金尾矿废弃地不同植被恢复模式对土壤理化性质的影响

为探讨矿山废弃地不同植被恢复模式对土壤理化性质的影响,以福建紫金山金尾矿废弃地为研究对象,对6种不同植被恢复模式土壤理化性质及重金属含量进行调查研究,并与未被破坏的自然植被群落和植被恢复前的裸尾矿进行比较分析。结果表明:(1)植被恢复能有效改良土壤理化性质,降低重金属含量,不同植被恢复模式土壤性质特征存在差异。与裸尾矿相比,植被恢复后土壤容重最大降幅为9.85%,孔隙度和持水量大幅度提升,有机质含量提高了12.23~27.74倍,养分含量明显增加,土壤重金属含量明显降低;(2)土壤理化性质之间具有明显相关性,其中毛管孔隙度对土壤物理因子具有明显的指示作用,有机质和速效钾对土壤养分的指示作用更为显著;(3)主成分分析表明,马尾松—枫香—本地河滩模式对尾矿土壤理化性质综合改良效果最好,植被恢复效果较好,其次为马尾松—邓恩桉—本地河滩草模式,马尾松—樟树—胡枝子—本地河滩草和马尾松—胡枝子—本地河滩草模式对尾矿土壤综合改良效果不明显,但立地条件均优于裸尾矿。     

嘉陵江上游不同植被恢复模式土壤微生物及土壤酶活性的研究

以嘉陵江上游水土流失定位观测站内5种植被恢复模式为研究对象,对土壤微生物、土壤酶活性以及理化性质进行了研究。结果表明:①退化生态系统进行植被恢复后土壤微生物数量明显增加,上层>下层,且随季节不同而有明显变化;②5种植被恢复模式脲酶、蔗糖酶活性均明显高于对照地,3种土壤酶活性随季节变化明显且因林分而异;③5种植被恢复模式土壤氮素的转化率除湿地松纯林外均明显高于对照地,土壤氮素转化率与3种酶均呈极显著的相关关系,与土壤中细菌、放线菌数量之间也呈正相关关系,但相关系数未达显著水平;④火烧迹地灌丛土壤养分含量最高,微生物数量最大,脲酶、蔗糖酶活性最强,土壤的结构性最好。     

芒萁侵入红壤退化裸地对土壤理化性质和细菌组成的影响

芒萁是最早侵入红壤退化裸地的先锋植物,其侵入过程对土壤环境的改变在退化裸地生态恢复进程中具有重要意义。以福建省长汀县红壤侵蚀裸地为研究对象,分析测定退化裸地中芒萁侵入区和非侵入区土壤理化性质和细菌组成及多样性。结果表明：芒萁侵入裸地显著提高土壤最大持水量、土壤含水率、全碳、全氮、全钾、有机质和pH,并显著降低土壤容重;芒萁侵入区增加根瘤菌目和慢生根瘤菌属等14种土壤优势细菌,变形菌门和甲型(α)变形杆菌的相对丰度显著提高(p<0.05),而土壤绿弯菌门和AD3菌纲的相对丰度显著降低(p<0.05),这些土壤细菌主要功能为化能异养、好氧化能异养和纤维素分解;芒萁侵入裸地显著提高土壤细菌群落结构多样性(p<0.05);芒萁侵入区和非侵入区土壤细菌群落结构差异显著(p<0.05);土壤细菌群落结构的主要影响因子是土壤含水率、全碳、有机质、土壤容重和pH。这些影响因子与疣微菌门、变形菌门、疣微菌纲和甲型(α)变形杆菌纲正相关。综上所述,芒萁侵入后可显著改善红壤侵蚀退化裸地的土壤理化性质,改善土壤细菌群落组成,增加土壤细菌群落多样性和优势菌群,对土壤细菌群落有积极效应。     

退化红壤马尾松恢复林地土壤微生物生物量变化及其控制因素研究

退化土壤植被恢复后土壤质量在凋落物参与下提高,但恢复土壤理化性质与土壤微生物生物量间的相互作用尚不清楚。本研究目标是调查退化红壤马尾松恢复林地凋落物清除对土壤理化性质和微生物生物量的影响,分析影响土壤微生物生物量的控制因素。研究结果表明,与侵蚀裸地相比,无论凋落物清除与否,马尾松恢复林地的土壤孔隙度、水稳性团聚体比例、土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤微生物生物量均有较大提高;其提高幅度受土层深度和坡位影响,主要表现为表层土壤大于亚表层土壤,坡顶和坡底土壤大于坡中土壤。与凋落物保留林地相比,凋落物清除林地土壤各项指标提高幅度降低。通径分析的结果表明,影响微生物生物量最重要的因素是土壤有机碳含量,其次为土壤孔隙度;凋落物则是通过孔隙度和有机碳来间接影响土壤微生物生物量。本研究说明土壤物理结构恢复对土壤生物学性质的恢复有重要意义。     

