Soil Organic Carbon,Black Carbon,and Enzyme Activity Under Long-Term Fertilization

The present study aims to understand the effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon (SOC), black carbon (BC), enzyme activity, and the relationships among these parameters. Paddy field was continuously fertilized over 30 yr with nine different fertilizer treatments including N, P, K, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK (two-fold NPK), NPK+manure (NPKM), and CK (no fertilization), N, 90 kg urea-N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; P, 45 kg triple superphosphate-P₂O₅ ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; K, 75 kg potassium chloride-K₂O ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; and pig manure, 22 500 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Soil samples were collected and determined for SOC, BC content, and enzyme activity. The results showed that the SOC in the NPKM treatment was significantly higher than those in the K, P, and CK treatments. The lowest SOC content was found in the CK treatment. SOC content was similar in the N, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK, and NPKM treatments. There was no significant difference in BC content among different treatments. The BC-to-SOC ratios (BC/SOC) ranged from 0.50 to 0.63, suggesting that BC might originate from the same source. Regarding enzyme activity, NPK treatment had higher urease activity than NPKM treatment. The urease activity of NPKM treatment was significantly higher than that of 2NPK, NP, N, P, K, CK, and NPKM treatment which produced higher activities of acid phosphatase, catalase, and invertase than all other treatments. Our results indicated that long-term fertilization did not significantly affect BC content. Concurrent application of manure and mineral fertilizers increased SOC content and significantly enhanced soil enzyme activities. Correlation analysis showed that catalase activity was significantly associated with invertase activity, but SOC, BC, and enzyme activity levels were not significantly correlated with one another. No significant correlations were observed between BC and soil enzymes. It is unknown whether soil enzymes play a role in the decomposition of BC.     

长期施肥下黑土碳氮和土壤pH的空间变化

试验研究了长期不同施肥下剖面(0~100 cm)土壤有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、微生物碳氮以及土壤pH的空间变化。结果表明:与单施化肥相比,长期有机肥和化肥配施显著提高了0~20 cm表层土壤有机碳、全氮、硝态氮和微生物碳氮含量,并且土壤有机碳和微生物碳氮的增加主要集中在0~40 cm土层。在0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层,等氮量有机无机肥配施(M1NPK和SNPK)处理土壤有机碳含量显著高于化肥NPK处理(P0.05),同时二处理土壤全氮含量没有由于化肥氮施用量减少而下降。与不施肥ck相比,单施化肥显著降低了土壤微生物量碳氮含量。在40 cm土层以下,与NPK处理相比,M2NPK、NP和N处理硝态氮累积量明显增加,而M1NPK和SNPK处理硝态氮累积量明显减少。长期不同施肥对土壤酸化的影响主要集中在0~40 cm土层,单施化肥处理土壤pH显著低于不施肥(ck)和有机无机肥配施处理(P0.05),其中2012年秸秆还田(SNPK)处理0~20 cm土壤pH比NPK处理高2.17。表明有机无机肥配施不仅能提高和维持土壤碳氮水平,还能防止土壤酸化的发生,尤其施用有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮的有机无机肥配施模式是东北黑土区最有效的施肥措施之一。     

稻麦轮作下紫色土有机碳活性及其对长期不同施肥的响应

【目的】研究稻麦轮作系统中紫色土总有机碳、活性有机碳和活性有机碳不同组分的变化特征及其对长期不同施肥措施的响应,揭示稻麦轮作系统长期不同施肥管理下有机碳质量和内在组成的变化。【方法】采集22年长期定位试验不施肥(CK)、单施化学氮肥(N)、化肥氮磷钾配施(NPK)、化肥氮磷钾+秸秆还田(NPKS)、高量化肥氮磷钾+等量秸秆还田(1.5NPKS)和化肥氮磷钾+厩肥(NPKM)处理0—20、20—40、40—60 cm土层的土壤,测定了总有机碳、活性有机碳及其不同活性组分的含量,计算土壤碳库管理指数和不同活性组分的分配比例,分析了活性有机碳及其各组分与总有机碳的关系。【结果】长期不同施肥显著影响了各土层总有机碳和活性有机碳含量,与不施肥相比,所有施肥处理均维持或提高了土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳含量和碳库管理指数,其中化肥氮磷钾+秸秆还田(NPKS)处理0—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层总有机碳含量分别提高32.5%、25.7%和5.3%,活性有机碳含量提高37.0%、44.7%和9.3%,碳库管理指数提高38%、49%和9%,其提升幅度高于其他施肥处理。长期不同施肥显著提高了各土层高、中、低活性有机碳含量,有机无机肥配施处理(NPKS、1.5NPKS、NPKM)提升效果高于单施化肥处理(NPK、N);但施肥对各活性组分占活性有机碳比例的影响较小,并没有改变各活性组分的分布格局。土壤活性有机碳及其高、中、低活性组分的含量与土壤深度有关,0—20 cm耕层土壤活性有机碳及高、中、低活性组分的含量均高于20—40和40—60 cm土层。不同土层高、中、低组分占活性有机碳的比例也存在较大差异,0—20 cm土层高、中、低活性组分占活性有机碳的比例平均为23.6%、35.6%和40.7%;下层土壤各活性组分的含量均下降,其中20—40 cm土层低活性组分下降程度较大,导致其占活性有机碳的比例下降至24.7%,而高活性和中活性组分的比例增加至30.5%和44.8%。土壤活性有机碳及其各组分与总有机碳含量呈显著线性正相关,表明土壤活性有机碳可以较好地反映总有机碳变化。【结论】稻麦轮作条件下,长期不同施肥可维持或提高土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳及其不同组分的含量,提高土壤碳库管理指数,氮磷钾肥配合秸秆还田总体提升效果较好,是促进土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳累积、改善土壤有机碳质量的推荐施肥措施。     

