保水、作物的耗水特征、水分利用效率等的影响。结果表明：保水剂提高了冬小麦不同生育阶段0～100 cm土层的土壤含水量、促进了生物量的积累、降低了小麦耗水量、提高了小麦产量和水分利用效率。各处理中,60和90 kg/hm2处理的土壤含水量及储水量均较其他处理高,而耗水量最低。播种-拔节期,保水剂用量越高干物质积累越显著;拔节-孕穗期及灌浆-收获期,60 kg/hm2处理较对照增加的干物质量最高;而孕穗-灌浆期,30 kg/hm2干物质量增加最为显著。各生育阶段,除孕穗-灌浆期外,60 kg/hm2处理的水分利用效率均较高。最终,60 kg/hm2处理的产量和水分利用效率均最高,较对照增产47.4%,水分利用效率增加10.6 kg/(mm·hm2)。     

生物质炭输入减少稻田痕量温室气体排放

为揭示不同水平生物质炭输入对稻田土壤理化性质、水稻产量及温室气体排放的影响,采用自制竹炭在4种不同施用水平下(0、10、20、40 t/hm2)输入稻田土壤,开展了水稻一个生长周期的田间试验。结果表明,生物质炭输入可显著提高土壤p H值和有机碳含量(P0.05),且有机碳含量增幅与生物质炭施用水平呈正比(相关系数为0.78,P0.01)。生物质炭施用可显著降低土壤容重(P0.05),最大降幅为0.25 g/cm3,土壤容重随着生物质炭施用量的增加而降低。不同处理水稻产量无显著性差异(P0.05)。CH4累积排放量与生物质炭施用量呈负相关性(相关系数为-0.24,P0.01),投加生物质炭可显著降低稻田CH4排放通量和累积排放量(P0.05),但过量施用生物质炭(超过20 t/hm2)并不能显著降低CH4累积排放量(P0.05)。相比对照处理(不输入生物质炭),生物质炭输入后一周内可显著性降低N2O排放通量(P0.05),并在排水烤田时升高,最终稳定于9.80 mg/(m2·h)。生物质炭输入可显著性降低N2O累积排放量(P0.05),但不同水平生物质炭输入处理之间差异不显著(P0.05)。该试验条件下,生物质炭施用量为20 t/hm2时可实现稻田稳产和固碳减排目标,该研究可为太湖地区苕溪流域稻田增汇和温室气体减排提供参考。     

生物炭对云南典型植烟土壤持水性及烤烟产量的影响

为解决季节性干旱导致云南省烤烟减产的问题,开展了烟秆生物炭改善云南典型植烟土壤持水性的研究,进而为生物炭在烟叶生产中的推广应用提供依据。通过盆栽试验研究了穴施不同用量生物炭(0%、1%、4%、7%、11%干土重)对黄红壤(YR)、黄棕壤(YB)、赤红壤(LR)、水稻土(PD)和紫色土(PE)5种典型植烟土壤持水性的影响。结果表明:施用生物炭显著提升5种土壤持水性,一次浇水周期较对照延长1~5 d,对烤烟产量的影响因土壤类型而异。其中,1%~11%范围内,YR土壤持水性随着生物炭用量增加而降低,施用生物炭1%土壤持水性最好,与对照相比,烤烟生育期总补水量显著降低59.5%,土壤含水量平均下降速度显著下降50.4%,水分利用效率显著提高32.3%。但施用生物炭导致烤烟最高减产37.9%。YB土壤持水性随着生物炭用量增加呈升高趋势,施用生物炭11%最好,相比对照,烤烟生育期总补水量显著降低41.3%,水分利用效率显著提高93.3%,产量无显著提高。随着生物炭用量增加,LR土壤持水性先增加后降低,施用生物炭4%效果最好,烤烟产量和水分利用效率分别较对照显著提高46.2%和68.8%。随着生物炭用量增加,PD和PE的土壤持水性及烤烟产量呈现先增加后降低趋势,施用生物炭7%效果最佳,与对照相比,烤烟产量分别显著提高17.0%和55.6%,总补水量分别显著降低40.3%和26.8%,土壤含水量平均下降速度分别显著降低37.4%和36.5%,水分利用效率分别显著提高94.4%和121.7%。烟秆生物炭对于云南典型植烟土壤的保水效果明显,其最佳施用量视土壤类型而异。     