科尔沁沙地南缘樟子松固沙林更新迹地土壤理化特性演变研究

科尔沁沙地南缘在90年代初引种失败后,对原有植被采伐并在采伐迹地进行植被重建。为了研究沙地植被更新13 a后土壤特性,选取土壤容重、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效钾7个衡量土壤肥力的重要指标作为土壤环境肥力质量的评价指标,采用改进的内梅罗(Nemoro)公式对山杏、彰武小钻杨和白丁香三种林分的土壤环境肥力质量进行综合评价。结果表明,植被重建后土壤特性演变朝良性方向发展,相较于采伐迹地土壤容重减小、田间持水量提高;有机质、氮磷钾及其有效性明显提高,有效磷和碱解氮含量相较于采伐迹地增幅最大;3种植被重建类型对提高土壤上层(0~10 cm)理化性质的能力较下层(10~20 cm)强;樟子松更新迹地3种植被重建类型下土壤肥力质量综合排序为:彰武小钻杨(0.82)白丁香(0.72)山杏(0.66)。樟子松固沙林更新迹地植被重建后的土壤理化性质及肥力条件得到了有效改善,且有很大的提升空间。研究结果将为今后科尔沁沙地生态恢复提供科学依据。     

不同植被配置模式对福建紫金山金铜矿废弃地土壤质量的恢复效果

为了了解植物治理措施对福建紫金山金铜矿矿山废弃地土壤质量的恢复效果,设置不同植被治理模式：马尾松＋胡枝子（模式A）、马尾松＋胡枝子＋香根草＋本地河滩草（模式B）、马尾松＋本地河滩草（模式C）、枫香＋本地河滩草（模式D）、桉树＋本地河滩草（模式E）和马尾松＋桉树＋本地河滩草（模式F）,同时设置矿区周边未经开采的对照样地,通过对不同配置模式下土壤理化性质的分析测定,比较其对矿山废弃地土壤质量恢复效果的差异。结果表明：恢复5 a后,不同植被配置模式土壤理化性质均有较大改善,除模式B和模式C外,其他模式土壤含水率均超过了对照,模式A、模式D、模式E和模式F分别达到对照的1.99、1.78、1.34倍和1.66倍;模式B、模式C和模式F可较快改善土壤团聚体结构,提高土壤抗蚀性;模式D可较快提高土壤各养分含量,有利于土壤营养状况的改善,恢复5 a后全N、水解N、全P和速效K分别为对照的54.98%、78.17%、63.18%和85.19%;模式F对土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn、Mn和Cu均有较好的修复效果;在植被配置模式中加入本地河滩草,可较大提高废弃地土壤的抗蚀能力。结合聚类分析结果可以得出,马尾松＋胡枝子＋香根草＋本地河滩草（模式B）、枫香＋本地河滩草（模式D）和马尾松＋桉树＋本地河滩草（模式F）3种模式较适合应用于紫金山矿山废弃地的植被恢复。     

植被恢复对黄土高原矿区重构土壤理化性质、酶活性以及真菌群落的影响

[目的]研究黄土高原矿区重构土壤植被恢复对土壤理化性质、酶活性以及真菌群落的影响,准确评价植被恢复对该地区的土壤生态恢复效果。[方法]在内蒙古自治区准格尔旗选择3种典型植被恢复类型(灌木、乔木、草地)和未复垦地采集0—20 cm土壤样品,采用扩增子测序技术分析了土壤真菌多样性和群落组成,同时结合土壤理化性质探讨了不同植被恢复类型影响真菌群落多样性的重要因素。[结果]①与未复垦地相比,3种典型植被恢复类型不仅对土壤理化性质和酶活性均有明显提升,还提高了土壤真菌可操作分类单元(OUTs)和多样性指数,且差异显著,以灌木的效果最好。②真菌主要菌门相对丰度在各样地变化趋势为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)担子菌门(Basidiomycota)球囊菌门(Glomeromycota),相对丰度之和已超过50%,土壤真菌群落结构在4个样地之间保持了一定的稳定性。③土壤含水量为影响真菌群落结构的最主要因素。[结论]植被恢复影响土壤理化性质、酶活性及真菌群落多样性,黄土高原矿区生态恢复是一个漫长的过程,在生态恢复过程中,宜种植灌木来改善重构土壤的生态环境。     

