外源铁对不同品种番茄光合特性、品质及镉积累的影响

【目的】在人工模拟镉污染土壤条件下,讨论了叶面喷施Fe对番茄Cd积累及化学形态的影响,旨在为镉污染土壤上番茄的安全生产提供理论依据。【方法】采用土培试验研究了在重金属Cd(10 mg/kg)污染条件下,叶面喷施不同浓度Fe(0、200和400μmol/L,Fe SO4·7H2O)对2个番茄品种(‘4641’和‘渝粉109’)生长、光合特性、品质及果实Cd形态和Cd积累量的影响。【结果】叶面喷施Fe提高了番茄的根、茎、叶、果实干重及植株总干重,增幅分别为20.4%~48.6%、13.3%~56.0%、16.0%~63.1%、9.8%~16.5%和21.6%~40.3%,随着喷施Fe浓度的增加,番茄各部位干质量及总干质量呈先增加后降低的趋势,比较两个番茄品种,‘4641’耐Cd性更强,而‘渝粉109’对Fe的反应更为敏感;随着喷施Fe浓度的增加,2个番茄品种的叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)呈先增加后降低趋势,在Fe 200μmol/L时最大,品种‘4641’的Pn、Gs和Tr较对照分别增加了8%、11%和2.9%,而‘渝粉109’较对照分别增加了28.7%、15.5%和18.8%。而喷Fe处理却降低了番茄叶片胞间CO2浓度(Ci),比较2个供试番茄品种,‘4641’光合作用和蒸腾作用强度均高于‘渝粉109’;喷Fe提高了2种番茄果实的硝酸盐含量以及渝粉‘109’还原糖含量,降低了‘渝粉109’果实氨基酸含量,喷施高浓度Fe(400μmol/L)能提高2种番茄果实Vc含量,与对照相比,‘4641’和‘渝粉109’果实硝酸盐增加的幅度分别为18.1%~22.2%、2.3%~22.0%,Vc较对照分别增加了8.2%和13.2%;番茄果实中Cd的主要存在形态为残渣态,其次为盐酸提取态,去离子水提取态和乙醇提取态所占比例较小,残渣态Cd(FR)和盐酸提取态Cd(FHCl)为活性偏低形态Cd,占Cd提取总量的70.8%,去离子水提取态(FW)和乙醇提取态(FE)为活性较高形态Cd,仅占Cd提取总量的11.8%,有效地抑制了Cd的毒害作用。叶面喷施Fe降低了番茄果实各形态镉含量;番茄中Cd主要积累在叶和茎中,而果实和根的积累量较少;喷Fe降低了番茄叶、根、茎、果实的Cd含量,降低幅度分别为7.1%~21.9%、35.6%~50.4%、13.0%~37.0%和2.8%~8.2%,但喷施高浓度Fe(400μmol/L)相比低Fe(200μmol/L)时的番茄各部位Cd含量有所增加,无论是非否喷施Fe,叶、茎、果实中的Cd积累量以及总Cd积累量总是以‘4641’‘渝粉109’,表明在Cd污染土壤上种植‘4641’较‘渝粉109’风险更大。【结论】叶面喷施适量Fe能够促进番茄的光合作用和蒸腾作用,提高了番茄各部位的干重,降低了Cd对番茄的毒害效应,同时减少了番茄各部位Cd含量。     

