大麦籽粒总蛋白含量及醇溶蛋白含量的差异性研究

为研究大麦籽粒总蛋白含量及醇溶蛋白的差异性。以来源不同的38份大麦品种为材料,采用FOSS凯氏定氮仪测定其籽粒总蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量,利用SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳技术分析参试材料醇溶蛋白带型。对参试材料的籽粒总蛋白含量、醇溶蛋白含量及醇溶蛋白带型的差异性和遗传多样性分析表明:38份大麦品种的总蛋白含量和醇溶蛋白含量的遗传差异显著,醇溶蛋白含量与总蛋白含量呈极显著正相关。根据醇溶蛋白含量将参试材料聚为3类;38个大麦品种SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳共分离出12条迁移率不同的条带,根据电泳谱带将共参试材料聚为构成18种类型,不同类型大麦品种数量差异较大。本研究为适宜蛋白质含量与醇溶蛋白含量大麦品种的选育提供了依据。     

油用型红花(Carthamus tinctoris L.)种子醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析

利用A-PAGE（Acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis）技术对来源于不同国家的79份油用型红花材料醇溶蛋白位点进行检测。结果表明，油用型红花醇溶蛋白位点存在丰富的变异类型，共分离出15条迁移率不同的谱带，每份材料具有3—12条不等，平均8．5条。材料间平均遗传相似系数（GS）为0．5303，变幅为0．1333—1．000，且各洲间遗传多样性大于洲内遗传多样性。在GS值为0．512的水平上，供试材料聚为六大类，聚类结果表明，红花醇溶蛋白图谱类型与其地理分布有一定的相关，但不显著。     

栽培荞麦种子醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析

利用A-PAGE（Acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis）对来源于7个国家的76份栽培荞麦（苦荞54份,甜荞22份）醇溶蛋白遗传多样性进行评价。结果表明,荞麦醇溶蛋白位点存在丰富的等位变异,共分离出18条迁移率不同的谱带,每份材料具有6~12条不等,平均9.5条,多态性带占88.89%。材料间平均遗传相似系数（GS）为0.777,变幅为0.389~1.000。在GS为0.63的水平上供试材料可聚为苦荞和甜荞两大类,绝大部分来自于相同或相似生态地理环境的材料聚成一类,表明荞麦醇溶蛋白所揭示的遗传关系与地理来源有较高的相关性。     

种子老化影响老芒麦种子醇溶蛋白遗传完整性的研究

采用A-PAGE酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术和高温高湿老化方法,设置3个老化梯度,对4份老芒麦材料共16份种子以醇溶蛋白标记进行遗传完整性分析研究.结果表明:不同种质材料用不同老化处理得到的各分区谱带及其数目不同.老化处理使发芽率降至50％左右时,醇溶蛋白图谱颜色变浅;随人工老化时间的延长,使发芽率降至30％左右时,其α、β区的醇溶蛋白有的谱带消失;种质的相似性系数在0.50与1.00之间,遗传变异较大;老化后种质的遗传参数较对照呈下降趋势;聚类分析表明:在遗传距离0.79时,16份处理可聚为三大类.老芒麦种质材料在老化过程中发生了遗传完整性变化.     

中国红花种子醇溶蛋白遗传多样性研究

为了考察红花的种内变异,为进一步进行红花种质资源选育奠定基础.利用A-PAGE(Acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)技术对来源于中国不同地区的19份红花材料醇溶蛋白位点进行检测.结果表明,红花种子醇溶蛋白位点存在丰富的变异类型,共分离出13条迁移率不同的谱带,每份材料具有8～11条不等,平均10条.材料间平均遗传相似系数(GS)为0.759,变幅为0.385-1.000.在GS值为0.25的水平上,供试材料聚为两大类,聚类结果表明,红花醇溶蛋白图谱类型与其地理分布有很大的相关性.     