退化演替对高山草地植被和土壤理化特性影响

[目的]分析3种不同草地退化阶段(轻度退化,中度退化和重度退化)草地植被和土壤理化特性的变化规律,为类似区域退化草地植被恢复提供有效途径。[方法]野外植被调查、土壤取样和室内分析。[结果]草地退化不同阶段草地植物群落组成和物种多样性均有差异,退化对草地土壤理化特性有明显影响。重度退化草地土壤容重显著高于轻度退化草地(p0.05)。轻度和中度退化样地0—10cm土壤空隙度显著高于重度退化草地。重度退化草地的土壤有机质、全碳、全钾、全磷和有效钾均明显小于轻度退化草地(p0.05),但土壤pH值和有效氮含量没有显著变化。[结论]高山草地退化演替对该区土壤物理特性具有显著影响。     

开发建设项目水土保持监测信息系统设计

在日本冈山县备前市久久井地区的一片森林火烧迹地,布设了3块不同样地进行调查取样和室内实验对比分析.对火烧后由于降雨所引起的土壤理化性质的动态变化进行了数据分析.结果表明,3块样地土壤的pH值、物理性质以及养分的流失程度均不同.根据研究结果,探讨了减少土壤养分流失的方法,从而选择最适植被恢复方式,为火烧迹地的植被恢复提供理论依据.     

南方红壤侵蚀区马尾松林下植被恢复限制因子与改造技术

林下植被匮乏是南方红壤丘陵区退化马尾松林生态系统普遍存在的一个突出问题.恢复退化马尾松群落的林下植被对于扭转该地区低效马尾松林的逆向演替,改善当地生态环境具有重要意义.分析了马尾松林下植被匮乏的主要成因,并从土壤养分、土壤物理性状、夏季高温和季节性干旱、土壤酸化和人为干扰等方面综合探讨了林下植被恢复的主要限制性因素.从如何控制林地水土流失,改良退化林地土壤及减少人为干扰3个方面提出了退化马尾松林下植被恢复的对策.总结了到目前为止林下植被恢复较为成功的几种模式,以期为今后南方红壤侵蚀区退化马尾松林的改造和修复提供参考.     

Lateral and Vertical Variations of Soil Organic and Inorganic Carbon Content in Aridisols and Entisols of a Rangeland

Eurasian Soil Science - The influence of biological and physicochemical soil properties on the variations in soil organic and inorganic carbon (OC and IC) contents at the soil surface was studied....     

不同人工林对黄河三角洲滨海盐碱地土壤理化性质的影响

为了探讨人工林对黄河三角洲滨海盐碱地土壤理化性质的改良效果,采用野外取样和室内分析测定相结合的方法,以林龄8年的4种人工林为研究对象,未造林空地为对照,对各样地的土壤理化性质指标进行分析。结果表明:(1)4种人工林均能改善黄河三角洲滨海盐碱地的土壤理化特性。与对照空地相比,人工林的平均土壤容重、含盐量、pH值分别降低了4.8%,44.4%,2.5%,平均总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度分别提高了6.0%,4.7%;(2)不同人工林对土壤阳离子交换性能及碱化度的影响效果各异,其碱化度大小依次为:柽柳(27.4%)杜梨(23.3%)对照(19.5%)白蜡(16.0%)盐柳(13.3%)。     

植物篱对石灰土坡耕地理化性质及磷素流失的影响

在三峡库区香溪河流域典型石灰土坡耕地通过修建标准径流小区,设置栀子花(灌木)和黑麦草(草本)植物篱,研究不同类型植物篱对石灰土坡耕地耕层土壤理化性质及磷素流失特征的影响。结果表明:植物篱系统可有效的增加土壤耕层细颗粒含量和减小土壤容重,从而改善土壤分形特征,增强土壤疏通性及含水量,达到增大石灰土坡耕地土壤抗蚀性指数和防治土壤养分流失的目的;2种类型植物篱在不同深度耕层、植物篱带内和带间对石灰土坡耕地理化性质及磷素流失的影响表现出一定的差异性,但总体上差异不显著;土壤耕层黏粒含量与土壤中Ca_8-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P和Ca_(10)-P的含量均达到了极显著正相关(r=0.772,0.805,0.603,0.682,0.738),土壤容重与土壤黏粒含量存在显著的负相关关系(r=-0.648),表明植物篱系统是通过对土壤黏粒的有效阻滞和富集,从而减小石灰性土壤容重和磷素的流失,实现改善石灰土坡耕地土壤理化性质和防治农业面源污染的效果。     

