水稻新质源(CMS-FA)雄性不育恢复基因的遗传

发掘水稻新型雄性不育细胞质源CMS-FA,育成系列优质米不育系和系列新质源恢复系,在组配成强优势杂交稻组合的基础上,研究新质源雄性不育恢复系的恢复基因遗传.采用新质源(CMS-FA)不育系金农1A与恢复系金恢3号杂交获得杂交F1和F2代种子.用F1分别与不育系或保持系回交,获得(不育系//不育系/恢复系和不育系/恢复系//保持系)2个测交群体.同时种植P1、P2、P3、F1、F2、B1F1和B2F1等群体,考察花粉染色率、套袋结实率和自然结实率,卡平方测验遗传分离适合度.结果表明,不育系与恢复系杂交F1代正常可育,育性恢复(可育)基因为显性遗传.F2代分离出可育:不育适合3:1,育性恢复(可育)基因为1对显性基因控制.B1F1和B2F1代2个测交群体的可育:不育都适合1:1分离规律,验证了F2代育性恢复(可育)单基因的遗传模式.暂时确定新质源(CMS-FA)核质互作三系的基因型为不育系S(SS)、保持系F(SS)和恢复系S(FF).     

水稻新质源(CMS-FA)雄性不育恢复基因的遗传研究

发掘水稻新型雄性不育细胞质源CMS-FA,育成系列优质米不育系和系列新质源恢复系,组配成强优势杂交稻组合的基础上研究新质源雄性不育恢复系的恢复基因遗传。采用新质源(CMS-FA)不育系金农1A与恢复系金恢3号杂交获得杂交F₁代种子,种植F₁代,收获自交F₂代种子。用F₁分别与不育系或保持系回交,获得(不育系//不育系/恢复系和不育系/恢复系//保持系)2个测交群体。同时种植P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂、B₁F₁和B₂F₁等群体,考察花粉染色率、套袋结实率和自然结实率,卡平方测验遗传分离适合度。结果表明,不育系与恢复系杂交F₁代正常可育,育性恢复(可育)基因为显性遗传。F₂代分离出可育︰不育适合3︰1,育性恢复(可育)基因为1对显性基因控制。B₁F₁和B₂F₁代2个测交群体的可育︰不育都适合1︰1分离规律,验证了F₂代育性恢复(可育)单基因的遗传模式。暂时确定新质源(CMS-FA)核质互作三系的基因型为不育系S(SS)、保持系F(SS)和恢复系S(FF)。     

高粱A3类型后代花粉碘染色率与田间自交结实率的关系

以高粱A3雄性不育系A3299,A32457,A3JW;相应的保持系B3299,B32457,B3JW;恢复系1174及用恢复系1174与3个A3不育系组配成3个杂交种的F1,F2群体为材料,分析高粱A3类型后代花粉碘染色率与田间自交结实率之间的关系。结果表明:田间3个F1组合的套袋结实率为10%~70%,平均约为50%,与花粉染色率相当。3个组合F2可育与不育单株比约为1∶1,育性分离不同于配子体模式,也不符合孟德尔分离规律。RT与R0.75和R1.0存在极显著的回归关系,与R0.25存在显著的回归关系,回归方程为RT=0.188 R0.25 0.832 R0.75 0.933 R1.0,品种间存在差异。     

野生稻（O.rufipogon）新胞质改良不育系稻米品质的研究

通过核置换回交，获得一种普通野生稻（O. rufipogon）雄性不育细胞质，称为FA细胞质，育成新质源不育系金农1A。研究表明，FA细胞质不育系与WA和HL不育系的恢保关系不同，野败型的保持系和恢复系、红莲型的保持系和恢复系都可以作为FA细胞质的保持系，而不能成为FA细胞质的恢复系。这是一种新发掘的水稻雄性不育细胞质源。FA细胞质突破了WA和HL细胞质恢保关系的遗传局限，扩大了保持系育种范围，可以用品质优良的栽培品种培育成优质稻米不育系。新质源不育系金农1A不育度高，不育性稳定，农艺性状优良，抗稻瘟病和白叶枯病，开花时间早，稻米12项品质指标全部达到农业部颁发的优质米一级或二级标准，实质性地提高了不育系的稻米品质和综合水平，为培育优质米杂交稻奠定良好的遗传基础。     