不同有机物料还田对东北黑土活性有机碳的影响

 【目的】阐明不同有机物料培肥对黑土总有机碳和活性有机碳组分的影响,探讨合理调控农田土壤肥力的施肥模式。【方法】以黑龙江省海伦市国家野外科学观测研究站试验区上进行了6年田间定位试验的小区土壤为研究对象,通过对土壤活性有机碳的提取以及室内作物栽培试验,对比和分析不同有机物料配施化肥处理下土壤活性有机碳与土壤生产力的变化。【结果】与试验初期相比,经过6年单施化肥处理后,土壤总有机碳（TOC）、微生物量碳（MBC）、水溶性有机碳（WSOC）以及轻组有机碳（LFOC）的含量显著下降;而有机无机配施则显著提高了土壤有机碳及各活性有机碳组分的含量。不同有机物料还田对土壤总有机碳和各活性有机碳组分的作用存在显著差异,作物秸秆与化肥配施更有助于TOC和LFOC的积累,其中以玉米秸秆配施化肥的效果最为突出,与单施化肥相比,增幅分别为26%和136%;粪肥配施化肥对MBC和WSOC的积累效果优于作物秸秆,其中以猪粪配施化肥的效果最为突出,与单施化肥相比,增幅分别为52%和85%。室内作物栽培试验表明,单施化肥处理将引起土壤生产力的下降,有机无机配施则能明显改善土壤生产力水平。不同有机物料配施化肥对土壤生产力的提升效果表现为：猪粪＞牛粪＞小麦秸秆≈玉米秸秆。【结论】在东北黑土区,不同有机物料处理之间土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳以及土壤生产力存在明显差异,玉米秸秆配施化肥能够显著提高土壤总有机碳和轻组有机碳的含量,而猪粪配施化肥则更有助于土壤微生物量碳和水溶性有机碳的积累,有利于土壤生产力的提升。     

Organic matter fractions within macroaggregates in response to long-term fertilization in calcareous soil after reclamation

Soil organic carbon(SOC) plays a key role in improving soil quality and optimizing crop yield. Yet little is known about the fate of macroaggregates(0.25 mm) under long-term fertilization and their relative importance in SOC sequestration in reclaimed calcareous soil. Therefore, the effects of mineral fertilizers and organic manure on the mechanisms of organic carbon(OC) stabilization in macroaggregates were investigated in this study. Four treatments were used: unfertilized control(CK), mineral fertilizer(NPK), compost chicken manure alone(M), and mineral fertilizers plus manure(MNPK). Samples from the 0–20 cm layer of soil receiving 11-year-long fertilization were separated into four fractions based on the macroaggregates present(unprotected coarse and fine particulate organic matter, cPOM and fPOM; physically protected intra-microaggregate POM, i POM; and biochemically protected mineral associated OM, MOM) by the physical fractionation method. Compared with the control, the long-term application of NPK had little effect on SOC content, total nitrogen(TN) content, and OC and TN contents of macroaggregate fractions. In contrast, incorporation of organic manure(MNPK) significantly increased SOC(45.7%) and TN(24.3%) contents. Application of MNPK increased OC contents within macroaggregate-extracted fractions of cPOM(292.2%), fPOM(136.0%) and iPOM(124.0%), and TN contents within cPOM(607.1%), fPOM(242.5%) and iPOM(127.6%), but not the mineral associated organic carbon(MOM-C) and nitrogen(MOM-N) contents. Unprotected C fractions were more strongly and positively correlated with SOC increase than protected C fractions, especially for cPOM-C, indicating that SOC sequestration mainly occurred via cPOM-C in the studied calcareous soil. In conclusion, MNPK increased the quantity and stability of SOC by increasing the contents of cPOM-C and cPOM-N, suggesting that this management practice(MNPK) is an effective strategy to develop sustainable agriculture.     

