土壤线虫群落对过量施用农用化学品的响应

为研究施用过量的农用化学品对土壤线虫群落组成及多样性的影响,采用定点试验的方法,在哈尔滨市呼兰区选择典型农田生态系统进行试验,对比研究土壤线虫群落对施用过量的氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、除草剂及杀虫剂的响应。在试验田中共鉴定出土壤线虫27科45属,其中Cephalobus和Aphelenchus为优势属。施用不同浓度的各类农用化学品对土壤线虫群落组成、多样性均产生一定影响。线虫总数及食细菌线虫、食真菌线虫、植物寄生线虫数量在不同处理间均存在显著差异(P<0.05);其中,植物寄生线虫的相对丰度随化肥施用量的升高呈增加趋势。从土壤线虫的生态指数来看,除PPI(植物寄生线虫成熟指数)外,其他生态指数[MI(成熟度指数)、F/B(食真菌线虫与食细菌线虫数量比值)、Evenness(均匀度指数)、SR(丰富度指数)、H’(多样性指数)]在施用不同农用化学品处理之间也存在显著差异,并且,MI随着施用钾肥、氮肥浓度的增加而降低。土壤线虫可以作为揭示施用农用化学品过程中土壤质量变化的生物学指标,其群落及多样性的变化表明土壤线虫群落对农用化学品的过量施用产生了响应,过量施用农用化学品会增加土壤生态系统的干扰,对土壤环境造成威胁。     

南方水田农用化学品投入水平及分析——以湖北湖南农户调查为例

利用农户调查及统计资料对南方水田地区农用化学品投入进行了实证分析，主要揭示了农户过量施用化肥和农药的情形以及目前有关农用化学品数据收集及计算中存在的问题。建议完善和实施有关化学品使用的普查、监测制度体系及相关政策。     

亚热带区域几种典型人工林生态系统林地土壤质量评价

针对不同经营模式对林地土壤的物理性质、化学性质和生物学性质的影响,采用主成分分析方法直观定量地研究了亚热带区域几种典型人工林生态系统林地的土壤质量指数和土壤退化指数,揭示了土壤质量指数之间的相关性和差异性、以及土壤退化指数之间的相关性和差异性,并很好地识别出了土壤质量指数和土壤退化指数的主要成分。分析结果基本上反映了不同生态类型林地土壤质量状况,主成分分析土壤质量指数得分以常绿阔叶林最高,其次是混交林和阔叶纯林,连栽杉木纯林最低;主成分分析土壤退化指数表明,与次生常绿阔叶林比较,其中连栽杉木纯林退化幅度最大,而混交林和阔叶纯林次之。从而对其林地土壤质量进行了准确评价,为杉木人工林的可持续利用提供直接依据,并为亚热带区域人工林生态系统林地土壤质量评价提供参考。     

三峡库区秭归县土壤退化综合评价

建立了土壤退化评价指标及其评价标准,并对三峡库区秭归县的土壤退化强度、类型与空间变化 进行了评价与分析。结果表明,秭归县土壤退化中紫色土、石灰土、黄棕壤和黄壤的退化较为严重。林荒地比耕地土壤退化严重。耕地中旱地比水田退化严重。秭归县土壤退化类型以薄层化、粗骨化、旱化和养分贫瘠化为主,其中养分贫瘠化又以缺K和缺P趋势明显。土壤退化因人们对土壤利用方式和强度的差异而存在着空间变异,秭归县位于长江两岸河谷地带的一些乡镇土壤养分退化较为严重,而远离此的高山区地带的一些乡镇土壤退化较轻。     

