土壤水分胁迫对甘薯光合作用的影响及其与耐旱性的关系

采用盆栽水分胁迫方法研究了耐旱特性不同的２ 个甘薯品种潮薯１ 号（耐旱）和胜利百号（不耐旱）的光合作用变化．结果表明,水分胁迫引起了甘薯叶片水势（ψ）和蒸腾速率（ Ｔｒ）下降,叶绿素总量（ Ｃｈｌ）、叶绿素ａ（ Ｃｈｌａ）、叶绿素ｂ（ Ｃｈｌｂ）和类胡萝卜素（ Ｃ Ａ Ｒ）被降解;气孔导度（ Ｇｓ）和净光合速率（ Ｐｎ）下降,但胞间 Ｃ Ｏ２ 体积分数（ Ｃｉ）表现出先下降后上升的趋势．甘薯品种耐旱特性不同,变化幅度有明显的差异     

陆地棉品种资源耐复合盐碱性综合评价分析

以119份国内外陆地棉品种资源为试验材料,测定了复合盐碱胁迫下陆地棉的叶绿素(Chl)、株高(PH)、果枝(FB)、果节(FN)、始节高(HFN)、叶面积(LA)、单株结铃数(BN)、铃重(BW)、衣分(LP)共9个农艺性状指标,并采用模糊数学的隶属函数法对陆地棉的耐盐性进行综合评价。结果表明:复合盐碱胁迫下,不同地域陆地棉的Chl、PH、FB、FN、HFN、LA、BN、BW、LP的耐盐系数存在差异,其中LP、BW、Chl差异较小,变异系数为0.078～0.171;而FN、BN、LA差异较大,变异系数为0.34～0.48。综合评价结果显示,119份陆地棉品种资源中,耐盐性为敏感(42.8%)和中耐盐(37.0%)的材料占多数,并筛选得到豫棉15、KK-1047、新陆中69等20份高耐盐及耐盐材料,可以为陆地棉耐盐遗传改良的亲本材料。     

不同抗旱性花生品种的根系形态发育及其对干旱胁迫的响应

为明确不同抗旱性花生品种的根系形态发育特征,探讨其根系形态发育特征对不同土壤水分状况的响应机制,在防雨棚旱池内进行土柱栽培试验,研究抗旱型品种"花育22号"、"唐科8号"和干旱敏感型品种"花育23号"3个不同抗旱性花生品种根系形态发育特征及其对干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明:抗旱型品种根系较发达,具有较大的根系生物量、总根长、总根系表面积。干旱胁迫使抗旱型品种根系总表面积和体积增加,而干旱敏感型品种则相反。干旱胁迫显著增加抗旱型品种"花育22号"20 cm以下土层内根长密度分布比例及根系表面积和体积,但"唐科8号" 相应根系性状仅在20-40 cm土层内增加;干旱胁迫使干旱敏感型品种"花育23号"40 cm以下土层内各根系性状升高,但未达显著水平且其深层土壤内各根系性状增加幅度小于"花育22号"。花生根系总长、总表面积及0-20 cm土层内根系性状与产量间呈显著或极显著正相关。土壤水分亏缺条件下,花生主要通过增加深层土壤内根长、根系表面积和体积等形态特性,优化空间分布构型,以调节植株对水分的利用。     

Overexpression of MdMIPS1 enhances drought tolerance and water-use efficiency in apple

Myo-inositol and its derivatives play important roles in the tolerance of higher plants to abiotic stresses, and myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase (MIPS) is the rate-limiting enzyme in myo-inositol biosynthesis. In this study, we found that increased myo-inositol biosynthesis enhanced drought tolerance in MdMIPS1-overexpressing apple lines under short-term progressive drought stress. The effect of myo-inositol appeared to be mediated by the increased accumulation of osmoprotectants such as glucose, sucrose, and proline, and by the increased activities of antioxidant enzymes that eliminate reactive oxygen species. Moreover, enhanced water-use efficiency (WUE) was observed in MdMIPS1-overexpressing apple lines under long-term moderate water deficit conditions that mimicked the water availability in the soil of the Loess Plateau. Enhanced WUE may have been associated with the synergistic regulation of osmotic balance and stomatal aperture mediated by increased myo-inositol biosynthesis. Taken together, our findings shed light on the positive effects of MdMIPS1-mediated myo-inositol biosynthesis on drought tolerance and WUE in apple.     