长期施肥下黑垆土有机碳变化特征及碳库组分差异

【目的】阐明长期施肥下土壤有机碳演变规律及碳库组分变化,揭示黄土旱塬土壤固碳效应及培肥模式。【方法】利用32年作物产量和土壤有机碳（SOC）数据分析土壤碳投入、固定及演变特征,采集2010年土样样品,通过物理分组方法得到砂粒、粗粉粒、细粉粒、粗黏粒、细黏粒及大团聚体和微团聚体,分析施肥对碳库组分的影响。【结果】试验中总碳投入从不施肥（CK）的8.10 t C?hm-2增加到秸秆还田（SNP）的69.40 t C?hm-2,耕层土壤SOC贮量施肥之间相差1.82倍,增施有机肥（M、MNP）SOC为21.76—24.04 t C?hm-2,SNP为16.01 t C?hm-2;土壤SOC贮量随碳输入量的增加而提高,有机碳固定率25.80%—36.05%,而秸秆还田只有8.20%;除长期不施肥处理仅靠根茬投入维持稳定的SOC水平外,其余所有肥料处理SOC均随试验年限延长而增加,SNP、M、MNP处理固碳速率依次为0.246、0.326、0.361 t C?hm-2?a-1。MNP和SNP处理砂粒SOC是CK的3.85和2.94倍、N处理的2.41和1.84倍,MNP处理较CK、NP处理SOC总量只增加了32.50%、18.10%,而砂粒中SOC却提高了285.12%、105.74%,砂粒级有机碳对施肥最敏感。施肥提高了活性有机碳（POC）与矿物结合态有机碳（MOC）的比率（W）,MNP、M、SNP处理的W值达18.62%、16.24%、14.41%,单施氮肥（N）和氮磷配施（NP）仅9.11%、9.99%,施肥提高了有机碳活性,改善了土壤有机碳质量。不施肥大团聚体（＞250 µm）SOC是微团聚体（＜53 µm)的9.14倍,施肥提高了15.83—23.84倍,并提高了大团聚体中土壤C/N比,而对微团聚体C/N影响不大。尽管团聚体含碳量随团聚体粒径增加而增加,但微团聚体有机碳含量增加对土壤固碳速率的作用显著高于大团聚体,对土壤碳的固定与物理保护起着重要作用。【结论】长期增施有机肥、秸秆还田提高了黄土旱塬黑垆土的碳固定与积累,且固碳增量主要分布在砂粒和大团聚体中。因此增施有机肥、秸秆还田是环境友好型土壤培肥措施。     

长期施肥下黄壤性水稻土有机碳组分变化特征

【目的】土壤有机碳具有高度异质性,不同组分的有机碳由于化学性质和存在方式等不同,其生物有效性和肥力功能不同,并反映出不同的稳定机制,所以深入研究土壤有机碳的组分特征,对于更好地了解土壤有机碳的稳定性和肥力机制具有重要意义。本研究以黄壤性水稻土为对象,旨在研究揭示长期施肥对土壤有机碳组分特征的影响并探讨合理培肥模式。【方法】以中国黄壤性水稻土18年长期施肥定位试验为依托,通过田间取样和室内分析,采用土壤有机碳物理-化学联合分组方法,重点研究不同施肥条件下土壤有机碳组分含量及分配比例的变化,并通过定量分析组分碳含量与年均碳投入量的关系,探讨土壤有机碳饱和现象。试验处理包括不施肥对照（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（M）、无机肥配施低量有机肥（0.5MNPK）和无机肥配施高量有机肥（MNPK）,碳投入梯度为0.87-6.02 t·hm^-2·a^-1。【结果】与不施肥（CK）相比,单施化肥（NPK）处理显著增加了土壤游离态粗颗粒有机碳、化学保护粉粒组有机碳和生物化学保护粉粒组有机碳含量,总有机碳提升10%;有机肥处理（0.5MNPK、M、MNPK）显著增加了土壤游离态粗颗粒有机碳、物理保护有机碳、化学保护粉粒组、黏粒组有机碳和生物化学保护粉粒组、黏粒组有机碳,增加幅度高于化肥处理,总有机碳提升24%-46%,其中以有机无机肥配施（MNPK）的提升幅度最大;与不施肥（CK）及单施化肥（NPK）处理相比,有机肥处理（0.5MNPK、M、MNPK）土壤物理保护有机碳的分配比例显著升高;模型分析发现,长期施肥条件下土壤游离态粗颗粒有机碳浓度与年均碳投入量呈显著的线性关系,而化学保护态有机碳浓度与生物化学保护态有机碳浓度以及土壤总有机碳含量,均与年均碳投入量呈显著的“饱和曲线效应”的对数函数关系。【结论】有机无机肥配施是提升黄壤性水稻土有机碳水平的最佳培肥措施,并以物理保护有机碳的提升幅度最大,强化了有机碳的物理稳定机制;黄壤性水稻土较稳定的有机碳组分（化学保护态、生物化学保护态）以及总有机碳存在饱和现象,在当前条件下出现饱和限制。     