K型杂交小麦恢复基因的遗传研究

用Ｋ型小麦雄性不育系Ｋ１４９Ａ,保持系１４９（Ｂ）和３个恢复材料Ｌ７８３、太１０６和ＰＨ８５－４（Ｒ）及其杂交后代群体Ｆ１（Ａ／Ｒ）,Ｆ２,Ｂ２（Ａ／Ｆ）,Ｂ２′（Ａ∥ＢＲ）作为试验材料,对育性指标进行了比较,以恢复性遗传研究的最佳指标－套代自交结实率为育性指标,对Ｋ型小麦雄性不育系的育性恢复的遗传特点进行了初步分析,结果表明Ｋ型小麦雄性不育系是配子体不系,三个恢复材料的育性恢复受一对显性基因控制     

野生稻（Oryza rufipogon）新质源雄性不育恢复系的研究

发掘野生稻（O. rufipogon）新型雄性不育细胞质源，育成新质源优质米不育系的基础上进一步研究新质源雄性不育恢复系的育种技术—FA型细胞质雄性不育恢复系定向育种。用野生稻（非轮回亲本）与籼稻品种明恢63（轮回亲本）杂交和多次回交，后代再经过自交，将野生稻中的可育基因分离、转移、重组、整合到明恢63遗传背景中，获得农艺性状似明恢63，花粉和小穗全可育不分离的野生稻新质源恢复系金恢1号。用新质源不育系与金恢1号组配两个组合，其花粉和小穗育性都恢复到正常可育水平，产量高，米质优，实现了新质源不育系三系配套应用和大幅度提高杂交稻稻米外观品质的目的。这项育种新技术可以将水稻可育基因（恢复基因）转移到任一水稻品种中育成细胞质雄性不育恢复系，突破了新质源恢复系育种的技术瓶颈，极大地提高了恢复系利用稻种资源的育种潜力，为FA型新质源优质米不育系的杂交稻育种开辟了一条崭新的途径。新型（FA）细胞质源杂交稻可能对丰富杂交稻细胞质遗传多样性、提高杂交稻亲本对稻种资源的利用潜力、以及实质性提高杂交稻的稻米品质和产量水平都将产生积极和深远的影响。     

野生稻（Oryza rufipogon）新质源雄性不育恢复系的研究

发掘野生稻（O. rufipogon）新型雄性不育细胞质源,育成新质源优质米不育系的基础上进一步研究新质源雄性不育恢复系的育种技术—FA型细胞质雄性不育恢复系定向育种。用野生稻（非轮回亲本）与籼稻品种明恢63（轮回亲本）杂交和多次回交,后代再经过自交,将野生稻中的可育基因分离、转移、重组、整合到明恢63遗传背景中,获得农艺性状似明恢63,花粉和小穗全可育不分离的野生稻新质源恢复系金恢1号。用新质源不育系与金恢1号组配两个组合,其花粉和小穗育性都恢复到正常可育水平,产量高,米质优,实现了新质源不育系三系配套应用和大幅度提高杂交稻稻米外观品质的目的。这项育种新技术可以将水稻可育基因（恢复基因）转移到任一水稻品种中育成细胞质雄性不育恢复系,突破了新质源恢复系育种的技术瓶颈,极大地提高了恢复系利用稻种资源的育种潜力,为FA型新质源优质米不育系的杂交稻育种开辟了一条崭新的途径。新型（FA）细胞质源杂交稻可能对丰富杂交稻细胞质遗传多样性、提高杂交稻亲本对稻种资源的利用潜力、以及实质性提高杂交稻的稻米品质和产量水平都将产生积极和深远的影响。     

我国中籼杂交稻亲本的DNA变异性研究

利用9个随机引物对42个中籼“三系”杂交稻骨干亲本(保持系和恢复系)进行了DNA遗传差异 分析。 结果表明： 恢复系、 保持系遗传多样性小。 恢保间遗传一致性高达0.87, 遗传 距离则为0.1377。 保持系已选育出较多的材料遗传差异超过了珍汕97B, 而恢复系选 育仍 未突破明恢63, 杂交稻遗传差异未明显大于汕优63。 双亲遗传差     