普通小麦品种(系)的醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析

用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)对70份普通小麦品种(系)的种子醇溶蛋白进行了分析.结果表明,供试材料醇溶蛋白谱带多态性很高,共检测到28条不同迁移率的清晰谱带.不同材料间的遗传相似系数变化范围为0.28～0.92,平均为0.61,说明供试材料具有较丰富的遗传多样性.聚类分析将这些材料分成8大类和15个亚类.聚类结果在一定程度上反映了供试材料间的亲缘关系.     

九份紫色蓝色小麦的麦谷蛋白、醇溶蛋白和农艺性状分析

为了解紫色蓝色籽粒小麦的遗传背景及利用价值,采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)技术,对9份紫色蓝色小麦品种(系)的麦谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白进行了分析。麦谷蛋白的SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示,9份材料的HMW-GS出现了8种亚基和6种亚基组合类型;Glu-A1位点的主要亚基为1亚基(66.7%),Glu-B1位点主要为7+8亚基(55.6%),优质14+15亚基频率为22.2%,Glu-D1位点,优质亚基5+10的频率为55.6%。主要亚基组合为1/7+8/5+10和Null/7+8/5+10。9份材料的LMW-GS共分离出17条带,其中有7条为共有条带,比例达到41.2%。醇溶蛋白的A-PAGE电泳结果显示,9份材料共分离出20条带,其中共有条带7条(35.0%);9份材料的LMW-GS和醇溶蛋白遗传多样性较低。聚类分析结果显示,9份材料的遗传距离为0.07~0.37,在遗传距离为0.22水平时,9份材料可分为4类,其中HR-1和NH-1,在0.07的水平上聚为一类。综合农艺性状特征、麦谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白分析,紫色籽粒材料漯珍1号、HR-1和NH-1,具有1和5+10优质亚基,可作为优良亲本在遗传和育种中加以研究利用。     

基于SSR标记的黄瓜栽培品种遗传多样性分析及指纹图谱构建

本研究利用筛选出的17对多态性高、条带清晰的SSR引物,以来源不同的32份黄瓜栽培品种为材料,进行遗传多样性分析和指纹图谱的构建。结果表明:筛选出的17对多态性引物共检测出78个基因位点,每个引物平均4.59个,其中,多态性扩增位点56个,多态性比例71.8%,引物多态性信息含量(polymorphism information content, PIC)平均值为0.62,变化范围为0.30～0.87;32份黄瓜栽培品种的遗传相似系数(genetic similarity, GS)介于0.560～0.947之间,平均值为0.797,采用UPGMA法进行聚类,在遗传相似系数(GS)为0.760处可将32份黄瓜品种聚为5类;利用这17对SSR引物构建的指纹图谱能够有效区分所有供试材料,并且为每一份材料建立了一份独特的DNA指纹图谱,该结果可为今后黄瓜新品种选育及品种鉴定提供重要依据。     

华南型黄瓜种质遗传多样性的SSR分析

为探究华南型黄瓜种质的遗传多样性及亲缘关系,以48份黄瓜自交系为试材,利用37对SSR引物对其进行遗传聚类分析和指纹图谱构建。结果表明:11对多态性SSR引物共在40个位点扩增出条带,平均每个引物扩增位点3.64个;多态性位点36个,引物多态性达90%。48份黄瓜材料的遗传相似系数(GS)介于0.375~1.000之间,平均值为0.720。采用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,在GS 0.726处,可将48份黄瓜材料聚为4类,各类群分别包含14、25、3和6份种质,其农艺性状差异主要表现在第1分枝节位、下胚轴长、子叶色、第1雌花节位、瓜长、单瓜重及瓜皮色、斑纹和棱刺等外观特征上。通过指纹图谱构建,可以对38份黄瓜材料进行鉴别。研究表明华南型黄瓜种质具有丰富的遗传多样性,可用于黄瓜遗传改良和品种选育。     