加强农业环境保护建设农村生态文明

我国是一个农业大国,同时也是农用化学品使用大国。长期以来,农用化学品在有效防治农业病虫害、保证农作物增产增收方面发挥着不可忽视的作用,然而随着化肥、除草剂、除虫剂等农用化学品的过量使用,导致土壤板结、地力下降,农业土壤内部环境变得愈发复杂,农业生态平衡遭到破坏,逐步退化。因此,加强农业环境保护,大力发展生态农业,建设农村生态文明迫在眉睫。农业生产需要首先对周围的生态环境有所了解,在生产过程中不能对周围的自然环境造成破坏,对于农业废弃物、家畜粪便以及周围生活垃圾应做到有计划的清理和消除,以此减少对自然生态环境造成的影响。基于此,对农业技术在推广宣传培训中的内容进行详细的介绍,希望帮助读者更好地了解相关内容。     

三峡库区秭归县土壤退化综合评价

建立了土壤退化评价指标及其评价标准,并对三峡库区秭归县的土壤退化强度、类型与空间变化进行了评价与分析。结果表明,秭归县土壤退化中紫色土、石灰土、黄棕壤和黄壤的退化较为严重。林荒地比耕地土壤退化严重。耕地中早地比水田退化严重。秭归县土壤退化类型以薄层化、粗骨化、旱化和养分贫瘠化为主,其中养分贫瘠化又以缺Ｋ和缺Ｐ趋势明显,土壤退化因人们对土壤利用方式和强度的差异而存在着空间变异,秭归县位于长江两岸河谷     

贵州喀斯特地区棕色石灰土与黄壤有机质剖面分布及稳定碳同位素组成差异

贵州位于全球最大的喀斯特生态系统一中国西南喀斯特生态系统的中心，由于受到亚热带季风气候的冲击和人类不合理社会经济活动的破坏，其喀斯特生态系统已出现不同程度的石漠化，尤以乌江流域最为严重。现已认识到石漠化是一种与脆弱生态地质背景和人类活动相关联的土地退化过程，而土壤退化是土地退化的核心部分。在土壤侵蚀与退化及全球碳循环的过程中，作为土壤重要组成部分和代表一个主要碳库的土壤有机质在生态系统中扮演了一个十分重要的角色，开展对喀斯特地区不同土壤有机质剖面分布及稳定碳同位素组成的研究，将有利于提高对流域土壤侵蚀与退化过程中有机质的生物地球化学循环的认识。本研究选择乌江流域喀斯特地区二种主要土壤类型石灰土和黄壤，根据土壤有机质含量和稳定碳同位素组成，结合土壤pH值、粘粒含量等分析结果，探讨了喀斯特山区石灰土和黄壤有机质的剖面分布和稳定碳同位素组成差异，旨在为喀斯特生态系统土壤有机质的生物地球化学循环研究提供基础资料。     

土壤侵蚀退化研究进展

从土壤物理退化、化学退化和生物学退化等3个方面回顾了国内外的土壤退化过程研究的历史与现状，全总结了国内外在土壤侵蚀退化形成的过程、机理、影响因素以及评价土壤退化的指标方法等方面的最新研究进展，最后提出了土壤退化过程和防治方法研究中存在的主要问题，并从多学科交叉的角度和土壤侵蚀退化机理研究及定量动态监测度来展望土壤侵蚀退化研究的进一步发展方向。     

关于黑土的退化问题

土壤退化是指人类对土壤不合理利用而导致土壤质量下降乃至荒芜的过程。土壤退化已对人类生存、全球环境及农林牧生产构成巨大的威胁,是当今世界重大生态问题之一。     

怀来盆地不同土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响分析

基于对河北省怀来县官厅水库南北两岸8种主要土地利用类型的土壤养分、pH值和土壤容重等的分析,讨论了不同土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响,并评价了不同土地利用方式下的土壤退化程度。结果表明:怀来县官厅水库北岸的防护林地,由于合理的土地利用管理与保护措施,土壤容重最低,土壤养分含量高于其它几种土地利用方式;而由坡耕地撂荒后演替而来的草地,由于当地干旱寒冷多风的气候环境,土壤的母质条件以及缺乏有效的恢复措施等原因引起土壤质量继续退化;在长期不合理的土地管理措施影响下位于水库南岸的防护林地及葡萄园、果园、玉米地等土壤也发生较严重退化,表现为土壤容重、pH值显著增加,大部分土壤养分显著降低。土壤退化指数的计算结果也表明草地及南岸的玉米地、葡萄园的土壤发生了较严重的退化。在对数据进行处理分析过程中发现,土壤有机质、有机碳与全氮之间存在显著正相关关系。     