杂交水稻种质资源研究利用概况

我国已育成杂交稻种质资源数千份。三系法资源有数十种不同胞质雄性不育系,保持系和恢复系数百个;两系法资源有稳定的光敏核不育系十多个,广亲和系、品种几十个:有一批多胚苗,无融合生殖等种质材科。杂交配组较大面积用于生产的有7种不同胞质的不育系和90余个恢复系,约占育成资源总数的3%。今后应着重加强两系法等种质资源的搜集、保存、评选的研究和提高杂交稻种质资源的利用效益。     

K型和F型小麦雄性不育系的恢保关系

为了挖掘和利用K型、F型小麦雄性不育系,本研究采用I_2-KI染色法观察花粉败育类型,并以不育系为母本与583个优良小麦品种(系)为父本进行杂交,调查F_1自交结实率,筛选其强恢复系和保持系,以期为杂交小麦育种提供理论支撑。结果表明,K型、F型不育系花粉败育率达96.97%、97.73%,花粉败育类型以染败、典败为主。K型和F型不育系的自交结实率(国内法)分别为4.61%、1.98%。F_1的自交结实率(国际法)在100%以上共有34个,20%以下共有11个。‘良星805’、AQ001、‘临7287’、‘济麦22’是K型不育系的优良恢复系;‘宝8696’、‘农大3291’、‘科1201’、‘冀8906069’可用于转育新型K型不育系;‘宝8696’、‘15展24’、‘洛麦23’、‘临远801’是F型不育系的优良恢复系;‘15展11’、‘汶航6号’、‘林育5号’、‘丰优8号’可用于转育新型F型不育系。以上结果说明,K型和F型不育系花粉均败育彻底、稳定,易找到优良恢复系,且后者更易恢复。     

Chromosomal location of fertility restoring genes for ‘wild abortive’ cytoplasmic male sterility using primary trisomics in rice

Summary Identification and location of fertility restoring genes facilitates their deployment in a hybrid breeding program involving cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system. The study aimed to locate fertility restorer genes of CMSWA system on specific chromosomes of rice using primary trisomics of IR36 (restorer), CMS (IR58025A) and maintainer (IR58025B) lines. Primary trisomic series (Triplo 1 to 12) was crossed as maternal parent with the maintainer line IR58025B. The selected trisomic and disomic F₁ plants were testcrossed as male parents with the CMS line IR58025A. Plants in testcross families derived from disomic F₁ plants (Group I crosses) were all diploid; however, in the testcross families derived from trisomic F₁ plants (Group II crosses), some trisomic plants were observed. Diploid plants in all testcross families were analyzed for pollen fertility using 1% IKI stain. All testeross families from Group I crosses segregated in the ratio of 2 fertile: 1 partially fertile+partially sterile: 1 sterile plants indicating that fertility restoration was controlled by two independent dominant genes: one of the genes was stronger than the other. Testcross families from Group II crosses segregated in 2 fertile: 1 partially fertile+ partially sterile: 1 sterile plants in crosses involving Triplo 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11 and 12, but families involving triplo 7 and triplo 10 showed significantly higher X² values, indicating that the two fertility restorer genes were located on chromosome 7 and 10. Stronger restorer gene (Rf-WA-1) was located on chromosome 7 and weaker restorer gene (Rf-WA-2) was located on chromosome 10. These findings should facilitate tagging of these genes with molecular markers with the ultimate aim to practice marker-aided selection for fertility restoration ability.     

野败型杂交籼稻的育性基因分析

本试验通过对南优、汕优两个系统的不育系,保持系、恢复系、杂种 F₁、F₂及(不育系×杂种 F₁)F₁、(杂种F₁×保持系)F₁、(保持系×杂种 F₁)F₁、F₂、(恢复系×杂种 F₁)F₁、F₂植株的性状     

Development of CGMS system in ridge gourd [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Luffa acutangula</Emphasis> (Roxb.) L.] for production of F<Subscript>1</Subscript> hybrids