镉安全水稻材料根系细胞壁果胶对镉的响应特征

【目的】研究镉(Cd)处理下水稻根系细胞壁果胶对Cd胁迫的响应,进一步深化Cd安全水稻材料根系细胞壁Cd的固持机制。【方法】以Cd安全水稻材料D62B为研究对象,普通材料Luhui17为对照进行水培试验。设4个Cd质量浓度处理：0 mg/L (CK)、0.5 mg/L (Cd0.5)、1.0 mg/L (Cd1)、2.0 mg/L (Cd2)。在水稻分蘖期采集根系样品,分析细胞壁多糖中果胶、半纤维1、半纤维2以及残渣部分的Cd含量,测定果胶糖醛酸含量、果胶酯化度、果胶甲酯酶(PME)活性、根系过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量以及细胞壁过氧化物酶(POD)活性,进而分析根系细胞壁果胶对Cd的响应特征。【结果】1) Cd胁迫下,D62B和Luhui17根系细胞壁果胶合成增加,根系细胞壁低酯化和高酯化果胶糖醛酸含量均表现为D62B高于Luhui17。Cd处理下D62B根系细胞壁低酯化和高酯化果胶糖醛酸含量较对照分别增加了13.21%～71.82%和22.10%～64.27%,Luhui17分别增加了24.14%～137.86%和13.12%～41.26%。...     

水稻镉安全材料分蘖期根部镉积累分布特征

【目的】镉 (Cd) 低积累作物的培育和应用是减少土壤中Cd通过食物链危害人体健康的重要途径。通过研究Cd处理下水稻分蘖期根部Cd的积累分布特征,揭示水稻Cd安全材料根部Cd的固持机理,为水稻Cd安全品种的培育提供理论依据。【方法】以水稻Cd安全材料D62B为供试材料,普通材料Luhui17为对照,进行水培试验。水稻秧苗于三叶一心时移栽至盆中 (40 cm × 60 cm × 15 cm),以CdCl₂·2.5H₂O加入营养液,设0 (CK)、0.5 (Cd0.5)、1.0 (Cd1)、2.0 (Cd2) mg/L 4个Cd浓度处理,30天后收获,分为根和地上部测定其Cd全量。采用化学试剂逐步提取法和差速离心法分别测定根部Cd化学形态和亚细胞分布特征,并进一步结合细胞壁多糖,研究其对Cd的响应特征。【结果】1) Cd处理下D62B各部位Cd含量显著低于Luhui17,转移系数较小,其根部Cd向地上部转移较少。2) 随Cd处理浓度升高D62B根部水提取态Cd分配比例降低,盐酸提取态Cd、残渣态Cd分配比例升高,Cd移动性减弱。D62B根部Cd以氯化钠提取态为主 (48.9%～52.1%),高浓度Cd处理 (2.0 mg/L) 下其分配比例是Luhui17的1.11倍,水提取态是Luhui17的82.3%,其根中Cd的移动性弱于普通材料。3) D62B根部Cd主要分布于可溶部分和细胞壁,其中细胞壁Cd分配比例为38.6%～41.8%,高于Luhui17。随Cd处理浓度升高,D62B根细胞壁Cd分配比例降幅小于Luhui17,其细胞壁对Cd的固持作用有限但强于普通材料。4) D62B根细胞壁半纤维素1的Cd含量是果胶的7.74～8.40倍,Cd主要与细胞壁中半纤维素1结合。半纤维素1 Cd含量随Cd处理浓度升高而显著增加,2.0 mg/L Cd处理下D62B和Luhui17半纤维素1单位总糖Cd结合量较1.0 mg/L Cd处理分别增加32.6%、11.2%,D62B根细胞壁半纤维素1的Cd结合能力强于Luhui17。【结论】水稻Cd安全材料D62B各部位Cd含量低于Luhui17,其转移系数较小。D62B根中Cd主要为氯化钠提取态,随Cd处理浓度升高,根部Cd向移动性较弱的化学形态转化。D62B根细胞壁中Cd主要与半纤维素1结合,由于其Cd结合能力较强,D62B根细胞壁对Cd的固持作用强于普通材料。因此,D62B对Cd的转移能力弱于普通材料,是其籽粒Cd安全的重要原因。     