不同耕作模式下旱作玉米氮磷肥产量效应及水分利用效率

为了探讨不同耕作模式下氮磷肥施用量对旱作玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响,于2003－2008年在山西寿阳旱农试验站进行了免耕、少耕和传统耕作下氮磷肥用量（105、179和210 kg/hm2 N;N∶P2O5=1∶1）试验。6 a结果显示,该区推荐氮磷用量为105 kg/hm2,传统耕作模式下玉米平均产量和水分利用效率分别为5 234 kg/hm2和12.4 kg/(hm2·mm);少耕模式下玉米平均产量和水分利用效率分别达到5 751 kg/hm2和13.6 kg/(hm2·mm),较传统耕作提高9.9%和9.7%。而免耕模式下氮磷用量为179 kg/hm2时玉米平均产量和水分利用效率最高,分别为5 336 kg/hm2和13.2 kg/(hm2·mm),较传统耕作提高6.1%和9.7%。免耕模式下土壤保水效果最佳,干旱年增产作用尤为明显。3种耕作模式下玉米平均产量和水分利用效率以少耕为最高,免耕次之,传统耕作最低。     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Bioavailability of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Hg, Mo,Ni, Pb,Se, and Zn from Biosolids Amended Compost

Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate.     

Variation of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,Mn, Zn,and al in slash pine foliage

Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors^1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana ¹, P. taeda ³, P. strobus ⁴, P. resinosa ⁴, P. sylvestris ⁵, and P. radiata ^6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.     

Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, citrinin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, penicillic acid, patulin, and penitrem A.

A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg.     

Estimation of Reference Values for Cadmium,Cobalt, Chromium,Copper, Nickel,Lead, and Zinc in Brazilian Soils

Abstract

The objectives of this study were 1) to recommend reference values (RVs) and tolerance limits (TLs) for representative Brazilian soils and 2) to propose a model to calculate natural contents of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in a soil from the silt, clay, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. A set of 256 soil samples was classified by similarity in seven groups, and the concentrations corresponding to the upper quarter of data collected were then calculated. These concentrations are proposed as RVs for Brazilian soils. Additionally, TLs were obtained for each group from the antilog expression (m+2s), where m=mean value and s=standard deviation of data transformed in log₁₀. The classification functions of discriminant analysis proved to be suitable to allocate new samples in the established groups. Thus, it is possible to evaluate soils under anthropic activity and, by comparison with reference values, to be aware of pollution risks in a given area.     

Glucoraphanin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin contents in seeds of 59 cultivars of broccoli, raab, kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage

The importance of dietary sulforaphane in helping maintain good health continues to gain support within the health-care community and awareness among U.S. consumers. In addition to the traditional avenue for obtaining sulforaphane, namely, the consumption of appropriate cruciferous vegetables, other consumer products containing added glucoraphanin, the natural precursor to sulforaphane, are now appearing in the United States. Crucifer seeds are a likely source for obtaining glucoraphanin, owing to a higher concentration of glucoraphanin and the relative ease of processing seeds as compared to vegetative parts. Seeds of several commonly consumed crucifers were analyzed not only for glucoraphanin but also for components that might have negative health implications, such as certain indole-containing glucosinolates and erucic acid-containing lipids. Glucoraphanin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, other glucosinolates, and lipid erucic acid were quantified in seeds of 33 commercially available cultivars of broccoli, 4 cultivars each of kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage, and 2 cultivars of raab.     