Use of ground based hyperspectral remote sensing for detection of stress in cotton caused by leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Detection of crop stress is one of the major applications of hyperspectral remote sensing in agriculture. Many studies have demonstrated the capability of remote sensing techniques for detection of nutrient stress on cotton with only few on pest damage but none so far on leafhopper (LH) severity. Subsequent to introduction of Bt cotton, leafhopper is emerging as a key pest in several countries. In view of its wide host range, geographical distribution and damage potential, a study was initiated to characterise leafhopper stress on cotton, identify sensitive bands, and derive hyperspectral vegetation indices specific to this pest. Cotton plants with varying levels of LH severity were selected from three locations across major cotton growing regions of India. About 57-58 cotton plants from each location exhibiting different levels of LH damage symptoms were selected. Reflectance measurements in the spectral range of 350-2500 nm were made using hyperspectral radiometer. Simultaneously chlorophyll (Chl) and relative water content (RWC) were also estimated from the selected plants. Reflectance from healthy and leafhopper infested plants showed a significant difference in VIS and NIR regions. Decrease in Chl a pigment was more significant than Chl b in the infested plants and the ratio of Chl a/b showed a decreasing trend with increase in LH severity. Regression analysis revealed a significant linear relation between LH severity and Chl (R² = 0.505^∗∗), and a similar fit was also observed for RWC (R² = 0.402^∗∗). Plotting linear intensity curves between reflectance at each waveband with infestation grade resulted in six sensitive bands that exhibited maximum correlation at different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum (376, 496, 691, 761, 1124 and 1457 nm). Regression analysis of several ratio indices formulated with two or more of these sensitive bands led to the identification of new leaf hopper indices (LHI) with a potential to detect leafhopper severity. These new indices along with 20 other stress related hyperspectral indices compiled from literature were further tested for their ability to detect LH severity. Two novel indices LHI 2 and LHI 4 proposed in this study showed significantly high coefficients of determination across locations (R² range 0.521 to 0.825^∗∗) and hence have the potential use for detection of leafhopper severity in cotton.     

不同紫花苜蓿品种对低磷环境的形态与生理响应分析

【目的】筛选耐低磷苜蓿品种及与耐低磷密切相关的性状指标,进一步为紫花苜蓿耐低磷机制研究和生产应用提供理论依据。【方法】在溶液培养条件下,对20个紫花苜蓿品种的24 d龄的幼苗分别进行常磷(500μmol·L~(-1) KH2PO4)和低磷(5μmol·L~(-1) KH_2PO_4)处理,30 d后检测各品种的茎叶干重(SLW)、株高(PH)、根干重(RW)、根冠比(RS)、总根长(TRL)、根表面积(RSA)、全磷含量(TP)、磷利用率(PUE)、酸性磷酸酶活性(ACPA),并计算各指标的耐低磷系数。进一步对各指标的耐低磷系数进行相关性分析,并运用主成分分析、隶属函数分析、回归分析及聚类分析方法,综合评价不同品种耐低磷性及筛选与耐低磷密切相关的指标,同时建立耐低磷评价模型。【结果】低磷胁迫下,各品种紫花苜蓿的地上部分生长受到抑制,地下根系增大,全磷含量显著下降(P0.01)。通过主成分分析可将9个单项指标转化为4个新的相互独立的综合指标。进一步利用隶属函数对4个新的综合指标进行耐低磷综合评价,结合聚类分析结果,可将20个紫花苜蓿品种可分为三类,其中耐低磷较强的品种包括敖汉、新牧1号、耐盐之星、皇冠;中度耐低磷品种包括骑士T、驯鹿、牧歌37CR、龙牧801等9个品种;耐低磷较弱的品种包括巨能Ⅱ、中苜2号、康赛等7个品种。进一步利用逐步回归分析方法建立了紫花苜蓿耐低磷性评价数学模型D=-0.7997+0.3856SLW+0.2025PH+0.3789RW+0.1051TRL+0.4188TP+0.1347ACPA,方程的决定系数R~2=0.9982.【结论】通过分析紫花苜蓿不同品种的耐低磷能力,得出耐低磷较强的品种为敖汉、新牧1号、耐盐之星、皇冠,与耐低磷性最相关的指标有茎叶干重、株高、根干重、总根长、全磷含量和酸性磷酸酶活性,可用于紫花苜蓿耐低磷性的评价筛选。     