长期有机无机配施黑土土壤有机碳对农田基础地力提升的影响

【目的】探讨长期不同施肥方式对提升东北黑土土壤有机碳和农田基础地力的差异。【方法】以国家黑土肥力和肥料效益长期监测试验（1989-2011年）资料为基础,采用 DSSAT ver.4.0作物生长模型模拟：（1） CK（对照,不施肥）;（2）NPK（施氮磷钾肥）;（3）NPKM（有机肥+NPK化肥,M指有机肥）;（4）l.5NPKM（NPKM处理的1.5倍）;（5）NPKS（秸秆+NPK化肥,S指玉米秸秆）5种施肥方式下东北黑土区春玉米20年的农田基础地力产量,在分析长期不同施肥措施下基础地力与土壤有机碳的演变规律的基础上,进一步探讨两者之间的数量化关系。【结果】经过20年施肥管理,NPK、NPKM、1.5NPKM和NPKS施肥处理春玉米农田基础地力产量分别增长了53.4%、78.0%、101.2%和69.4%,而CK处理的基础地力产量随时间延长呈下降趋势。到2008年,1.5NPKM、NPKM、NPKS、NPK 4个处理的土壤有机碳含量分别比CK处理的土壤有机碳含量增加了65.6%、65.1%、26.0%和21.7%,土壤有机碳储量分别提升了69.9%、44.2%、25.2%和16.7%。土壤有机碳含量与春玉米基础地力产量呈显著正相关（P＜0.01）,土壤有机碳含量每增加1 g?kg^-1,春玉米农田基础地力产量大约提高220 kg?hm^-2。【结论】土壤有机碳是黑土区基础地力的主要驱动因素,有机肥或秸秆与化肥配施提升了土壤有机碳,因而能有效提高春玉米农田基础地力产量和基础地力贡献率。增加有机物料投入是黑土区农田基础地力培育的最佳施肥措施。     

双季稻种植制度下长期施肥对红壤性水稻土氮素肥力的影响

设CK（不施任何肥）、NK（施氮、钾肥）、NP（施氮、磷肥）、NPK（施氮、磷、钾肥）、NK＋PM（施氮、钾肥＋猪粪）、NP＋RS（施氮、磷肥＋稻草）、NPK＋RS（施氮磷钾肥＋稻草）7个处理,通过25年长期肥料定位试验,研究了双季稻种植制度下长期施肥对红壤性水稻土氮素肥力的影响．结果表明,长期不平衡施肥处理（NK、NP）土壤各氮素含量增加不明显或出现一定幅度的减少;长期平衡施用化肥的NPK处理,土壤各氮素含量均有增长,与CK处理的差异达到显著或极显著水平;无机、有机肥长期配施处理NK＋PM、NP＋RS、NPK＋RS在单施化肥的基础上进一步提高了土壤中氮素养分的含量．双季稻种植制度下,长期平衡施肥,尤其是无机、有机肥配施能极大地增加红壤性水稻土各氮素养分含量,提高土壤氮素肥力,为水稻的高产、稳产和农业可持续发展提供良好的基础和保障．     

Discrepancy in Response of Rice Yield and Soil Fertility to Long-Term Chemical Fertilization and Organic Amendments in Paddy Soils Cultivated from Infertile Upland in Subtropical China