水稻制种中杂交种子穗发芽生理特性研究

利用易于穗发芽和不易穗发芽的水稻不育系D69A和D23A分别与蜀恢527配合制种,比较研究水稻制种中杂交种子(F0)穗发芽过程中的生理差异。结果表明：制种组合D69A/蜀恢527F0种子穗发芽率为44.84%,比D23A/蜀恢527(穗发芽率为5.59%)易于穗发芽;在授粉后15d至完熟的籽粒灌浆期,经10d穗发芽诱导处理过程中,D69A/蜀恢527F0种子α-淀粉酶活性和β-淀粉酶活性均明显高于D23A/蜀恢527;同时D69A/蜀恢527F0种子ABA/GA含量比呈抛物线趋势变化,而D23A/蜀恢527F0种子ABA/GA含量比基本呈反抛物线趋势变化。这表明在杂交水稻制种中,内源激素组成中的GA含量优势和高水平的淀粉酶活性是穗发芽主要的生理特征。     

翻压紫云英对双季稻产量、镉吸收及转运的影响

  【目的】  探讨紫云英在水稻生产中的增产降镉（Cd）效应以及降Cd的生理机制。  【方法】  5年田间微区定位试验设4个处理:不施任何肥料(CK)、翻压紫云英(GM)、单施化肥(F)和紫云英翻压配施化肥(F+GM),翻压紫云英的处理冬闲田种植紫云英,作为绿肥在早稻插秧前翻压还田。在双季稻分蘖期、灌浆期和成熟期采集水稻植株样品,分为根、茎叶、籽粒3个部分,测定其Cd含量。  【结果】  1)与CK相比,F+GM与F处理5年水稻产量显著增加,GM处理从2017年起增产显著;与F处理相比,F+GM处理5年水稻均增产,其中2016与2020年显著增产。2）翻压紫云英对水稻同一部位在不同时期的降Cd效应不同。早稻GM处理根Cd含量在分蘖期、灌浆期和成熟期均显著低于CK,晚稻则无显著差异;早稻的GM处理茎叶Cd含量在灌浆期显著低于CK,晚稻的无显著差异;早稻的GM处理籽粒Cd含量在灌浆期和成熟期均显著低于CK（分别降低85.7%和57.6%）,晚稻的无显著差异。早稻的F+GM处理根Cd含量在分蘖期、灌浆期和成熟期均显著低于F处理,晚稻的则无显著差异;早稻的F+GM处理茎叶Cd含量在分蘖期显著低于F处理,晚稻的无显著差异。3）翻压紫云英下水稻不同时期Cd转运有差异。早稻分蘖期F+GM处理的根–茎叶Cd转运系数显著高于CK与F处理,成熟期GM处理的茎叶–籽粒Cd转运系数显著低于CK,降幅为52.2%;晚稻则无显著差异。4）F+GM和GM处理根与籽粒Cd累积量均较低,其根部累积量显著低于F处理;GM处理早稻籽粒Cd累积量显著低于F处理;而F+GM晚稻茎叶Cd累积量则显著高于CK。F+GM与GM处理籽粒Cd分配比例低于CK与F处理,F+GM处理的茎叶Cd分配比例高于F处理,GM处理的茎叶Cd分配比例高于CK。5）早稻各处理的土壤总Cd含量差异不显著,晚稻则表现为GM处理显著低于CK。早稻的GM与F+GM处理土壤有效Cd含量显著低于CK,晚稻的则无显著差异。  【结论】  翻压紫云英可增加水稻产量,同时具有较好的降Cd效应。翻压紫云英的降Cd生理机制为:一是可降低土壤有效Cd含量,从而降低水稻Cd含量;二是可降低茎叶–籽粒间的Cd转运系数,减弱向籽粒的转运能力,降低水稻籽粒中Cd的累积,进而生产出Cd含量低于国家安全限量的稻米。     

