干旱过程中桃树茎和叶水势的变化

对田间生长的四年生桃树在充分灌水后的２２ ｄ 干旱周期内，分别在早上６∶００ 和中午１４∶００对茎、叶水势进行跟踪测定。同时测定了土壤充分湿润、中度水分亏缺及严重水分亏缺条件下上述指标的日变化。结果表明：在三种土壤水分条件下叶水势的变化幅度在０ ．２ ＭＰａ 左右，差异不明显；而午间茎水势则由土壤充分湿润时的－ ０．６ ＭＰａ 降至土壤水分严重亏缺时的－ １ ．８ ＭＰａ，下降了１ ．２ ＭＰａ。在整个干旱周期中，午间茎水势的变化虽受日蒸发量的影响，其变化趋势与土壤水势的变化趋势比较一致。随着干旱的加重，午间茎、叶水势之差即茎、叶水势梯度也出现极大变化。在土壤充分湿润时，茎叶水势梯度高达１ ．５ ＭＰａ，在土壤水分严重亏缺条件下，差异缩小为０。研究认为桃树外围新梢水势及茎、叶水势梯度的变化对土壤水分亏缺的反应比叶水势的变化更敏感，因此较适宜用作衡量果树水分亏缺程度的生理指标。     

干旱过程中桃树茎和叶水势的变化

对田间生长的四年生桃树在充分灌水后的２２ｄ干旱周期内，分别在早上６：００和中午１４：００对茎、叶水势进行跟踪测定。同时测定了土壤充分湿润、中度水分亏缺及严重水分亏缺条件下上述指标的日变化。结果表明：在三种土壤水分 条件下叶水斩变化幅度在０．２ＭＰａ左右，差异不明显；而午间茎水势则由土壤充分湿润时的－０．６ＭＰａ降至土壤水分严重亏缺时的－１．８ＭＰａ，下降了１．２ＭＰdisplay status     

培养条件对长富2号苹果新梢增殖和生长的影响

苹果离体新梢在继代培养过程中，以２０００一３０００ｌｘ光照１０ｈ对增殖、生长较好，而以２０００ｌｘ、１０ｈ效果更为理想；昼夜变温２８℃／２４℃与恒温（２６℃）处理增殖和生长无显著差异，但在昼夜２６℃／２２℃、２４℃／２０℃变温下降低了增殖量与有效新梢数；长富２号增殖和生长以ＭＳ＋ＢＡ１ｍｇ·ｌ￣（－１）＋ＩＢＡ０．１ｍｇ·ｌ￣（－１）＋ＣＨ２００ｍｇ·ｌ￣（－１）效果较好，但依继代次数和新梢状态可在ＢＡ０．７一１．０ｍｇ·ｌ￣（－１），ＩＢＡ（或ＩＡＡ）０．１一０．２ｍｇ·ｌ￣（－１）（Ｈ３０一２００ｍｇ·ｌ￣（－１）范围内变动。     

基于茎直径微变化的梨枣灌溉指标的初步研究

 研究了4年生酸枣砧梨枣（Ziziphus jujuba Mill.）植株主干茎直径微变化指标对土壤水势（SWP）变化的响应规律,以及与气象要素的关系。结果表明：土壤水势降低引起茎直径日最大收缩量（MDS）增大,日生长量（DG）、生长速率（TGR）和日最大值（MXTD）降低。在水分亏缺发展阶段和水分亏缺维持阶段,MDS和TGR的噪声信号（变异系数）较小,信号强度与噪声信号的比值较大,表明其对土壤水势变化反映敏感。此外,MDS、TGR与潜在蒸散量（ET₀）、正午水汽压亏缺（VPD_md）等气象因子的相关性显著,均能反映大气的干旱程度,因此TGR和MDS可作为梨枣水分亏缺的诊断指标。     

秋富─苹果幼树新梢、果实生长动态研究

我们于１９９２、１９９３年连续两年在昌黎县对秋富一红富士苹果幼树的新梢、果实的生长动态进行了调查研究。结果表明：秋富一苹果果实纵、横径生长动态均呈＂Ｓ＂形曲线，纵横径之比在６月６日～１２日之间为１±０．０３；新梢的生长动态呈多＂Ｓ＂形曲线；春、秋梢生长高峰分别在５月下旬和６月下旬，两高峰错后１－２周为果实横径生长高峰。新梢生长动态与果实横径生长动态呈直线相关，符合直线方程ｙ＝１１．１２６ｘ＋４．９０４ｒ＝０．９９９６     