Cooking,Roasting, and Fermentation of Chickpeas,Lentils, Peas,and Soybeans for Fortification of Leavened Bread

The effects of cooking, roasting, and fermentation on the composition and protein properties of grain legumes and the characteristics of dough and bread incorporated with legume flours were determined to identify an appropriate pretreatment. Oligosaccharide content of legumes was reduced by 76.2–96.9% by fermentation, 44.0–64.0% by roasting, and 28.4–70.1% by cooking. Cooking and roasting decreased protein solubility but improved in vitro protein digestibility. Mixograph absorption of wheat and legume flour blends increased from 50–52% for raw legumes to 68–76, 62–64, and 74–80% for cooked, roasted, and fermented ones, respectively. Bread dough with cooked or roasted legume flour was less sticky than that with raw or fermented legume flour. Loaf volume of bread baked from wheat and raw or roasted legume flour blends with or without gluten addition was consistently highest for chickpeas, less for peas and lentils, and lowest for soybeans. Roasted legume flour exhibited more appealing aroma and greater loaf volume of bread than cooked legume flour, and it appears to be the most appropriate preprocessing method for incorporation into bread.     

Hydrophilic chromatographic determination of carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine

A new HPLC procedure based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) has been developed for the simultaneous determination of carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine in meat. This is the first time that HILIC has been directly applied to the study of meat components, having the advantage of not requiring complex cleanup and/or sample derivatization procedures. The chromatographic separation has been developed using a silica column (4.6 x 150 mm, 3 microm), and the proposed methodology is simple, reliable, and fast (<13 min per sample). The method has been validated in terms of linearity, repeatability, reproducibility, and recovery and represents an interesting alternative to methods currently in use for determining the mentioned compounds and other polar substances. The detection limits are 5.64, 8.23, 3.66, 3.99, and 0.06 microg/mL for carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine, respectively.     

Distribution of Zinc,Manganese, Copper,Cobalt, and Nickel in Andosols Profiles

The distribution of zinc, manganese, copper, cobalt, and nickel in Andosols was investigated. Sixty nine soil samples were collected from different horizons of an Andosols profile in Miyakonojo Basin in south Kyushu, Japan, The total contents of heavy metals were determined by digestion and four extraction solutions, 1 M NH₄Ac (ammonium acetate) pH 4.5, 0.1 M HCl, 0.01 M EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) pH 6.5, and 0.005 M DTPA (diethylenetri-aminepentaacetic acid) pH 7.3 were used to determine the contents of available Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni in Andosols in relation to the organic carbon content. The results of the extraction analysis showed that by the use of 0.1 M H Cl high value of extracted heavy metals in the upper layers of the humus horizons were obtained while EDTA extraction yielded a large amount of the above mentioned metals in the high humus horizons. The extractable heavy metals contents were high and these metals closely related to the organic carbon content mostly in the humus horizons in the profile. Where, biocycling process may play an important role in the concentration of heavy metals. Based on the study, it was found that the total content of Zn increased towards the C horizons or pumice layers in the soil profile. Such a trend was also found in the case of the Mn content. While the Cu content in the humus horizons was much higher in the upper part of each humus horizon. According to this study the distribution of heavy metals, Cu (organic matter complexes) in the Andosols profile was more stable than that of Zn (organic matter complexes) in soils. It was shown that Zn in the surface humus horizon was enriched but that some amount was leached under buried conditions. The same phenomenon was also observed in the distribution of Mn in the profile. The movement of Co and Ni in the soil profile was limited, as evidenced by the sharp reduction in the concentrations of these two metals in buried soils.

Hence, it is concluded that the distribution of Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni was considerably higher in the humus horizons of the Andosols profiles.     

Fluxes of Cu,Zn, Pb,Cd, Cr,and Ni in temperate forest ecosystems

The literature on the fluxes of six heavy metals in temperate forest ecosystems is reviewed. Special attention is given to wet and dry deposition and internal flux, to metal budgets for ecosystems and soils, to concentrations in aqueous compartments of the ecosystem and to speciation in soil solutions. Metal fluxes are discussed in relation to pollution load, soil type, tree species and land use. The mobility of Cu and Pb is strongly dependent on the solubility of organic matter. These metals are commonly accumulated in forest soils. Zinc, Cd and Ni are greatly influenced by soil acidity and are often lost in considerable amounts from acidified soils. Chromium is often at balance in forest ecosystems. Implications for metal solubility and budgets in forest soils are discussed in connection with an increase in soil acidification.