外源锌对水稻植株镉的累积差异分析

通过水稻威优46盆栽种植试验,研究了外源Zn施用(0,40,80,160 mg/kg 4个水平)对Cd中度(0.72mg/kg)和重度(5.26mg/kg)污染土壤中Cd生物有效性及水稻Cd累积的差异。结果表明:施Zn对各检测指标存在影响,但土壤Cd总量仍是土壤Cd活性和水稻Cd累积差异变动的主控因素。在Cd中度污染土壤中,施Zn降低了土壤交换态Cd含量1.9%~17.0%,但水稻根表铁膜、根和糙米中Cd含量随Zn施用浓度的增大而增大,糙米Cd含量从0.09mg/kg上升到0.17mg/kg,相关分析显示糙米Cd含量与土壤交换态Zn含量显著正线性相关。在Cd重度污染土壤中,施Zn增大了土壤交换态Cd含量2.1%~4.8%,但降低了水稻各部位中Cd含量,当施Zn浓度超过80mg/kg时,糙米Cd含量可从对照组的0.45mg/kg降低到0.12mg/kg,符合国家食品污染物限量标准(GB 2762-2017)的要求,相关分析显示糙米Cd含量与土壤交换态Zn含量显著负线性相关。对2种Cd污染程度的土壤,施Zn均可增大Cd在水稻地下部的累积率,从而降低水稻地上部Cd的累积率。在Cd重度污染土壤中,可通过施Zn降低糙米Cd含量,施Zn量80mg/kg是试验中最佳施用量;但在Cd中度污染土壤中,施Zn有增大糙米Cd含量的风险。     

复合改良剂对镉砷化学形态及在水稻中累积转运的调控

为治理镉砷污染农田土壤,选取湘南某矿区镉砷复合污染稻田土壤,以水稻盆栽实验研究了复合改良剂HZB(羟基磷灰石+沸石+改性秸秆炭)对土壤中镉(Cd)、砷(As)赋存形态以及水稻累积转运Cd和As的影响。结果表明,施用HZB能提高土壤p H 0.19~0.79个单位,阳离子交换量增加22.1%~60.4%;施用HZB使活性较大的酸提取态Cd含量降低了6.5%~22.9%,促进了Cd向难溶态的转变,可使有机结合态Cd增加2.5%~56.5%;施用HZB促进活性As向难溶型的钙型As转化,钙型As含量增加2.8%~53.3%,也可使交换态As含量降低7.0%~39.5%,但当施用量超过4.0 g kg-1时则会增加交换态As含量。水稻根系对Cd的富集系数在0.65~1.21之间,对As的富集系数在0.033~0.049之间,富集Cd的能力大于As;谷壳对Cd的转运能力最大,而根系对As的转运能力最大;施用HZB有降低水稻根系富集Cd和As的能力。施用0.5~2.0 g kg-1的HZB能降低水稻地上各部位中Cd和As含量;在2 g kg-1施用水平,水稻糙米中Cd和As含量均低于0.2 mg kg-1,达到国家食品污染物限量标准。     

不同施用量石灰和生物炭对稻田镉污染钝化的延续效应

为筛选适用于西南地区稻田土壤及农作物Cd污染的修复技术,采用田间小区试验比较了单施石灰、生物炭以及复合施用石灰+生物炭及其不同用量对Cd污染稻田的土壤基本理化性质、稻米Cd含量及其水稻各部位富集转运的影响。结果表明:第1年修复试验中,单施石灰和生物炭以及复合施用均可降低稻米Cd含量以及水稻各部位富集和转运系数,且随着施加量的增加稻米Cd含量呈降低趋势,土壤至水稻根系Cd富集系数呈先降低后增加趋势,复合施用(石灰(1.5 t/hm^2)+生物炭)效果优于单施石灰和生物炭,与对照相比,稻米Cd含量降低57.14%~88.57%,土壤至水稻根系富集系数降低22.06%~32.96%;施用石灰可显著提高土壤pH和降低土壤有效态Cd含量。第2年修复剂施用延续效应试验中,石灰在短时间内降低土壤有效Cd和稻米Cd的效果较好,但其长效性和稳定性不及生物炭,与对照相比,单施石灰和生物炭以及复合施用土壤有效Cd分别降低2.97%~25.19%,13.94%~23.41%,1.93%~21.41%,稻米Cd含量分别降低0.72%~34.87%,12.11%~49.14%,36.55%~51.71%。总体来看,设定试验条件下,复合施用(石灰(1.5 t/hm^2)+生物炭(3.0 t/hm^2)),效果最优。     