水分胁迫对不同紫花苜蓿品种幼苗生长特性和根系ABA含量的影响

为探讨水分胁迫对3个紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)品种的生长特性和根系ABA浓度的影响,在温室可控条件下,采用盆栽停水法设置轻度(停水7d)、中度(停水14d)和重度(停水21d)3个水分胁迫水平,对敖汉、中苜1号和三得利3个紫花苜蓿品种进行处理,并分别测量叶片水势、相对含水量、气孔导度、根系ABA含量、地上生物量、根冠比及Fv/Fm。结果表明:随着水分胁迫程度增加,紫花苜蓿的地上生物量、Fv/Fm、叶水势、叶片相对含水量和气孔导度下降,根冠比和根系ABA含量升高。品种间的地上生物量和根系ABA含量差异显著(P0.05),Fv/Fm和根冠比无显著差异(P0.05);敖汉和三得利的气孔导度和土壤体积含水量呈线性正相关,中苜1号则是二项式相关;3个紫花苜蓿品种的气孔导度与叶水势以及气孔导度与ABA含量皆呈指数相关。3个品种对水分胁迫的响应存在显著差异,中苜1号的抗旱性最强,其地上生物量和根系ABA含量最高,敖汉次之,三得利最弱。     

Variations in chlorophyll content,stomatal conductance,and photosynthesis in Setaria EMS mutants

Chlorophyll (Chl) content, especially Chl b content, and stomatal conductance (G_s) are the key factors affecting the net photosynthetic rate (P_n). Setaria italica, a diploid C₄ panicoid species with a simple genome and high transformation efficiency, has been widely accepted as a model in photosynthesis and drought-tolerance research. The current study characterized Chl content, G_s, and P_n of 48 Setaria mutants induced by ethyl methanesulfonate. A total of 24, 34, and 35 mutants had significant variations in Chl content, G_s, and P_n, respectively. Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between increased G_s and increased P_n, and a weak correlation between decreased Chl b content and decreased P_n was also found. Remarkably, two mutants behaved with significantly decreased Chl b content but increased P_n compared to Yugu 1. Seven mutants behaved with significantly decreased G_s but did not decrease P_n compared to Yugu 1. The current study thus identified various genetic lines, further exploration of which would be beneficial to elucidate the relationship between Chl content, G_s, and P_n and the mechanism underlying why C₄ species are efficient at photosynthesis and water saving.     

Effect of low-nitrogen stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with different low-nitrogen tolerances

Nitrogen(N) is a critical element for plant growth and productivity that influences photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. We investigated the effect of low-N stress on leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with difference in tolerance to low N levels. The low-N tolerant cultivar ZH311 and low-N sensitive cultivar XY508 were used as the test materials. A field experiment(with three N levels: N0, 0 kg ha–1; N1, 150 kg ha–1; N2, 300 kg ha–1) in Jiyanyang, Sichuan Province, China, and a hydroponic experiment(with two N levels: CK, 4 mmol L–1; LN, 0.04 mmol L–1) in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China were conducted. Low-N stress significantly decreased chlorophyll content and rapid light response curves of the maximum fluorescence under light(Fm′), fluorescence instable state(Fs), non-photochemical quenching(qN), the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry under dark-adaption(Fv/Fm), potential activity of PSII(Fv/Fo), and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII(ΦPSII) of leaves. Further, it increased the chlorophyll(Chl) a/Chl b values and so on. The light compensation point of ZH311 decreased, while that of XY508 increased. The degree of variation of these indices in low-N tolerant cultivars was lower than that in low-N sensitive cultivars, especially at the seedling stage. Maize could increase Chl a/Chl b, apparent quantum yield and light saturation point to adapt to N stress. Compared to low-N sensitive cultivars, low-N tolerant cultivars maintained a higher net photosynthetic rate and electron transport rate to maintain stronger PSII activity, which further promoted the ability to harvest and transfer light. This might be a photosynthetic mechanism by which low-N tolerant cultivar adapt to low-N stress.     

镉胁迫对豨莶生长及光合作用相关参数的影响

为进一步揭示超积累植物豨莶(Sigesbeckia orientalis L.)对镉(Cd)的耐受机制,本文通过土壤盆栽试验,研究了豨莶在Cd胁迫下生长及光合作用相关参数的变化规律。结果表明,当Cd浓度为10 mg·kg-1时,豨莶生长、光合色素与对照相比无显著性差异(P0.05),表明豨莶在低浓度Cd处理下具有较强的生长适应性。高浓度Cd胁迫下豨莶能维持较高的叶绿素a/叶绿素b比值,有助于豨莶对Cd的耐受。Cd胁迫使叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔限制值(Ls)逐渐降低,但胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)随着Cd浓度的升高而逐渐增大,表明豨莶光合速率的下降是由非气孔限制因素引起的。植株叶片最大光化学量子产率(Fv/Fm)、电子传递的量子产率(ΦPSⅡ)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学淬灭系数(q P)随Cd浓度的升高而逐渐降低,而非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)则呈现先升高后降低的趋势,表明豨莶光合机构对Cd胁迫有一定的耐受能力。上述结果表明,豨莶叶绿素a/叶绿素b、Fv/Fm比值以及NPQ数值的变化与豨莶对Cd的光合适应性有关,在Cd耐受中有一定的作用。     