核桃果实发育初期的水分状况

对在不同土壤水分条件下核桃枝条，叶片和果实水分含量动态与生长发育关系的研究结果表明，土壤供水足时，树体水分亏缺，影响枝条生长和果实发育，降低坐果率。对有关水分生理指标测试表明，不同品种核桃叶水势（ψｗ）日变化虽有差别，但相似，呈双峰型，叶ψｗ愈低，晚上回升愈缓慢。叶ψｗ日变化还受枝条上着生果实的影响，未着生果实枝条叶ψｗ高于有果枝的。叶ψｗ降低抑制光合产物的形成和累积。核桃蒸腾作用的日变化也呈双峰     

“红富士”苹果离体/活体枝叶光合作用及水分利用效率的季节变化

以25a生"红富士"苹果为试材,于生长季节对饱和水分环境的离体枝条叶片与活体叶片的水势和光合作用进行了连续观测,以探索年周期内果树生长不同发育阶段叶片水分状况对光合作用和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:在"红富士"苹果生育期前半阶段的展叶抽梢期、开花坐果期、花芽分化期,由于尚未进入降雨季节,叶片水势不断下降,光合速率和蒸腾速率都明显小于离体枝条叶片,叶片水势的降低在一定程度上限制了蒸腾速率,但是也同样降低了光合速率,导致水分利用效率逐渐下降。因此在4~5月份抽梢展叶期和开花坐果期应当及时进行灌水补充,6月份适度的水分胁迫则有利于花芽分化。在7、8月份冠层蒸腾作用强烈,叶片的水势下降明显,此时的水分胁迫限制了蒸腾速率,提高了水分利用效率。由于此期已经进入雨季,除个别干旱年份以外,通常无需灌溉。在9月份以后进入果树生长发育后期,随着日照时数和气温逐日下降,活体叶片的光合速率和蒸腾速率与离体枝条叶片的差异变小,树体的水分利用效率提高,一般不予灌溉。     

基于新梢直径和果粒投影面积变化确定‘巨峰’葡萄果实发育期的灌溉阈值

【目的】探讨‘巨峰’葡萄果实发育期适宜的灌溉阈值,为鲜食葡萄的精准灌溉提供试验依据。【方法】以8 a(年)生盆栽‘巨峰’葡萄植株为试材,通过器官的连续摄像测量、根域土壤水势的实时监测和叶片日光合速率(Pn)的测定,建模分析果实发育期新梢、果实生长以及叶片净光合速率与土壤水势下降之间的关系。【结果】在果实第一次快速膨大期和转色期,新梢日最大收缩量(MDS)显著增大时对应的土壤水势分别为-8.89 kPa和-9.21kPa。当土壤水势分别低于-17.34 kPa和-16.46 kPa时,新梢日最大值生长量(MXDG)和日最小值生长量(MNDG)均开始负增长。果粒随着土壤水势下降,其生长过程可分为急速膨大、快速膨大、缓慢膨大和收缩四个阶段。果实第一次快速膨大期各阶段对应的土壤水势范围依次为>-9.37 kPa、-9.37～-21.14 kPa、-21.14～-27.86 kPa和<-27.86 kPa;转色期则分别为>-10.31 kPa、-10.31～-22.05 kPa、-22.05～-32.83 kPa和<-32.83 kPa。叶片Pn日最大值在果实第一次快速膨大期土壤水势为0～-27.3 kPa无显著降低,而在转色期土壤水势降至-36.8kPa时显著降低。【结论】确定出既促进果实膨大、又防止新梢旺长且不会显著抑制叶片P_n的指导‘巨峰’葡萄果实第一次快速膨大期和转色期灌溉阈值为-12.83～-15.67kPa和-16.46～-22.05 kPa。     

梨树在自然水分亏缺下的生理反应

１９９４～１９９６年对梨树在自然水分亏缺和水分充足条件下的主要水分生理参数、气孔相对开张度（ＲＳＯＤ）、蒸腾速率（Ｔｒ）和光合速率（Ｐｎ）进行了比较研究。结果表明，梨树属于低水势耐旱类型，在自然水分亏缺下，其叶水势（ψｗ）显著降低，膨压（ψｐ）明显增高，而ＲＳＯＤ、Ｔｒ和Ｐｎ则无显著变化。梨树具有明显的渗透调节和一定的弹性调节作用，在中度水分亏缺下，其渗透调节能力△π１００或△π０分别为０．４４ＭＰａ和０．７７ＭＰａ，弹性调节能力△｜β｜和△εｍａｘ分别为２．７８和３．１９。另外，在自然水分亏缺下，梨树叶片还具有较强的保水能力，反映在基本无变化的膨压消失点的相对含水量（Ｒ０）、叶表面水分散失率（ＷＬ０）和明显高于ＣＫ的一定ψｗ下的相对含水量（Ｒ）值以及无灌溉园较高的εｍａｘ或｜β｜等方面。     