不同基因型水稻苗期氮营养特性差异及综合评价

氮肥过量施用,不仅造成氮肥大量流失,还增加了农业生产成本,对生态环境带来了巨大的威胁。筛选氮高效基因型水稻品种是提高氮素利用效率、降低环境污染的有效途径。本文利用营养液培养方法,研究了55个水稻品种(系)在相同供氮水平(40 mg·L~(-1))、不同供氮形态(NH_4~+-N和NO_3~–-N)条件下苗期吸收与积累氮素的差异。并采用隶属函数法将评价指标进行标准化,基于氮效率综合值,运用分层聚类热图分析,进行55个水稻品种氮效率类型的划分,为氮高效水稻品种的筛选提供依据。在NH_4~+-N和NO_3~–-N培养下,不同水稻品种的整株生物量、茎叶生物量、根系生物量、根系氮含量、茎叶氮累积量差异性显著,变异系数分别在0.69~0.80和0.57~0.74之间。通过因子分析发现,在NH_4~+-N和NO_3~–-N培养条件下的主成分情况相同,第1主成分由整株生物量、茎叶生物量、根系生物量、整株氮累积量、茎叶氮累积量、根系氮累积量决定,主要为反映植株的生物量及氮素累积量指标;第2主成分由不同器官的氮含量决定。综合水稻苗期氮素吸收累积变异特征及因子分析,将整株生物量、茎叶生物量、根系生物量、茎叶氮累积量作为水稻苗期氮高效综合评价指标。根据隶属函数法计算出的氮效率综合值和采用欧氏距离平方拟合的分层聚类热图,55个供试水稻品种可分为氮高效型、氮中效型、氮低效型3大类,分别占供试品种总数的10.91%、27.27%、61.82%。在NH_4~+-N和NO_3~–-N供应条件下,初步确定‘广两优3905’、‘甬优9号’、‘中籼2503’、‘Ⅱ优602’、‘两优766’和‘深两优1813’为氮高效型品种。     

谷壳生物炭与石灰石组配对土壤中Cd有效性的影响

通过水稻盆栽实验,研究了不同添加量的组配改良剂谷壳生物炭和石灰石(TS)对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及水稻对Cd吸收累积的影响。结果表明:(1)添加TS(2~4 g kg~(-1))能显著提高土壤pH值,与对照相比,Cd含量为0.5 mg kg~(-1)和5.0 mg kg~(-1)土壤pH值分别增加了0.69~1.38和0.70~1.12个单位;(2)TS能显著降低土壤中Cd的生物有效性,在Cd含量为0.5 mg kg~(-1)和5.0 mg kg~(-1)土壤中,添加量为2~4 g kg~(-1)时,能使Cd的Ca Cl2提取态含量分别降低13.3%~86.7%和12.2%~73.6%,使Cd的TCLP提取态含量分别降低52.9%~76.5%和37.1%~76.8%;(3)添加TS(2~4 g kg~(-1))能显著降低水稻根系、秸秆、糙米对Cd的吸收累积,在2种不同Cd含量的土壤中(0.5 mg kg~(-1)和5.0 mg kg~(-1)),使糙米Cd含量分别降低了40.8%~60.0%和49.9%~86.6%,糙米Cd含量低于国家食品卫生标准0.2 mg kg~(-1)的限制。     

Effect of cadmium toxicity on micronutrient concentration,uptake and partitioning in seven rice cultivars