From 1990, over 17 years field experiment was carried out in paddy field cultivated from infertile upland to evaluate the response of rice productivity, soil organic carbon (SOC), and total N to long-term NPK fertilization or NPK combined with organic amendments. The field trials included NPK (N, P, K fertilizer), NPKRS (NPK combined with rice straw), NPK2RS (NPK combined with double amount of rice straw), NPKPM (NPK combined with pig manure) and NPKGM (NPK combined with green manure) and the cropping system was rice-rice {Oryza sativa L.) rotation. Annual rice yield, straw biomass, and harvesting index increased steadily with cultivation time in all treatments. Average annual rice yield from 1991 to 2006 was ranged from 7 795 to 8 572 kg ha-1 among treatments. Rice yields in treatments with organic amendments were usually higher than that in treatment with NPK. Contents of SOC and total N also increased gradually in the cultivation years and reached the level of 7.82 to 9.45 and 0.85 to 1.03 g kg-1, respectively, in 2006. Soil fertilities in treatments with chemical fertilization combined with organic amendments were relatively appropriate than those in treatment with NPK. There was obvious discrepancy between cumulative characters of rice yield and soil organic fertility in newly formed paddy field. Compared with relatively high rate of crop productivity improvement, cumulative rates of SOC and total N were much lower in our study. SOC and total N contents were still less than half of those in local highly productive paddy soils after 17 years cultivation in subtropical China. Present work helps to better understand the development of infertile paddy soils and to estimate the potential of yield improvement in this region.     

Improvement of soil fertility and rice yield after long-term application of cow manure combined with inorganic fertilizers

Fertilization is an effective technique to improve soil fertility and increase crop yield. The long-term effects of different fertilizers on soil considerably vary. Over 38 consecutive years of different fertilization positioning experiments in a double cropping rice field of Qiyang Red Soil Experimental Station, seven different fertilization treatments including CK (no fertilization), NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer), M (cow manure), NPKM (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium with cow manure), NPM (nitrogen and phosphorus with cow manure), NKM (nitrogen and potassium with cow manure), and PKM (phosphorus and potassium with cow manure) were applied to study the effects on rice yield, soil fertility, and nutrient apparent balance in a paddy field. The results showed that the annual average yields of rice in NPKM, NPM, NKM, PKM, M, NPK and CK treatments ranged from 6 214 to 11 562 kg ha^–1. Yields under long-term organic and inorganic treatments (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were 22.58, 15.35, 10.53 and 4.41%, respectively, greater than under the NPK treatment. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN) and available potassium (AK) concentration with long-term organic and inorganic treatment (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were significantly higher than in inorganic fertilizer (NPK) treatments. Soil total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) contentration with organic fertilizer combined with inorganic N and P fertilizer treatment (NPKM, NPM and PKM) were significantly higher than with inorganic fertilizer alone (NPK treatments). The average annual rice yield (11 562 kg ha^–1), SOC (20.88 g kg^–1), TN (2.30 g kg^–1), TP (0.95 g kg^–1), TK (22.50 g kg^–1) and AP (38.94 mg kg^–1) concentrations were the highest in the NPKM treatment. The soil AN concentration (152.40 mg kg^–1) and AK contentration (151.00 mg kg^–1) were the highest in the NKM treatment. N and P application led to a surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil, but NPKM treatment effectively reduced the surplus compared with other treatments. Soils under all treatments were deficient in potassium. Correlation analysis showed that SOC, TN, AN, TP, and AP contentration was significantly correlated with rice yield; the correlation coefficients were 0.428, 0.496, 0.518, 0.501, and 0.438, respectively. This study showed that the combined application of N, P, and K with cow manure had important effects on rice yield and soil fertility, but balanced application of N, P, and K with cow manure was required.     

Long-term organic and inorganic fertilizations enhanced basic soil productivity in a fluvo-aquic soil

The improvement of soil productivity depends on a rational input of water and nutrients, optimal field management, and the increase of basic soil productivity(BSP). In this study, BSP is defined as the productive capacity of a farmland soil with its own physical and chemical properties for a specific crop season under local field management. Based on 19-yr data of the long-term agronomic experiments(1989–2008) on a fluvo-aquic soil in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China, the decision support system for agrotechnology transfer(DSSAT ver. 4.0) crop growth model was used to simulate yields by BSP of winter wheat(Triticum aestivium L.) and summer maize(Zea mays L.) to examine the relationship between BSP and soil organic carbon(SOC) under long-term fertilization. Five treatments were included:(1) no fertilization(control),(2) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers(NPK),(3) NPK plus manure(NPKM),(4) 1.5 times of NPKM(1.5NPKM), and(5) NPK plus straw(NPKS). After 19 yr of treatments, the SOC stock increased 16.7, 44.2, 69.9, and 25.2% under the NPK, NPKM, 1.5NPKM, and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value. Among various nutrient factors affecting contribution percentage of BSP to winter wheat and summer maize, SOC was a major affecting factor for BSP in the fluvo-aquic soil. There were significant positive correlations between SOC stock and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize(P0.01), and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize increased 154 and 132 kg ha~(–1) when SOC stock increased 1 t C ha~(–1). Thus, increased SOC accumulation is a crucial way for increasing BSP in fluvo-aquic soil. The manure or straw combined application with chemical fertilizers significantly enhanced BSP compared to the application of chemical fertilizers alone.     