土壤酶学硏究进展

土壤酶学是研究土壤酶活性及其相关特性的科学,是一门介于土壤生物学和生物化学之间的边缘交叉学科。土壤酶在土壤生态系统的物质循环和能量流动方面具有主要的作用。本文综述了土壤酶学发展简史、土壤酶的来源、分类、功能及分布特征等,总结了土壤理化性质、施肥、放牧、土壤微生物、施用稀土元素、草地生长年限、不同土地利用和耕作方式及其他因素对土壤酶活性的影响,对于加深理解生态系统中的物质循环、土壤酶的生态重要性以及土壤生态系统退化机理有重要作用。最后,结合本项目组的研究对土壤酶学的研究前景进行了展望。     

Influences of alpine ecosystem responses to climatic change on soil properties on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China

Alpine ecosystems are quite sensitive to global climatic changes. Drawing from two sets of remote sensing data (1986 and 2000) and field investigations, the ecological index method was used to document ecosystem changes in the Yangtze and Yellow River source regions of central Qinghai–Tibet. Although crucial to understanding alpine ecosystem responses to global climatic changes, and in assessing the potential for their rehabilitation, the impact of such changes on alpine soil characteristics, including structure, composition, water retention, as well as chemical and nutrient contents, is poorly understood. Over a 15-year period (1986–2000), climatic changes led to considerable degradation of alpine meadows and steppes. In the meadows, the surface layers of the soil became coarser, bulk density, porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity rose, while water-holding capacity decreased. In comparison, steppe soils showed little changes in soil physical properties. Degradation of alpine ecosystems led to large losses in soil available Fe, Mn and Zn. Important losses in soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (TN) occurred in badly degraded ecosystems. Climate warming in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, caused by the impact of greenhouse gas, has resulted in changes of cold alpine ecosystem such as the significant alteration of the soil C and N cycles.     

Grassland degradation reduces the carbon sequestration capacity of the vegetation and enhances the soil carbon and nitrogen loss

Abstract

Grassland degradation not only results in soil degradation and severe decreases in land productivity, but also can promote the emission of soil carbon and nitrogen compounds as greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the impact of grassland degradation on carbon and nitrogen budgets in Inner Mongolia, China. We investigated the changes of total carbon, organic carbon, inorganic carbon and total nitrogen that occur in a grassland ecosystem (including vegetation and top 30 cm soil layer) in the course of grassland degradation. Total carbon stored in the grassland ecosystem was reduced by up to 14%, depending on the severity of the degradation. Total nitrogen storage was reduced by almost 10% under severe degradation, but was slightly increased at light and intermediate degradation, indicating that grazing exclusion would not lead to an increase in nitrogen storage in the ecosystem. Over 98% of the total carbon and nitrogen stored in the grassland ecosystem was bound in the soil which provides the dominant and most stable carbon and nitrogen pool in the ecosystem. Most of the soil carbon and nitrogen storage was present in soil water-stable aggregates and was released as soil water-stable aggregates break in the course of grassland degradation. In conclusion, the carbon sequestration capacity of the vegetation decreased significantly, and substantial proportions of soil carbon and nitrogen were lost in the course of grassland degradation, resulting in unbalanced carbon and nitrogen budgets. Strategies to restore degraded grassland must be designed to increase the carbon and nitrogen storage potential of grassland ecosystems.     