Beneficial effects of silicon on photosynthesis of tomato seedlings under water stress

Silicon can improve drought tolerance of plants,but the mechanism still remains unclear.Previous studies have mainly concentrated on silicon-accumulating plants,whereas less work has been conducted in silicon-excluding plants,such as tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.).In this study,we investigated the effects of exogenous silicon(2.5 mmol L~(–1))on the chlorophyll fluorescence and expression of photosynthesis-related genes in tomato seedlings(Zhongza 9)under water stress induced by 10%(w/v)polyethylene glycol(PEG-6000).The results showed that under water stress,the growth of shoot and root was inhibited,and the chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations were decreased,while silicon addition improved the plant growth and increased the concentrations of chlorophyll and carotenoid.Under water sterss,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as PSII maximum photochemical efficiency(F_v/F_m),effective quantum efficiency,actual photochemical quantum efficiency(Ф_(PSII)),photosynthetic electron transport rate(ETR),and photochemical quenching coefficient(q_P)were decreased;while these changes were reversed in the presence of added silicon.The expressions of some photosynthesis-related genes including PetE,PetF,PsbP,PsbQ,PsbW,and Psb28 were down-regulated under water stress,and exogenous Si could partially up-regulate their expressions.These results suggest that silicon plays a role in the alleviation of water stress by modulating some photosynthesis-related genes and regulating the photochemical process,and thus promoting photosynthesis.     

Evaluation of drought indices to identify tolerant genotypes in common bean bush(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses often causing negative impacts on bean crops in the Andean region in Colombia. An experiment under the greenhouse conditions was carried out to assess the effect of a prolonged drought period(15 days) at two different phenological stages(vegetative or reproductive) on grain yield and yield components of five bush bean cultivars(ICA-Cerinza, Bachue, NUA35, Bianca, and Bacatá). Nine tolerance indices including stress susceptibility index(SSI), tolerance(TOL), mean productivity(MP), geometric mean productivity(GMP), stress tolerance index(STI), yield stability index(YSI), yield index(YI), Harmonic mean(HM), and drought sensitivity index(DSI) were calculated based on grain yield under non-stressed(YP) and drought(YS) conditions. Based on the different drought indices, genotypes ICA-Cerinza and NUA35 had the best performance under drought conditions in both studied phases, which reflected in a reduction of grain yield ～≤40%. The biplot analysis also showed a clear superiority of these two genotypes at both phenological stages. Results also showed that SSI was more effective to identify genotypes less affected by drought. The above results allowed us to conclude that ICA-Cerinza and NUA35 may be considered for agricultural areas where long periods of water deficit are expected and can be used in breeding programs for drought tolerance.     

番茄农艺性状与果实主要营养成分相关性分析

以36份国内外番茄品种资源为材料,研究番茄的13个农艺性状与果实中可溶性糖含量、维生素C含量和番茄红素含量的相关性,以筛选出影响番茄果实营养品质的主要农艺性状,从而为番茄果实品质性状的早期评价提供依据。结果表明,果形指数与番茄中可溶性糖含量呈极显著正相关,且直接通径系数达0.899;每花序结果数与维生素C含量呈极显著正相关,且直接通径系数达0.854;果实a^*/b^*值与番茄红素含量呈极显著正相关,且直接通径系数达0.800。此外,分别以可溶性糖、维生素C和番茄红素含量为因变量,建立了根据农艺性状估测其含量的回归方程。经过验证,所得的估测值与实测值无显著差异。在本研究中,果形指数是影响番茄果实中可溶性糖含量的主要农艺性状,每花序结果数、果形指数、果实a^*/b^*值、果实色光值是影响番茄果实中维生素C含量的主要农艺性状,果实a^*/b^*值是影响番茄果实中番茄红素含量的主要农艺性状,利用上述农艺性状可以分别估测番茄果实中可溶性糖、维生素C和番茄红素含量。说明,在不损坏果实的基础上,可以利用农艺性状快速而简便地对果实主要营养成分进行早期估测。     