Soil aggregation and aggregate associated organic carbon and total nitrogen under long-term contrasting soil management regimes in loess soil

This study investigated the effects of three contrasting soil management regimes and different nutrient treatments on the distribution of water-stable aggregates(2, 1–2, 0.5–1, 0.25–0.5, and 0.25 mm) and associated soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) content in loess soil. A 21-yr long-term experiment was performed, in which soil management regimes include cropland abandonment(Abandonment), bare fallow(Fallow) and wheat-fallow cropping(Cropping). Under Cropping, the following nutrient treatments were employed: control(CK, no nutrient input), nitrogen only(N), nitrogen and potassium(NK), phosphorus and potassium(PK), NP, NPK, and manure(M) plus NPK(MNPK). Results demonstrated that Abandonment significantly increased the content of soil macro-aggregates(0.25 mm) and mean weight diameter(MWD) at 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil horizons compared with Cropping, whereas Fallow yielded lower values of above two parameters. Abandonment increased SOC and TN contents in all aggregate sizes by 17–62% and 6–60%, respectively, at 0–10 cm soil layer compared with Cropping. Conversely, Fallow decreased SOC and TN contents in all aggregates by 7–27% and 7–25%, respectively. Nevertheless, the three soil management regimes presented similar SOC contents in all aggregates at 10–20 cm soil horizon. Only Cropping showed higher TN content in 0.5 mm aggregates than the two other regimes. Consequently, Abandonment enhanced the partitioning proportions of SOC and TN in 1 mm macro-aggregates, and Fallow promoted these proportions in micro-aggregates compared with Cropping. Under Cropping, long-term fertilization did not affect the distribution of aggregates and MWD values compared with those under CK, except for NPK treatment. Fertilizer treatments enhanced SOC and TN contents in aggregates at all tested soil depths. However, fertilization did not affect the partitioning proportions of SOC and TN contents in all aggregates compared with CK. Comprehensive results showed that different soil management regimes generated varied patterns of SOC and TN sequestration in loess soil. Abandonment enhanced soil aggregation and sequestered high amounts of SOC and TN in macro-aggregates. Long-term amendment of organic manure integrated with NPK maintained soil aggregate stability and improved SOC and TN sequestration in all aggregates in loess soil subjected to dryland farming.     

Interaction of soil microbial communities and phosphorus fractions under long-term fertilization in paddy soil

Understanding the impact of biological activities on the soil phosphorus (P) distribution under long-term fertilizer application can facilitate better soil P fertility management. Therefore, the primary objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of long-term (since 1981) fertilizer application on the soil P fractions and microbial community and to evaluate correlations between the microbial community structure and P distribution. The following treatments were implemented in a long-term field trial: no fertilization (CK), inorganic N and K (NK), inorganic P and K (PK), inorganic N, P and K (NPK) and manure+NPK (MNPK) fertilization. The study showed that the soil pH, soil organic carbon and total and available N and P concentrations were considerably higher in the MNPK treatment than in the CK treatment. The soil microbial biomass C, N and P concentrations were also significantly higher in the MNPK treatment than in the CK treatment. Among fertilization treatments, the β-1,4-glucosidase, α-1,4-glucosidase, urease, acid phosphatase and phosphodiesterase activities were the highest in the MNPK treatment. Compared to inorganic fertilization, the MNPK treatment increased the labile soil P fractions and decreased the residual soil P concentration. Continuous fertilization significantly affected the soil microbial composition. The total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentrations in the NK, PK, NPK and MNPK treatments were 23.3, 43.1, 48.7 and 87.7% higher, respectively, than in the CK treatment. A significant correlation was observed between the microbial community and soil P fractions. Moreover, the aggregated boosted tree (ABT) model showed that among the various soil biochemical properties, the total PLFA concentration was the factor that most influenced the active P pool, accounting for 35.4% of the relative influence of all soil biochemical properties examined. These findings reveal that combined manure and inorganic fertilizer application is a better approach than applying inorganic fertilizer alone for sustaining long-term P fertility by mediating soil biological activity.     