Heavy metal uptake, translocation and partitioning differ greatly among plant cultivars and plant parts. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of cadmium (Cd) levels (0, 45 and 90 mg kg^?1 soil) on dry matter yield, and concentration, uptake and translocation of Cd, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in seven rice cultivars. Application of 45 mg Cd kg^?1 soil decreased root and shoot dry weight. On average, shoot and root Cd concentrations and uptake increased in all cultivars, but micronutrients uptake decreased following the application of 45 mg Cd kg^?1. No significant differences were observed between 45 and 90 mg kg^?1 Cd levels. On average, Cd treatments resulted in a decrease in Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations in shoots and Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations in roots. Differences were observed in Cd and micronutrient concentrations and uptake among rice cultivars. Translocation factor, defined as the shoot/root concentration ratio indicated that Cu and Fe contents in roots were higher than in shoots. The Mn concentration was much higher in shoots. Zinc concentrations were almost similar in the two organs of rice at 0 and 45 mg Cd kg^?1. A higher Cd level, however, led to a decrease in the Zn concentration in shoots.     

Genotypic Difference in Arsenic and Cadmium Accumulation by Rice Seedlings Grown in Hydroponics

Genotypic differences in arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) uptake and their translocation within rice seedlings grown in solution culture were investigated. Arsenic uptake and its translocation differed significantly between eight cultivars. The largest shoot and root As concentrations were found in cultivar ‘TN1’ and ‘ZYQ8’, while cultivar ‘JX-17’ had the lowest As concentration. Arsenic concentration in shoot or root of ‘JX-17’ was about 50% of that in cultivar ‘ZYQ8’. Specific Arsenic uptake (SAU) was found significantly different between rice cultivars, which was about 2-fold higher of ‘ZYQ8’ than that of ‘JX-17’. The Cd accumulation also differed significantly between cultivars. Rice cultivar ‘JX-17’ had the highest ability in Cd uptake, but the lowest ability in Cd translocation from root to shoot. The transfer factor (TF) of Cd had an important effect on Cd accumulation by rice seedlings. Arsenic can competitively inhibit P uptake by rice seedlings, P concentrations in shoots, or roots treated with As were significantly lower than those without As addition. However, the concentrations of P and As were positively correlated within these genotypes. The Cd immobilization by cell wall was an important mechanism for Cd detoxification. The cell wall bound 21–44% of total Cd in shoots and 25–59% of total Cd in roots of these tested genotypes. The genotypic differences in As and Cd uptake and translocation within rice seedlings provide the possibility of selecting and breeding genotypes and /or cultivars with reduced levels of As and Cd in rice grains.     

Zinc alleviates growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by cadmium in rice

A hydroponic experiment with two rice cultivars differing in cadmium (Cd) tolerance was conducted to investigate the alleviating effect of zinc (Zn) on growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by Cd. Treatments consisted of all combinations of two Zn concentrations (0.2 and 1 μM), three Cd concentrations (0, 1, and 5 μM), and two rice cultivars (Bing 97252, Cd‐tolerant; Xiushui 63, Cd‐sensitive). Cd toxicity caused a dramatic reduction in plant height and biomass, chlorophyll concentration and photosynthetic rate, and an increase in Cd concentration in both roots and shoots, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities in shoots. The response of all these parameters was much larger for Xiushui 63 than for Bing 97252. Addition of Zn to the medium solution alleviated Cd toxicity, which was reflected in a significant increase in plant height, biomass, chlorophyll concentration, and photosynthetic rate, and a marked decrease in MDA concentration and activity of anti‐oxidative enzymes. However, it was noted that Zn increased shoot Cd concentration at higher Cd supply, probably due to the enhancement of Cd translocation from roots to shoots. Therefore, further studies are necessary to determine the effect of Zn supply on Cd translocation from vegetative organs to grains or grain Cd accumulation before Zn fertilizer is applied to Cd‐contaminated soils to alleviate Cd toxicity in rice.     