丛枝菌根生理生态功能及其在生态恢复中的作用

近年来生态系统退化、环境污染等问题日趋严峻,生态恢复成为国内外关注的热点之一。丛枝菌根是陆地生态系统中分布最广泛、最重要的互惠共生体之一,对提高植物抗逆性、植被恢复、保持生态系统稳定与可持续生产力的作用显著。本文重点综述丛枝菌根的生理生态功能,及其在矿区土壤、旱区和盐碱土壤、退化草原等生态重建中的应用潜力,并对未来研究方向进行了探讨,旨在为生态恢复提供一条新途径。     

Soil properties characterization for land-use planning and soil management in watersheds under family farming

Environmental monitoring of small, rural watersheds was one of the components of the Natural Resources Management and Rural Poverty Alleviation Program (RS-Rural) in southern Brazil. The purpose of the monitoring was to assess the impact of promoting soil conservation and environment management practices adopted by farmers and funded by the Program. In four small monitored watersheds, in a total of 95 plots representing distinct land use and soil management, surface soil was collected to characterize ground-zero of the Program by determining several soil physical, chemical and microbiological properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) shows soil physical, chemical and biological properties were decisive in defining the agricultural soils in the rural watersheds with family farming. The sensitivity to chemical properties provides an opportunity to improve soil quality if soil management focuses on altering those properties. Soil management practiced by tobacco farmers leads to rapid, intense degradation of some natural soil properties, especially those related to the dynamics of soil organic matter, compared with more conservationist uses (forest, regrowth, and grassland). Thus, soil management must be reoriented to avoid the progress of degradation and recover soil physical and biological quality. Cover crops and by land-abandonment to allow natural vegetation are important management strategies for the degraded soils used for tobacco production, increasing soil organic matter, nutrients and microbial activity and thus allowing further crop production. In conclusion, watersheds with tobacco cropping have soils with lower quality than when under no-tillage grain production, requiring changes in land use and soil management.     

Development of a soil degradation assessment tool for organic olive groves in southern Spain

Forty-six organic olive orchards under different soil management systems were evaluated in the province of Córdoba (southern Spain) to assess the state of their soil properties and the degree of degradation of their topsoil, and the possibilities for monitoring any soil degradation risk. Our study indicated that 55% of the olive farms sampled (OF) presented a low soil degradation, in which most of their deficiencies were a low content in some soil nutrients such as P, which may be partly due to the moderate fertility of some soils in the area. This result could be explained by the low or moderate intensity of the farming systems used in a large part of the study area. Seven percent of the sampled OFs had a large number of physical, chemical and biological soil properties, that could be considered as being degraded, and these olive orchards were classified as seriously degraded. The remaining OFs were in an intermediate state. The degree of soil degradation was not correlated with any specific soil management method or with predicted soil erosion rates, suggesting that it was the result of specific and varied on-farm conditions difficult to detect without a field evaluation. Three soil degradation indexes were obtained through a principal component analysis of the soil properties analyzed. These indexes were able to distinguish between OFs with low soil degradation and those in a serious state of degradation. Two of the indexes are basically integrative ones that can be used in relatively large surveys considering a large number of soil properties. The third index developed used only three soil properties, organic C, water stable macroaggregates, and extractable P, and has the potential to be used as a relatively easy and inexpensive screening test of soil degradation for organic olive farms in the area.     