农艺措施对干旱区棉田土壤有机碳及微生物量碳含量的影响

【目的】探讨干旱区绿洲棉田农艺措施对土壤有机碳（SOC）及微生物量碳含量（MBC）的影响,揭示农艺措施对农田生态系统土壤碳稳定性的影响机制,为干旱区农业资源高效利用及可持续发展提供理论依据。【方法】试验采用裂裂区设计,以膜下滴灌和常规漫灌2种灌溉方式为主区,秸秆还田与秸秆不还田2种处理为裂区,4种施肥处理：单施有机肥（为腐熟鸡粪,OM）、单施氮磷钾化肥（NPK）、氮磷钾化肥与有机肥配施（NPK+OM）和不施肥（CK）为裂裂区。于棉花出苗后开始测定土壤异氧呼吸强度,并于每年棉花收获期采集土壤样品,测定和分析不同农艺措施下绿洲棉田土壤有机碳及微生物量碳含量。【结果】干旱区绿洲棉田不同农艺措施两两交互及3种措施交互作用下土壤有机碳、微生物量碳含量差异均不显著（P＞0.05）。土壤有机碳、微生物量碳含量表层0-20 cm含量均最高,其下层随着土壤深度的增加呈逐渐降低的趋势,至40-60 cm土层降至最低。不同农艺措施下,土壤有机碳含量变化表现为,与常规漫灌方式相比,膜下滴灌方式增加了2.5%-3.0%,秸秆还田比秸秆不还田增加了2.3%-6.3%,与CK处理相比,（NPK+OM）处理土壤有机碳含量增加了14.3%-16.8%,且（NPK+OM）/OM处理土壤有机碳含量显著大于CK/NPK处理（P＜0.05）。土壤微生物量碳含量为膜下滴灌方式比常规漫灌方式增加了21.9%-34.3%,秸秆还田比秸秆不还田增加了12.1%-29.4%,与CK处理相比,（NPK+OM）处理土壤微生物量碳含量增加了83.9%-151.0%。棉田土壤微生物熵（qMB）的大小变化在灌溉处理间表现为膜下滴灌>常规漫灌方式,秸秆处理间为秸秆还田>秸秆不还田处理,施肥处理间土壤微生物熵在0-40 cm土层显著大于40-60 cm土层,且不同土层间（NPK+OM）处理土壤微生物熵为最大,其次分别为OM、NPK、CK处理。棉田土壤微生物代谢熵（qCO₂）大小变化在不同灌溉处理间表现为膜下滴灌低于常规漫灌方式,秸秆处理间为秸秆还田低于秸秆不还田处理,施肥处理间为（NPK+OM）P＜0.05）。不同农艺措施间互作,膜下滴灌方式及秸秆还田措施下,（NPK+OM）处理棉田土壤微生物代谢熵最低。【结论】干旱区棉花生产中,采用膜下滴灌节水技术,氮磷钾化肥和有机肥配施,并实施秸秆还田等农田管理措施,可使土壤质量得到进一步改善,有利于农田土壤的可持续利用。     

长江下游稻麦轮作农田不同施肥措施的固碳潜力分析

基于长江下游稻麦轮作农田27个长期试验点184组样本数据,采用Meta分析法研究无机氮肥（N）、无机氮磷钾肥配施（NPK）、单施有机肥（O）和有机无机肥配施（OF）4种施肥措施下农田土壤有机碳含量相对年变化量、固碳持续时间以及在固碳周期内的固碳比例。结果表明,N、NPK、O和OF处理均能增加农田表土有机碳含量相对年变化量,分别为0.05、0.19、0.22和0.31 g·kg-1·a-1,其中,以OF等处理下为最大。两熟制和三熟制农田表土有机碳含量相对年变化量分别为0.26和0.21 g·kg-1·a-1;随着监测时间的延长,N、NPK、O和OF等4种处理下农田表土有机碳增加速率逐渐降低,农田土壤固碳持续时间分别达19、36、51和47 a,以O处理最长。整个固碳周期内土壤所能增加的有机碳比例分别为6.93%、18.98%、22.34%和32.33%,以OF处理下为最高。从农田土壤固碳角度考虑,有机无机肥配施为长江下游稻麦轮作农田较为适宜的施肥方式。     

长期不同施肥模式下南方水稻土有机碳的平衡特征

以水稻土长期定位试验为依托,设置8个施肥处理:CK(不施肥),N(施N 375 kg·hm^-2),NP(施N 375 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 187.5 kg·hm^-2),NK(施N 375 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 187.5 kg·hm^-2),NPK(施N 375 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 187.5 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 187.5 kg·hm^-2),M(施有机肥22 500 kg·hm^-2),M+NPK(施有机肥22 500 kg·hm^-2、N 375 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 187.5 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 187.5 kg·hm^-2),M+1.3NPK(施有机肥22 500 kg·hm^-2、N 487.5 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 243.75 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 243.75 kg·hm^-2),研究不同施肥处理12 a间土壤有机质的动态变化、有机碳的平衡、碳的固定与转化速率,以及土壤有机质与作物产量的关系。结果表明,不同施肥处理下,土壤有机质含量随时间推进整体呈上升趋势,有机无机肥料配施(M+NPK、M+1.3NPK)可显著(P<0.05)提高土壤有机质含量,M+NPK、M+1.3NPK处理的土壤有机质含量较CK分别提高17.9%和23.3%。各施肥处理下,土壤有机碳平衡均表现为盈余,有机碳平衡和有机碳投入呈线性相关,试验点有机碳平衡每年所需的最低有机碳投入量为1 660 kg·hm^-2。有机无机肥料配施能提高土壤有机碳的固定速率,且以M+1.3NPK处理下碳的固定速率最高。作物产量与土壤有机质含量表现为线性相关。以上结果表明,有机无机肥料配施可有效提高水稻土有机碳含量及其固定速率,并有利于作物产量提高,其中,以M+1.3NPK施肥方式效果最佳。     