2个不同耐旱性棉花品种光合特性和干物质累积对干旱的响应

【目的】 研究抗旱性不同的棉花品种叶片光合生理特性及干物质累积与分配对干旱的响应机制,为棉花抗逆栽培和耐旱性品种选育提供理论依据。【方法】 在土柱栽培的条件下,以棉花品种新陆早17号(敏旱型)和新陆早22号(耐旱型)为材料,设常规灌溉(4 500 m³/hm²,CK)、轻度干旱(2 700 m³/hm²,W1)和中度干旱(900 m³/hm²,W2)水分处理,测定棉花产量形成期叶面积、叶绿素含量、气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数和干物质累积与分配的变化。【结果】 2个棉花品种的叶面积、叶绿素a含量(Chl a)、叶绿素b含量(Chl b)、叶绿素总含量(Chl)、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(gs)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)均随干旱胁迫程度的增加显著降低,品种间以新陆早22号降幅较小。与CK相比,W1条件下2棉花品种的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)并未显著降低,但新陆早17号的实际光化学效率[Y(II)]和光化学猝灭系数(qP)受到抑制,且轻度和中度干旱下非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)在盛铃期显著增加。在W1条件下,新陆早17号吐絮期的生殖器官和营养器官干物质分别比CK下降了30.44%和16.61%,新陆早22号仅下降12.50%和5.74%。CK、W1、W2条件下,新陆早22号的根冠比在盛铃期较新陆早17号高2.54%、9.56%和14.48%。【结论】 耐旱性较强的棉花品种新陆早22号通过保持更好的光合性能和较大的根冠比,来保持生殖器官干物质的累积以适应干旱胁迫。     

不同类型春小麦抗旱生理指标耐旱指数的主成分分析

以5种不同类型(人工合成六倍体、稀有种、农家种、推广品种、抗旱品种)春小麦为试验材料,研究严重干旱时(土壤最大持水量20%)不同类型春小麦抗旱生理指标耐旱指数的主成分分析。结果表明,不同抗旱指标对不同类型春小麦品种抗旱性的贡献率存在差异。人工合成六倍体小麦抗旱指标的贡献率顺序为脯氨酸>气孔开度>丙二醛>根系活力;稀有种抗旱指标贡献率顺序为气孔开度>丙二醛>干物重>脯氨酸含量;农家种抗旱指标贡献率顺序为干物重>丙二醛>植株相对含水量>根冠比;推广品种抗旱指标贡献率顺序为气孔开度>干物重>脯氨酸>丙二醛>植株相对含水量>根系活力;抗旱品种抗旱指标贡献率顺序为干物重>根系活力>丙二醛>根冠比>植株相对含水量>气孔开度。在进行抗源筛选和抗旱指标鉴定时,需结合品种自身特点和其所属类型而定。     

淀山湖河蚬与翘嘴红鲌国家级水产种质资源保护区水质评价及初级生产力时空变化特征

为了解淀山湖河蚬与翘嘴红鲌国家级水产种质资源保护区的水质及初级生产力现状,2015年在保护区选取了10个采样点进行了野外采样和实验室研究,运用综合营养状态评价和相关性分析,分析了当前淀山湖保护区水质因子和初级生产力的时空变化特征,以及叶绿素a(Chl.a)与环境因子之间的关系。研究结果表明:保护区营养元素含量、高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))和Chl.a含量季节间差异显著,呈现为春夏季节高于秋冬季节,而实验区与核心区无明显差异。水体N/P值范围为5.30~64.66,氮磷比适宜藻类生长。综合营养状态指数范围为46.67~60.70,水体为轻度富营养状态。保护区Chl.a变化范围为6.06~29.37 mg/m~3,初级生产力范围为65.18~1 423.11mg/(m~3·d),叶绿素a含量和初级生产力时空变化较为一致,均为季节间差异较大,而核心区与实验区无显著差异。Pearson相关性分析结果表明保护区Chl.a含量与TN、TP均呈极显著相关,相关系数(R2)分别为0.501和0.432。保护区氮磷含量均处于较高水平,这为保护区水华的发生奠定了基础。     