巨峰葡萄叶片生长动态与光合特性的研究

巨峰葡萄新梢（主梢）不同节位的叶片生长动态皆呈单Ｓ形曲线，大多数单叶的膨大生长期约１５～３２天，快速生长期７～９天。叶的净光合速率（Ｐｎ）在花期以花序节及其上第一节的最高，在浆果成熟期则随节位升高而增高。本文对叶龄、新梢种类和生长势对叶片生长和光合速率的影响进行了分析比较，对相关问题进行了简要讨论。     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of puerarin on pulmonary arterioles wall collagen metabolism of chronic hypoxia hypercapnia rats

AIM:To investigate the effect of puerarin on pulmonary vessel collagen metabolism in pulmonary hypertension rats induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.METHODS:Collagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and their mRNA were observed in pulmonary arterioles by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.RESULTS:① Light microscopy showed media thickness of pulmonary arterioles was much higher in HH(hypoxic-hypercapnia) group than that of NC(normal control) group, and, vessel cavity turned more straiter in HH group than that of NC group.However, the damage of pulmonary arterioles in HP(hypoxic-pueratin) group was much slighter than that of HH group. ② The levels of plasma ET-1 and lung homogenates Hyr were much higher in HH group than those of NC group(P＜0.01), and lower in HP group than HH groups(P＜0.01).Plasma NO content in group HH was lower than that of group NC(P＜0.01), it was higher in group HP than that of group HH(P＜0.01).③Expression of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅰ mRNA in pulmonary arterioles were significantly higher in HH groups than those of NC group (P＜0.01), and they were lower in HP group than those of HH group (P＜0.01).Expression of collagen Ⅲ and collagen Ⅲ mRNA showed no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Puerarin inhibited the deposition of collagen and improved pulmonary vessel remodeling.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Multi-scale landscape and seascape patterns associated with marbled murrelet nesting areas on the U.S. west coast

Habitat for wide-ranging species should be addressed at multiple scales to fully understand factors that limit populations. The marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), a threatened seabird, forages on the ocean and nests inland in large trees. We developed statistical relationships between murrelet use (occupancy and abundance) and habitat variables quantified across many spatial scales (statewide to local) and two time periods in California and southern Oregon, USA. We also addressed (1) if old-growth forest fragmentation was negatively associated with murrelet use, and (2) if some nesting areas are more important than others due to their proximity to high quality marine habitat. Most landscapes used for nesting were restricted to low elevation areas with frequent fog. Birds were most abundant in unfragmented old-growth forests located within a matrix of mature second-growth forest. Murrelets were less likely to occupy old-growth habitat if it was isolated (> 5 km) from other nesting murrelets. We found a time lag in response to fragmentation, where at least a few years were required before birds abandoned fragmented forests. Compared to landscapes with little tono murrelet use, landscapes with many murrelets were closer to the ocean's bays, river mouths, sandy shores, submarine canyons, and marine waters with consistently high primary productivity. Within local landscapes (≤ 800ha), inland factors limited bird abundance, but at the broadest landscape scale studied (3200 ha), proximity to marine habitat was most limiting. Management should focus on protecting or creating large, contiguous old-growth forest stands, especially in low-elevation areas near productive marine habitat. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Effect of trichosanthes injection on expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen of vascular smooth muscle cell in rabbit

AIM: To observe the effect of thichosanthes injection on the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) of vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC). METHODS: The expression of PCNA of cultured rabbit aortic SMC was examined with LSAB immunohistochemical technique, and [³H]-thymidine( [³H]-TdR) incorporation data of SMC and the contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxide (LPO), prostacyclin (PGI₂) and cyclic AMP (cAMP) in medium were simultaneously determined. RESULTS: Thichosanthes injection has an effects of increasing SOD activity, decreasing LPO, elevating PGI₂ and cAMP, reducing [³H]-TdR incorporation and expression of PCNA (all P＜0.05,P＜0.01). CONCLUSION: Thichosanthes could inhibit SMC proliferation.     

Role of cyclic nucleotides in the acute hypoxic responses of hypoxic subcultured porcine pulmonary arterial smooth muscle and endothelial cells

AIM: To detect the role of cyclic nucleotides in the alleviation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) in chronic hypoxic animals. METHODS: The intracellular cAMP and cGMP of the cultured porcine pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) and endothelial cells (PAEC) were assayed by RIA. The length of single PASMC during acute hypoxia was measured by imaging analysis system. RESULTS: The basal levels of cAMP and cGMP in PASMC and cGMP in PAEC of Chronic hypoxic groups decreased remarkably compared with normoxic groups (P＜0.01). Under acute hypoxia, the contents of cAMP and cGMP in PASMC of chronic hypoxic groups increased significantly (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, the percentage of PASMC with weak constrictive response in chronic hypoxic group was higher than that of control group. CONCLUSION:It's suggested that the changes of cAMP and cGMP in chronic hypoxic PASMC and PAEC might contribute to the increase in the basic tension of pulmonary artery and the alleviation of HPV in chronic hypoxic animals.