普通豇豆应用核心种质的SSR指纹图谱构建及多样性分析

不同种质资源群体的多样性及遗传背景分析可为种质资源收集保存及创新利用提供有效信息。对不同来源的88份普通豇豆应用核心种质资源进行了14个SSR位点的指纹图谱构建及多样性分析,共检测到39个等位变异,每对引物检测到2~5个,平均为2.79。多态信息含量（PIC）变幅为0.25~0.72,平均为0.58。UPGMA聚类结果显示,除了3对种质外,39个等位变异可将其他材料有效区分,且在遗传相似系数为0.63时,88份种质可分为4个类群,地理来源相同的材料有聚在一起的趋势。     

Gliadin allele composition of Yugoslav winter wheat cultivars

Summary The complete gliadin allele composition of 57 Yugoslav common winter wheat cultivars was studied. Large differences were found in gliadin genotypes among cultivars bred at different Yugoslav breeding centres as well as between early and recent wheats bred in the Novi Sad breeding centre. Yugoslav wheats have limited variation in gliadin alleles, of which Gli-A1a, Gli-B1b, Gli-B1l, Gli-D1b, Gli-A2e, Gli-B2b, Gli-D2a are shown to be the most frequent. Examples of favoured alleles to new cultivars are described. 40% of the studied wheat cultivars have natural biotypes differing in gliadin allele composition. The frequency of cultivars with the biotypes differs greatly among breeding centres.     

小麦资源胚乳蛋白Glu-1、Glu-3、Gli-1基因位点变异特点

141个普通小麦品种及农家种中，由Glu-1位点控制的高分子量谷蛋白亚基共27种图谱，最常见的图谱是（N，7+8，2+12）占22%和（N，7+9，2+12）占19.9%，Glu-A1、Glu-B1、Glu-D1位点控制的均为正效应亚基，其图谱（1，7+8，5+10），（1，14+15，5+10），（1，13+16，5+10），（1，17+18，5+10），（2*，7+8，5+10），（2*，13+16，5+10）占13.4%; 由Glu-3位点控制的低分子量谷蛋白亚基共48种以上的图谱，最常见的图谱是（a, j, c）, Glu-A3位点存在6个以上等位基因，新发现的占5.7%, Glu-B3位点存在10个以上等位基因，新发现的占2.8%, Glu-D3位点存在3个等位基因；由Gli-1位点控制的醇溶蛋白共81种以上图谱，Gli-1A1位点存在7个以上等位基因，新发现的占7.1%, Gli-B1位点存在12个以上等位基因，新发现的等位基因占3.5%, Gli-D1位点存在10个等位基因，Gli-B1位点的l为1B/1R易位系，占总数的33.6%; 由Gli-1位点控制的醇溶蛋白和由Glu-3位点控制的低分子量谷蛋白亚基基因变异远比由G1u-1位点控制的高分子量谷蛋白亚基复杂和丰富。     

山东省普通小麦醇溶蛋白Gli-1和Gli-2位点等位基因的遗传变异

采用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE),分析了山东省种植面积较大的37个小麦品种醇溶蛋白Gli-1和Gli-2位点等位基因的组成特点。结果表明,山东小麦在醇溶蛋白Gli-1 (Gli-A1、Gli-B1和Gli-D1) 和Gli-2 (Gli-A2、Gli-B2和Gli-D2) 位点存在多样性,共鉴定出58个等位基因,出现频率较高的有6个,分别为Gli-A1a (48.6 %)、Gli-B1l (35.1%)、Gli-D1k (35.1%)、Gli-A2b (35.1％)、Gli-B2g (35.1％)和Gli-D2a (29.7％),其中Gli-B1l出现频率较高,表明1BL/1RS易位系在山东小麦中存在比较普遍。醇溶蛋白6个主要位点的遗传变异系数较高,平均为0.7930,变幅为0.7297～0.8269,其中Gli-D2位点遗传多样性最高,Gli-A1最低。对具有优质醇溶蛋白等位基因Gli-B1b或Gli-A2b的品种进行了高分子量谷蛋白亚基的组成分析,表明烟农15、烟优361、山农98-1和山农93-52同时含有优质谷蛋白5＋10亚基,在小麦育种中可利用这些优质亚基基因。     