Cytoplasmic male sterile system in ridge gourd has been converted to cytoplasmic genetic male sterile (CGMS) system through the development of analogues of male sterile (MS) line, maintainer line and fertility restorer line. These lines were developed by crossing the MS mutant, regenerated through in vitro culture, with monoecious pollen parents Deepthi, Haritham, LA 101, CO 2, IC 92761 and IC 92685. All hybrids and the BC₁ generation developed by crossing with the recurring pollen parents Deepthi, Haritham and LA 101 were male sterile. Male sterile BC₁ plants have been advanced to BC₆ generation and the parental line LA 101 was proved to be a successful maintainer line, producing male sterile progeny in successive back cross generations. Analogue of cytoplasmic male sterile line, MS LA 101, was developed through back crossing and on crossing with fertility restorer lines Arka Sumeet and LA 102, this line excelled as female parent, resulting heterotic combinations. Mitochondrial marker rpS14 and SCAR Tm-53 were identified to yield male sterility specific markers whereas SSR marker 18956 has generated the male fertility specific marker. These primers are recommended for marker assisted selection of ridge gourd, for utilizing male sterility for hybrid seed production and for developing A, B and C lines in CGMS system.     

水稻广亲和广谱型恢复系SWR78的选育

利用野败（WA）型、红莲（HL）型、包台（BT型）3种细胞质的同核异质粳稻广亲和不育系苏秋A与19个籼、粳恢复系测交,筛选出对以上3种细胞质不育系均具正常恢复力的广谱型恢复系6078。通过回交,将广亲和品种Lemont的广亲和基因导入6078,育成广亲和广谱型恢复系SWR78。经测交鉴定,SWR78对WA型、印水（ID）型、HL型、BT型4种细胞质的10个籼、粳不育系均具正常恢复力。     

滇型水稻细胞质雄性不育恢复基因Rf-D1（t）的克隆与遗传特性分析

CMS/Rf测交F1结实率与花粉可育率检测表明,Ansanbyeo和南34对三种不同细胞质来源的粳稻不育系(CMS-DT1,CMS-BT和CMS-HL)都有较强的恢复力。根据已公布的水稻基因组序列,在水稻恢复基因定位区段内设计引物,确定出一对与两个滇型CMS的恢复系Ansanbyeo和南34恢复基因紧密连锁的分子标记引物M43804和M43558,首次克隆了滇型恢复基因Rf-D1(t),编码16个PPR蛋白。序列比对表明,该基因与BT型恢复基因Rf-1相似度达99%,两个恢复基因之间在ORF区仅存在一个碱基差异,即Rf-D1(t)第1149bp位的A变成Rf-1的C,并产生一个氨基酸的改编即K(赖氨酸)变成N(天冬酰胺)。该差异处于一个PPR结构域中,暗示该氨基酸是恢复基因的关键位点之一,它的改变可能影响对水稻CMS育性恢复力的变化。     

Identification and characterization of important sterile and maintainer lines from various genotypes for advanced breeding programmes of onion (Allium cepa)

Onion is one of the major vegetable crops in terms of production as well as consumption. In the current research, available onion genetic stock was evaluated to identify male-sterile lines and produce high-yielding F₁ hybrids for future breeding programmes. A mitochondrial DNA-based marker was mapped and correlated with phenotypic traits to isolate male-sterile plants. Based on the floral and pollen structure, nine putative male-sterile lines were identified. On the other hand, for nuclear marker identification at Ms locus, two sets of primers were used, one for Ms dominant allele and another for sterile and maintainer plants. Results revealed that 70% of open pollinated varieties (OPVs) possess plants with sterile cytoplasm coupled with genetic sterility at Ms locus, called sterile “A” line. Approximately 20% of plants in some genotypes were identified with normal (N) cytoplasm having recessive fertility gene at Ms locus, called maintainer “B” line. Based on the present findings, “A”, “B” and “R” (restorer line), future F₁ hybrid seed production systems in onion is discussed.     

广亲和粳稻恢复系选育方法

广亲和粳稻恢复系的选育除采用ＷＡ型恢复与广亲和粳稻杂交选育和不同广亲和恢复系间杂交选育外,本研究提出以粳稻为父本杂交选育的４种办法：１、以型杂交稻Ｆ１为母本转育同质广亲和恢复系;２、以ＷＡ型下育系为母本筛选同质广亲和恢复系;３、以ＷＡ型广亲和不育系为母本,筛选同质广亲和恢复系;４、以同质广亲和恢复系为母本转育新的恢复系。用上述方法已育成０２４２８等广亲和恢复系,并可同时恢复ＷＡ型和ＢＴ型胞质不育系