放牧管理对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸土壤线虫的影响及作用机制

不同强度、季节的放牧是草地生态系统中主要的放牧管理措施,在生物多样性维持以及生态过程发挥中起着重要的作用,然而,关于青藏高原东缘高寒草甸地区放牧对土壤线虫群落的研究甚少。本文调查了放牧（轻度、中度和重度）对植物群落、土壤理化性质和线虫群落的影响。结果表明：植物群落、土壤理化性质和线虫群落受到放牧、时间以及放牧和时间共同作用的影响;食细菌线虫、植物凋落物生物量、根生物量、土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量在轻度放牧草地内最高（p＜0.05）;杂类草生物量在中度放牧草地内最高;杂食线虫数量在重度放牧地内最低（p＜0.05）。植物群落和土壤特性与土壤线虫群落有明显的相关关系（p＜0.05）。结构方程模型显示食草动物主要通过植物群落影响植食和食细菌线虫,进一步的研究应针对植物群落多样性以及个体特征对线虫群落的影响。     

Linking diagnostic features to soil microbial biomass and respiration in agricultural grassland soil: a large‐scale study in Ireland

The functional potential of soil ecosystems can be predicted from the activity and abundance of the microbial community in relation to key soil properties. When describing microbial community dynamics, soil physicochemical properties have traditionally been used. The extent of correlations between properties, however, differs between studies, especially across larger spatial scales. In this research we analysed soil microbial biomass and substrate‐induced respiration of 156 samples from Irish grasslands. In addition to the standard physicochemical, soil type and land management variables, soil diagnostic properties were included to identify if these important soil–landscape genesis classes affected microbial biomass and respiration dynamics in Irish soil. Apart from physicochemical properties, soil drainage class was identified as having an important effect on microbial properties. In particular, biomass‐specific basal (qCO₂) and substrate‐induced respiration (SIR:CFE) were explained best by the soil drainage. Poorly drained soil had smaller values of these respiration measures than well‐drained soil. We concluded that this resulted from different groups within the microbial community that could use readily available carbon sources, which suggests a change in microbial community dynamics associated with soil texture and periods of water stress. Overall, our results indicate that soil quality assessments should include both physicochemical properties and diagnostic classes, to provide a better understanding of the behaviour of soil microbial communities.

Highlights

• Assessing the effect of soil diagnostic features and properties on microbial biomass and respiration
• A soil biological survey from 156 grassland sites in Ireland
• Soil drainage class has an important effect on microbial properties
• Soil quality assessments should include both physicochemical properties and diagnostic classes

     

Impact of agricultural land use on physicochemical properties of soils derived from sedimentary rocks in Malaysia

ABSTRACT

In Malaysia, soils derived from sedimentary rocks are extensively used for agricultural purposes with oil palm and rubber being the main dwellers. In order to understand the environmental impact of these perennial crops planting, the variability of physicochemical properties of 25 representative soils derived from sedimentary rocks under different ecosystems (agriculture land and natural forest) at six study sites spread across Malaysia was examined. Among the soil physicochemical properties, total soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and fertility level were found to be generally higher in the forest ecosystems followed by rubber plantation and finally oil palm plantations. Likewise, projection of principal component analysis showed an associative relationship between soil physicochemical properties and microhabitats. Finally, this study showed that soils from different agricultural and natural sites, but derived from similar sedimentary rocks, had distinctive weathering conditions and soil properties. Therefore, site-specific field management according to soil type, soil management techniques as well as fertilizer strategies are required to maximize crop production and to sustain ecosystem services. The output of this study will enable farmers to improve their crop yield via the selection of suitable crops cultivation based on soil characteristics.     