五个不同地黄品种耐荫性比较

以地黄道地产区主栽品种星科、85-5、北京3号、金九、吨王5个地黄品种为试验材料,采用50%遮荫和隶属函数分析方法,研究了不同品种地黄的形态指标、物质积累分配指标以及生理指标在遮荫下的变化趋势,评价不同地黄品种的耐荫性强弱。结果表明：遮荫条件下5个品种地黄的叶长、叶宽、株高、冠幅、SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性均较对照显著增大,根长、根直径、块根数、叶干重、根干重、根冠比、可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量均较对照降低,但不同品种地黄处理较对照升高或降低的程度存在品种间差异。结论：5个地黄品种中星科的耐荫性最强,金九的耐荫性最弱,耐荫性由强到弱为星科>85-5>北京3号>吨王>金九。     

Effect of Furolan on the pigment, IAA, protein and total nitrogen contents of germinal leaves of winter wheat

The winter wheat seeds (of three varieties namely Batko, Diya and Krasnodar 99) were germinated and investigated for the effect of growth regulator, Furolan on the pigment, IAA and total nitrogen and protein contents of their germinal leaves. Results showed differences in pigment contents of the germinal leaves of winter wheat varieties studied. Furolan increased the contents of chlorophyll a in all the varieties studied by the range of 22.7–26.4%. The amount of chlorophyll b in Diya’s variety increased by 22.2% while the amount of contents of carotenoids in Batko variety increased by 43.5% in comparison with the control. The highest amount of chlorophyll a and b was recorded in Batko and the least in Diya variety. The reverse was the case with the carotenoids: Furolan increased the amount of carotenoids in all the varieties; the highest amount of carotenoids was observed in Diya variety and Batko variety recorded the least amount In all the varieties studied the Furolan increased the IAA, total nitrogen and protein contents in comparison to the control.     

Effects of salt and nitrogen on physiological indices and carbon isotope discrimination of wheat cultivars in the northeast of Iran

In order to study the effects of different levels of salt stress and nitrogen(N) on physiological mechanisms,carbon isotope discrimination(△~(13)C),and yield of two wheat cultivars(cv.),a two-year field experiment was carried out during 2013-2015.The treatments included three levels of salt stress(1.3,5.2,and 10.5 dS m~(-1)),three levels of N(50,100,and 150 kg N ha~(-1)),and two wheat cultivars,Bam and Toos.Under salt stress,N application(100 and 150 kg N ha~(-1)) produced a significant effect on both cultivars with respect to physiological traits,i.e.,net photosynthetic rate(P_n),stomatal conductance(g_s),chlorophyll index(Cl),Na~+/K~+ratio as well as the grain yield(GY).The salt-tolerant and-sensitive cultivars exhibited the maximum values of physio-biochemical and yield attributes at 100 and 150 kg N ha~(-1),respectively.The results of △~(13)C showed a significant difference(P0.001) between wheat cultivars under the control and salt stress.According to our result,salt-tolerant cultivar Bam seems to be more efficient in terms of higher GY,P_n,g_s,Cl,and lower Na~+/K~+ratio as well as higher △~(13)C as compared with salt-sensitive cultivar Toos,under salt stress.Therefore,a significant positive correlation that observed between △~(13)C and GY,indicated that △~(13)C may be an effective index for indirect selection of yield potential in wheat under irrigation regimes with saline water.     

Effects of variety and chemical regulators on cold tolerance during maize germination

Maize growth and development is affected by low temperature(LT) especially at the early stages of development. To describe the response of different varieties to LT stress and determine an effective method to cope with LT stress, maize hybrids Zhengdan 958(ZD 958) and Danyu 39(DY 39) were planted and grown at 10 and 25°C, respectively. Effects of the chemicals potassium chloride(KCl), gibberellin(GA_3), 2-diethylaminoethyl-3,4-dichlorophenylether(DCPTA), and all three combined chemicals(KGD) on coping with LT stress were tested by seed priming. The varieties performed significantly different at 10°C. Compared to leaf, root growth was more severely affected by LT stress. Root/leaf ratio is likely a more reliable parameter to evaluate cold tolerance based on its close correlation with leaf malondialdehyde(MDA) content(R=–0.8). GA_3 advanced seed germination by about 2 days compared with control treatment of water. GA_3 and DCPTA both resulted in lower leaf MDA content and higher leaf and root area, and root/leaf ratio. KCl resulted in the highest evenness of plant height. KGD performed the best in increasing cold tolerance of maize morphologically and physiologically. Strategies to increase maize tolerance of cold stress, such as variety breeding or chemical selection, would increase maize yield especially at high-latitude regions and have great implications for food security.