红壤性水稻土有机无机复合体中碳氮特征对长期施肥的响应

【目的】研究长期施肥对红壤性水稻土有机无机复合体中有机碳（OC）、全氮（TNOIC）特征的影响,为红壤性水稻土管理和培育土壤肥力提供依据。【方法】以长期定位施肥试验的红壤性水稻土为研究对象（始于1984年）,选取CK（不施肥）、PK（施磷钾肥）、NPK（施氮磷钾肥）、NPKM（施70%氮磷钾肥+30%有机肥）4个处理。采集0—20 cm土层土样,分析各粒级（<2、2—10、10—20、20—50和50—250μm）有机无机复合体的分布,并探讨施肥对复合体中有机碳（OC）和全氮（TNOIC）含量、储量和碳氮比（C/N）的影响,以及有机无机复合体中OC和TNOIC对红壤性水稻土有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）贡献率的影响。【结果】与不施肥CK相比,施肥处理显著提高了20—50μm粒级复合体的比例,降低了<10μm粒级复合体比例,而NPKM处理与其他施肥处理相比,50—250μm粒级复合体的比例增加更显著;不同施肥对各粒级复合体中OC和TNOIC含量影响不同,与PK相比,NPK处理的50—250μm粒级复合体中OC和TNOIC分别增加了36.3%、80.6%;与NPK相比,NPKM...     

不同施肥方式对农田有机碳含量的影响

[目的]研究不同施肥方式对农田有机碳（SOC）含量的影响,为制定农田管理措施以减少碳排放提供科学依据。[方法]收集我国37个试验站资料,分析不同施肥处理下SOC变化。[结果]对照（CK）、有机肥（M）、无机肥（NPK）、无机肥＋秸秆（NPKS）和无机肥＋厩肥施肥（NPKM）处理方式下,SOC含量上升的样本比例分别为37.86%、89.96%、72.24%、97.87%和94.43%。不同施肥处理下SOC的增长量与施肥时间呈显著正相关（P〈0.01）。SOC初始值与不同施肥方式下的SOC含量呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,但与SOC年增长率呈明显或极显著负相关（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。[结论]有机肥和无机肥配施,有助于提高SOC含量,增强土壤养分供贮能力,有利于维持土壤有机质的平衡。     

长期施肥对绿洲农田土壤生产力及土壤硝态氮积累的影响

 在甘肃河西绿洲灌漠土上进行的长期定位试验表明，连续20年不施用任何肥料，导致农田土壤生产能力严重衰退。2001年不施肥的小麦产量仅是试验开始时（1982年）的25.7%，2000年的玉米产量为1984年的28.2%。肥料是影响农田土壤生产力的重要因素，不同肥料的影响程度依次是：氮肥＞有机肥＞磷肥＞钾肥，其平均增产率分别为36.5%、27.3%、24.7%和2.9%。随着试验年限的延长，不施任何肥料的对照产量持续降低，故氮肥的增产效果增加；磷肥增产效果比较平稳；钾肥在试验开始后最初6年（1982～1987年）无显著增产效应，中期具有一定的增产作用（1988～1992年），后期8年（1993～2001年）显著增产。施用有机肥的增产作用随着试验延续呈逐步增加的趋势，表明长期施用有机肥具有明显的残效叠加效应。不同施肥处理对土壤中NO-3-N的积累与分布有显著的影响。施用化肥的处理（NP和NPK）导致NO3--N在土壤剖面中大量积累，尤其是在20～140 cm土层。化肥与有机肥配合施用(MNP 和 MNPK) NO3--N在土壤剖面中的积累显著低于化肥处理。长期连续施用化肥和有机肥均导致土壤剖面中硝态氮的积累；与化肥相比，有机肥导致更深土壤剖面（140～180 cm）中硝态氮的积累，因此，长期有机无机肥配合施用可显著增加绿洲农田土壤生产力，维持和提高土壤质量，但从持续农业发展及保护生态环境等方面考虑，应适当降低施肥量。