上海地区水稻已知品种SSR指纹图谱库构建

用24对引物构建上海地区53份水稻品种的DNA指纹图谱,为当地水稻新品种保护、遗传资源评价及亲缘关系分析提供理论依据和技术支持。结果显示,实验中共检测出109条多态性片段,变幅2~9条,平均每对引物4.5417条多态性片段,有效等位基因数为70.8187,平均每个标记2.9508个;Shannon多样性指数(Ⅰ)平均值为1.1296,变幅0.4949~1.8402;多态性信息含量(PIC)平均值为0.5415,变幅0.2656~0.8001。用24个标记建立53份材料的DNA指纹图谱,这些字符串就构成了这53份材料的“身份证号码”,本实验中,各材料的分子身份证号码是唯一的;聚类分析表明,在遗传相似系数0.21处可以将53份材料分为2个类群,分别为粳稻组和籼稻组,但是组内遗传距离较近。由此可见,上海地区水稻品种的遗传多样性相对狭窄。     

Capillary zone electrophoresis analysis of gliadin proteins from Chinese and Yugoslav winter wheat cultivars

Gliadin proteins extracted from fifteen Chinese and Yugoslav winter wheat cultivars were fractionated using a new separation technique – Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE). Different CZE conditions were defined to optimize resolution and reproducibility of gliadin separations. Excellent resolution and high reproducibility of gliadin CZE patterns were obtained by using 47 cm length, 50 μm i.d. capillaries at 15 kV and 30° C in sodium borate buffer system with acetonitrile (ACN) and sodium dodecyl sulfate. By using these CZE conditions, gliadin proteins from each cultivar were easily separated into more than 35 components. This resolution is generally superior to that of one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis and RH-HPLC. Analysis of reproducibility of gliadin CZE patterns from Chinese cultivar ‘Lumai 6’ showed that the average relative standard deviation (RSD) for peak migration times and heights was 0.21% and 4.06%, respectively. Gliadin electrophoregrams of all cultivars studied showed clear qualitative and quantitative differences, including presence or absence of some major peak, migration times and heights of peaks. Specifically, some closely related cultivars that were not differentiable by A-PAGE, were readily differentiated by CZE. In addition, winter wheat cultivars from China and Yugoslavia showed greater differences in gliadin compositions revealed by CZE. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

High genetic diversity of Spanish common wheats as judged from gliadin alleles

Gliadin alleles were identified in 100 common wheat cultivars registered and/or grown in Spain during the last 40 years. A very high level of genetic polymorphism was found: in total, 103 allelic variants including one null‐allele were found at the six major Gli loci in the Spanish wheats studied. An average genetic diversity for these six loci was found to be higher (H=0.844) than in any group of wheat cultivars studied previously. Spanish wheats bred in Spain demonstrated even higher genetic diversity (H=0.868), probably because of the occurrence in this group of some landraces (local varieties) assumed to be strongly differentiated to fit local environments. The high level of genetic diversity of wheats grown in Spain was maintained by the introduction of distantly related wheat germplasm from different sources, especially from Italy and CIMMYT. A slight decrease of genetic diversity in recently registered cultivars might be caused by the excessive introduction of French wheats. Thirteen new alleles found in Spanish wheats were catalogued, including Gli‐D2w which encodes the first Gli‐D2‐controlledγ‐gliadin to be found.     