块石出露对喀斯特坡耕地土壤理化性质的影响

喀斯特坡面伴随有大量直径>25 cm的块石出露，为探明块石出露对土壤理化性质的影响，以坡面4个块石出露的农地和1个对照组为研究对象，分析土壤理化性质空间变异特征。结果表明：(1)在块石出露的农地中，土壤容重、黏粒、粉粒和砂粒的变化分别为0.87～1.42 g/cm³,25.70%～41.80%,38.11%～51.60%,13.76%～27.54%,土壤容重、黏粒和粉粒空间变异性均为弱且高于对照组，砂粒空间变异性为中等且低于对照组。(2)土壤全碳、全氮、全磷、全钾变化分别为9.82～23.13,0.94～2.15,0.65～2.93,7.38～20.35 g/kg,土壤有效磷、速效钾的变化分别为1.44～2.63,7.35～106.02 mg/kg,空间变异性均为中等且高于对照组。(3)土壤容重、黏粒、粉粒与其他土壤理化性质的之间的关系总体上呈负相关，且相关性在块石出露的农地中比对照组更显著。砂粒与黏粒之间呈显著负相关，与其他土壤化学性质之间的关系总体上呈正相关。(4)块石出露数量、出露坡度、出露比率和出露高度，对土壤理化性质的影响具有复杂性，土壤理化性质的...     

Tree species-mediated spatial patchiness of the composition of microbial community and physicochemical properties in the topsoils of a tropical montane forest

To evaluate the importance of plant-soil feedbacks in forest ecosystems, it is fundamental to understand the spatial range within which plant species control soil physicochemical and microbial properties. We investigated the spatial pattern of soil properties associated with canopy trees in a tropical montane forest on Mt. Kianbalu, Borneo. We analyzed soil physicochemical properties and microbial communities (biomarker lipid abundance) as a function of soil depth and distance from the tree trunk of a conifer (Dacrydium gracilis) or a broadleaf tree (Lithocarpus clementianus). The concentration of condensed tannins and fungi-to-bacteria were higher beneath Dacrydium than beneath Lithocarpus. Furthermore, carbon-degrading enzyme activities were lower beneath Dacrydium. These effects of the tree species were more distinct on soil properties beneath the tree crown than on those outside the tree crown. These effects appeared to be largely due to differences in litter chemistry, and the distinct set of soil properties formed corresponding to the above canopy crown. In conclusion, the species-rich forest on the tropical mountain contains spatially distinct units of soil properties associated with canopy trees, and this spatial pattern can influence ecosystem dynamics in the forest through plant-soil feedback effects.     

Biological soil crust development affects physicochemical characteristics of soil surface in semiarid ecosystems

Water and nutrients are scarce resources in arid and semiarid ecosystems. In these regions, biological soil crusts (BSCs) occupy a large part of the soil surface in the open spaces surrounding patches of vegetation. BSCs affect physicochemical soil properties, such as aggregate stability, water retention, organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) content, associated with primary ecosystem processes like water availability and soil fertility. However, the way BSCs modify soil surface and subsurface properties greatly depends on the type of BSC. We hypothesised that physicochemical properties of soil crusts and of their underlying soils would improve with crust development stage. Physicochemical properties of various types of soil crusts (physical crusts and several BSC development stages) and of the underlying soil (soil layers 0–1 cm and 1–5 cm underneath the crusts) in two semiarid areas in SE Spain were analysed. The properties that differed significantly depending on crust development stage were aggregate stability, water content (WC) (at −33 kPa and −1500 kPa), OC and N content. Aggregate stability was higher under well-developed BSCs (cyanobacterial, lichen and moss crusts) than under physical crusts or incipient BSCs. WC, OC and N content significantly increased in the crust and its underlying soil with crust development, especially in the first centimetre of soil underneath the crust. Our results highlight the significant role of BSCs in water availability, soil stability and soil fertility in semiarid areas.     

黄土丘陵区不同盖度生物结皮土壤抗冲性研究

按藓类植物所占结皮面积比例为盖度划分标准,采用变坡度水槽研究了不同盖度生物结皮对土壤抗冲性及黏结力、有机质、容重等理化属性的影响,探索了生物结皮理化属性与抗冲性之间的关系。结果表明:结皮容重随结皮盖度的增加呈不断减小的变化趋势4,盖度(苔藓盖度>80%)平均结皮容重比1盖度(苔藓盖度<20%)减小了16%;土壤黏结力、有机质、>5 mm水稳性团聚体百分比均随着结皮盖度的增加而增大。生物结皮通过本身分泌的有机凝胶体和多聚糖等胶结物质及菌丝之间的缠绕、包裹等作用,不但改善了土壤本身的理化属性,而且增强了松散土粒与土粒之间的黏结作用;结皮土壤抗冲刷时间随着结皮盖度的增加而延长,土壤侵蚀率随着结皮盖度的增加而减少,证实了结皮的形成和发育减少或避免了土壤侵蚀的发生与发展;生物结皮提高土壤抗冲性的作用主要表现在生物结皮提高了土壤黏结力与团聚体含量上。