不同类型水稻镉富集与转运能力的差异分析

选取84个水稻品种在镉（Cd）中轻度污染农田上进行原位小区试验,通过统计分析水稻Cd富集系数及转运系数,探索具有相似产量与Cd富集能力的水稻品种各器官Cd的富集及Cd在土壤-水稻系统中转移特征,比较不同类型水稻Cd富集与转运的差异。结果表明：水稻糙米Cd富集系数范围为0.10~0.78,小区产量范围为8.20~11.50 kg（以小区面积3.5 m×3.5 m计）,不同水稻品种产量与糙米Cd富集能力不存在显著相关性。以产量和糙米Cd富集系数为指标将所有水稻品种进行聚类分为高产高Cd（组1）、低产高Cd（组2）、高产低Cd（组3）和低产低Cd（组4）四组。水稻各器官Cd富集规律均为根系>茎>叶>糙米,Cd由根系向上传递过程中,含量越来越低。不同产量和富集能力的水稻类型的差异,主要在于茎和叶的富集与转移。高产或高Cd品种有较强的将Cd从根转运到茎和从茎、叶转运到米的能力。低Cd水稻无论产量高低,对各器官的Cd转运能力无显著影响。筛选、培育适合在中轻度污染区种植的高产低Cd水稻品种是可行的。在种植过程中控制茎的吸收与转运将对保障粮食安全生产具有重要意义。     

不同蔬菜对镉的吸收累积及亚细胞分布

采用营养液培养,基于叶绿体分离方法,研究了不同种类蔬菜对镉吸收、运输和亚细胞的分布规律。结果表明,蔬菜在不同浓度镉的营养液中培养1周后,蔬菜生物量没有产生显著差异,而不同种类的蔬菜生物量差异较大。镉在蔬菜叶片中大部分存在于细胞壁中,占总量的62％～85％,少量存在于原生质（不含叶绿体）和叶绿体中;随着营养液中镉浓度的增加,各组分中镉的含量明显增加,但分配比例变化不大。各种蔬菜根中镉的含量高于地上部镉含量;随着镉浓度的增加,根中镉分配比例从44％-59％降低至27％～38％;不同蔬菜根部对镉的吸收能力及镉向地上部转移的能力有显著性差异。     

Effects of soil amendments, foliar sprayings of silicon and selenium and their combinations on the reduction of cadmium accumulation in rice

Agricultural soil contamination by cadmium (Cd) is becoming one of the most serious environmental issues and public concerns. In this study, factorial arrangements of treatments were designed to explore the effects of two soil amendments, sodium sulfide-biofuel ash (SSBA) and lime (0.1%), and three foliar applications, silicon (Si, 2.5 mmol L^-1), selenium (Se, 40 mg L^-1), and their combination (SS), on Cd reduction in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in a pot experiment, which were then verified in a field experiment. Compared with the control without amendment but with spraying of deionized water, both SSBA and lime significantly reduced concentrations of CaCl₂-extractable Cd in soil by 30%-39% and 31%-40% and Cd in brown rice by 44%-63% and 53%-72% in the pot and field experiments, respectively. Foliar Si, Se, and SS applications significantly reduced Cd accumulation in brown rice by 62%-64%, 72%-83%, and 39%-73%, respectively, increased rice grain yield, and improved antioxidant enzyme activities in rice leaves but with different trends in the pot and field experiments. Combinations of SSBA and lime with Si, Se, and SS had a non-significant synergistic effect on Cd reduction in brown rice compared to only foliar spraying or soil amendment in both pot and field experiments, although SSBA + Se and SSBA + Si reduced Cd concentration in brown rice by 16%-34% and 14%-24% compared to only foliar Si and Se and soil SSBA applications, respectively. Soil lime application and foliar Si spraying were the most cost-effective strategies to reduce Cd accumulation in brown rice in the field and pot experiments, respectively. Although soil amendments and foliar treatments were individually effective, their combinations failed to generate a significant synergistic reduction of Cd concentration in brown rice.     