Genetic diversity and population structure of Indian soybean [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Glycine max</Emphasis> (L.) Merr.] revealed by simple sequence repeat markers

Genetic diversity in 90 Indian soybean cultivars was assessed using 45 SSR markers distributed on 20 soybean chromosomes. Forty-five SSR markers generated 232 alleles with an average of five alleles/locus. The observed frequencies of the 232 alleles ranged from 0.01 to 0.94 with an average of 0.19. The polymorphic information content (PIC) value of the SSR markers varied from 0.10 to 0.83 with an average of 0.61 and about 71% markers have a PIC value of >0.5. In this study, 54 rare alleles including 19 genotype specific alleles were also identified. The observed hetrozygosity for SSR markers ranged from 0 to 0.11 with a mean of 0.10. Cluster analysis grouped the 90 soybean cultivars into three major clusters and principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) results were similar to those of the cluster analysis. A combination of eight SSR markers successfully differentiated all 90 soybean cultivars. The population structure analysis distributed the 90 soybean genotypes into two populations with mean alpha (α) value of 0.1873. In AMOVA analysis, proportion of variation within population was high (88%), whereas only 12% occurred among populations. In cluster and structure analyses, most of the genotypes with similar pedigree were grouped together. Soybean cultivars DS228, MACS-13, LSb-1, Hardee, Improved Pelican, and Pusa-24 were the six most genetically distinct cultivars identified. The study reported a moderate genetic diversity in Indian soybean cultivars and findings would be useful to the soybean breeders in selecting genetically distinct parents for a soybean improvement program.     

Relationship between Quality, Colour of Glume and Gliadin Electrophoregrams in Durum Wheat

Gliadin electrophoregrams, protein content and SDS-sedimentation values from the modified SDS-sedimentation test were obtained from six Greek cultivars of Triticum durum and 98 biotypes (78 with white glumes, 20 with red glumes). Our results provide wheat breeders with the tool TO predict the cooking quality of durum wheat from early generation breeding lines, since we were able to correlate the colour of the glume with the presence or absence of gliadin bands 42/45. All red glume biotypes lacked gliadin band 45 and possessed gliadin band 42. Furthermore, their SDS sedimentation values were around 27 (weak gluten), indicating poor cooking quality. Yet, the electrophoregrams of the gliadin proteins allowed an identification of the wheat cultivars examined, since for each cultivars the pattern was different. No correlation was found between the colour of the glume and the amount of total gram protein.     

小麦品种的蛋白电泳鉴定

由于小麦不同品种的种子含有不同的麦醇溶蛋白(gliadin),因此利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳可以分析比较不同品种的小麦。这种方法不受栽培条件的影响。本文分析了25个不同品种小麦的麦醇溶蛋白 SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱,并对乙醇、脲提取的麦醇溶蛋白电泳图谱进行了比较,结果表明不同品种小麦麦醇溶蛋白电泳图谱差异明显,将疑胶     

Quantitative trait locus analysis of wheat quality traits

Milling and baking quality traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied by QTL analysis in the ITMI population, a set of 114 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) generated from a synthetic-hexaploid (W7985) × bread-wheat (Opata 85) cross. Grain from RILs grown in U.S., French, and Mexican wheat-growing regions was assayed for kernel-texture traits, protein concentration and quality, and dough strength and mixing traits. Only kernel-texture traits showed similar genetic control in all environments, with Opata ha alleles at the hardness locus Ha on chromosome arm 5DS increasing grain hardness, alkaline water retention capacity, and flour yield. Dough strength was most strongly influenced by Opata alleles at 5DS loci near or identical to Ha. Grain protein concentration was associated not with high-molecular-weight glutenin loci but most consistently with the Gli-D2 gliadin locus on chromosome arm 6DS. In Mexican-grown material, a 2DS locus near photoperiod-sensitivity gene Ppd1 accounted for 25% of variation in protein, with the ppd1-coupled allele associated with higher (1.1%) protein concentration. Mixogram traits showed most influence from chromosomal regions containing gliadin or low-molecular-weight glutenin loci on chromosome arms 1AS, 1BS, and 6DS, with the synthetic hexaploid contributing favorable alleles.Some RI lines showed quality values consistently superior to those of the parental material, suggesting the potential of further evaluating new combinations of alleles from diploid and tetraploid relatives, especially alleles of known storage proteins, for improvement of quality traits in wheat cultivars.Contribution number 06-77J from the Kansas Agricultural Experimental Station.