不同培肥模式对茶园土壤微生物活性和群落结构的影响

以闽东地区红黄壤茶园定位实验地为对象,通过测定6种不同施肥处理土壤微生物学特性,研究不同培肥对土壤微生物特性和生物化学过程的影响,阐明各指标间的相互关系.结果表明,除了单施无机肥处理外,半量化肥+半量有机肥、全量有机肥、全量化肥+豆科绿肥以及半量化肥+半量有机肥+豆科绿肥等的培肥方式均不同程度提高了土壤有机质,可培养微生物数量,微生物量碳、氮含量及土壤酶活性,尤以半量无机肥+半量有机肥+豆科牧草的培肥模式增幅更为明显,而单施无机肥不利于微生物的生长、酶活性的提高和维持生态系统的稳定性.微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)标记主成分分析显示,各种不同施肥方式使微生物群落结构发生改变.相关分析表明,微生物量与可培养微生物数量、微生物磷脂脂肪酸含量之间的相关性明显高于微生物量与各种酶活性之间的相关性,说明微生物数量大小对微生物群落结构的影响大于对酶活性功能的影响.研究也表明土壤各微生物指标能从不同方面反映土壤肥力水平,所以采用各种不同的方法能更客观地评价闽东地区茶园红黄壤质量的优劣.     

聚合物包膜控释肥料膜壳累积、降解及对土壤质量影响的研究进展

聚合物包膜控释肥料是实现化肥提质增效的新型肥料之一,其控释效果依赖于包膜材料。控释肥料养分释放后的残留膜壳是农业土地上微塑料的重要来源,膜壳及其降解产物是否对土壤质量安全造成影响尚不清楚。本文综合了国内外膜壳残留及其降解的研究进展,从聚合物包膜控释肥料残留膜壳在农田中的累积现状、降解性能研究及其对土壤物理–化学–生物学效应等土壤质量参数的影响进行了阐述,包括:1)现有文献指出,控释肥料膜壳在农田中的累积量与施用量基本相同,其在不同类型农田土壤及不同土层中的赋存、分布和累积现状不同;2)不同类型控释肥料膜壳在土壤中的降解过程主要与聚合物材质相关,降解率可通过聚合物材料改性来提高,其降解过程、产物及机制值得探索;3)控释肥料膜壳降解产物对土壤物理、化学、生物学性状及作物生长的影响程度取决于聚合物材料类型、累积量及土壤类型。短期内低浓度的膜壳累积对土壤理化性质、土壤生物及作物生长无不良影响,长期累积或高浓度下膜壳影响土壤质量变化的阈值亟需明确。据此,进一步提出,1)应广泛开展不同种类控释肥料膜壳在农田中的赋存、分布和累积的现场监测评估工作;2)开发控释肥料膜壳及其次级降解物分离提取、鉴定和定量表征的分析技术和方法,建立健全标准化方法;3)了解控释肥料膜壳及其降解产物在土壤中的去向和迁移过程及其对不同类型土壤及不同作物品种的影响,探寻膜壳残留量与效应之间的关系及其影响机制;4)研制开发天然、生物及可降解控释肥料膜材,研究膜壳降解与养分释放之间的相互关系,构建新型可生物降解控释肥料膜壳降解与养分释放关系数据模型,以期为聚合物包膜控释肥料的应用、开发及标准的制定提供科学依据。     

Impacts of land use/cover change on soil properties in the Mediterranean region of northwestern Jordan

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of deforestation on physical and chemical properties of soils under native forest in the Mediterranean region of northwestern Jordan. Land use/cover maps of 1953, 1978 and 2002 were interpreted and analysed within GIS to quantify the shift from forest to rainfed cultivation. Six sites were sampled in a non‐changed forest and in cultivated fields, three for each. Different soil properties of texture, bulk density, organic matter, total nitrogen, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), phosphorous and potassium were analysed. Results showed that many forests were changed into cultivated lands at a rate more than the reforestation. Subsequently, adverse effects on the studied physical and chemical properties were observed. The most affected properties were particle size distribution, bulk density of surface soil and subsoil. Organic matter and CEC decreased in cultivated soil as compared to the forest soil. Cultivated soils were found to exhibit a significantly lower status in physical and chemical soil properties as compared to forest soils. This general decline in the soil physical and chemical properties, in turn, contributed to soil erosion, reduction of soil fertility and land degradation. There is an urgent need to improve soil quality by developing sustainable land use practices to reduce the rate of soil degradation and to ensure long‐term sustainability of the farming system in the study area and in similar biophysical settings. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.