Genotypic differences in effects of cadmium on growth and nutrient compositions in wheat

Abstract

A solution culture study was conducted to determine the genotypic difference in the effects of cadmium (Cd) addition on growth and on the uptake and distribution of Cd and other 11 nutrients in wheat plants. Cadmium addition at a rate of 1 mg L^?1 significantly reduced root and shoot dry matter production, shoot height, root length, chlorophyll content, and tillers per plant. On the average of 16 wheat genotypes used in study, Cd concentrations of Cd‐treated plants were 48.1 and 459 μg g^?1 dry weight (DW) in shoots and roots, respectively, and retained 77.91% of total Cd taken up in the roots. On the whole, Cd addition reduced the concentration of sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), and boron (B), and increased iron (Fe), irrespective of the plant parts. The effect of Cd on the concentration of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and copper (Cu) differed in shoots and roots. The significant difference existed among 16 wheat genotypes in their response to Cd in terms of growth and nutrient concentrations. Genotype E81513, which showed relatively less inhibition in growth, had the lowest shoot Cd concentration and more Cd accumulation in roots, while Ailuyuang had the highest Cd concentration and accumulation in shoot with lower Cd concentration in root. The significant interaction was found between Cd treatment and genotype for all nutrient concentrations in both shoot and root, except S and Zn in root.     

Effects of drought on the accumulation and redistribution of cadmium in peanuts at different developmental stages

This study aimed to investigate the impact of water deficit on cadmium (Cd) accumulation in peanut plants during different developmental stages. Two contrasting peanut cultivars, Fenghua 1 (high-biomass cultivar) and Silihong (low-biomass cultivar), were grown in a Cd-contaminated arable soil under different water regimes. The two cultivars differed from each other in seed Cd concentrations. Fenghua 1 exhibited lower Cd concentrations in the seeds than Silihong, which is associated with root-to-shoot Cd translocation. Drought plays different roles in the translocation and redistribution of Cd in peanut plants during different developmental stages. At the seedling stage, drought decreased shoot Cd concentrations for both cultivars, whereas at the pod-filling and pod-ripened stages, drought increased shoot Cd concentrations. Similarly, drought stress reduced pod Cd concentrations at the pod-filling stages and increased at the pod-ripened stages. Seed Cd concentrations in mature plants were increased by drought for both cultivars. Seed Cd concentrations were negatively correlated with biomasses of shoots and pods, but positively correlated with Cd concentration in the shoots and pods. Increased seed Cd concentrations under drought stress might result from the concentration effects due to drought induced decrease of plant growth.     

有机硅改性复合肥防治水稻镉污染的效果和初步机制

为探讨有机硅改性复合肥防治水稻镉(Cd)污染的效果和机制,采用田间小区试验和大面积示范试验,研究不同配比的有机硅改性复合肥及其不同用量对水稻镉含量、养分吸收、产量和土壤镉有效性及其形态变化的影响。结果表明,小区试验中,与CK和CF1相比,施用有机硅改性复合肥降低了水稻分蘖期茎叶部和根部镉含量,分别下降57.0%~64.1%和24.0%~65.4%;与CK相比,成熟期茎叶镉含量降低30.1%~74.3%,稻米镉含量下降65.3%~81.1%。该结果在大面积示范中得到验证,与普通复合肥相比,有机硅改性复合肥降低了44.2%~86.0%的稻米镉含量,基本达到稻米食用安全国家标准;增加水稻对氮、磷、钾、铁的吸收;增产12.1%~20.0%;土壤pH值提高0.07~0.47;有效镉含量下降1.9%~14.3%。小区试验土壤镉形态分析表明,与CK和CF1相比,有机硅改性复合肥处理的交换态镉含量下降1.2%~22.3%、还原态镉含量增加6.1%~43.0%、氧化态镉含量下降6.8%~35.0%、残渣态镉含量增加2.2%~60.0%。综上所述,施用有机硅改性复合肥可以提高水稻养分吸收,增加水稻产量,同时降低水稻对镉的吸收转运,是一项水稻镉污染防治的新技术。