糖果兼用蔗产量性状对蔗茎产量的影响

对12个有望作为糖果兼用蔗品种推广的甘蔗品种的产量性状如株高、茎径、公顷有效茎数、蔗茎产量等进行了相关及通径分析。结果表明：株高、公顷有效茎数与蔗茎产量之间存在显著、极显著正相关，茎径与蔗茎产量呈不显著负相关。各性状之间，株高与公顷有效茎数存在不显著正相关，茎径与株高和公顷有效茎数存在负相关，其中茎径与株高之间的负相关达显著水平。在对产量的效应中，公顷有效茎数的直接效应和总贡献最大，株高次之，茎径最小。由于甘蔗用途的改变——主要用于上市销售，因而在糖果兼用蔗的选育种和生产栽培中把主要目标放在增加公顷有效茎数的同时，对植株的茎径也应给予足够的重视。为获得最大经济效益，应注意合理协调好产量三要素之间，特别是株高与茎径之间的关系。     

灰色关联度分析在玉米组合鉴定试验中的应用

应用灰色关联度分析方法,对玉米组合鉴定试验中主要参试品种的产量、株高、穗位高、茎粗、穗长、穗粗、轴粗、秃尖长、穗行数、行粒数、千粒重、出籽率和单株粒重等性状相关性进行了分析。结果表明:玉米产量与各性状的关联度由大到小依次为:单株粒重>穗粗>出籽率>轴粗>茎粗>千粒重>穗行数>行粒数>穗长>株高>穗位高>秃尖长。因此,在玉米组合鉴定试验中,要注重选择单株粒重高、穗比较粗、出籽率比较高和茎比较粗的品种,而对于株高、穗位高和秃尖长可适当放宽要求。     

花生主要数量性状相关遗传参数分析

对花生主要数量性状进行了相关遗传参数分析，结果表明：结果枝数、饱果数的相关遗传力大于小区籽仁产量的遗传力；饱果数对小区籽仁产量的遗传变异贡献率最大；饱果数、百果重、出米率对小区籽仁产量的直接作用较强。提示在花生高产育种中，应注重结果枝数、饱果数、百果重和出米率等性状的选择。     

甜高粱主要农艺性状与产量相关和通径分析

以引进的11个醇用甜高粱品种为研究对象,对8个主要农艺性状与产量的关系进行了描述性分析、相关分析和通径分析。结果表明,参试的甜高粱品种8个农艺性状的变异系数分布在7.54%~19.44%,株高、茎秆长、茎粗和穗长的变异系数较大;甜高粱产量与株高、茎秆长呈极显著正相关关系,与茎粗、穗长呈显著正相关关系,而与出汁率呈显著负相关关系;株高、茎秆长、茎粗、穗长、叶长对甜高粱产量的直接效应有正向作用,糖锤度、出汁率、叶宽为负向作用,对甜高粱产量作用最大的是株高,其次是茎秆长、茎粗、穗长。因此,在选育优良甜高粱品种时,要协调好各性状之间的关系,着重对株高、茎秆长、茎粗、穗长进行选择。     

辽宁省不同年代玉米杂交种产量及杂种优势比较

试验研究了不同年代玉米产量的变化趋势、杂种优势与亲本产量和杂交种产量的相关关系,利用相关分析和通径分析的研究方法,分析了影响产量的8个主要农艺性状与产量的关系。相关分析结果表明:株高、穗位高、茎秆强度、穗长、穗粗与产量呈正相关,植株较高、穗位较高、穗较长较粗的杂交种产量一般比较高,通过对这几个性状进行选择可以显著提高杂交种的产量水平。通径分析结果说明,各性状对产量的直接作用大小依次为穗位高穗长穗粗株高茎秆强度出籽率穗行数百粒重。穗位高对产量的直接效应最大,在选择时应着重对穗位高的选择。     

我国不同时期玉米主要农艺性状与产量变化分析

利用我国不同时期具有代表性的20个玉米单交种及其32份亲本为材料,采用裂区试验设计,进行产量与主要农艺性状变化的相关分析、通径分析和产量构成主因子分析。结果表明:品种产量和中亲产量随着年代推进逐渐提高,亲本产量与品种产量极显著正相关;产量与穗粗、单株穗干重、单株粒干重、穗轴粗、子粒长、株高、叶片宽、生育期、百粒重、行数和出籽率呈极显著或显著正相关;与穗上叶夹角、雄穗分枝数呈极显著或显著负相关;出籽率、百粒重、穗位高、生育期、穗长、穗行数等对产量增加直接作用最大;穗粗、密度、穗干重、百粒重是产量增加的主要因子。种植密度的提高、株型的改善及果穗性状的优化是玉米产量提高的主要原因。     

马铃薯产量构成因素的通径分析

为了明确各因素对单株产量构成的直接与间接效应及相对重要性,本文在遗传、表现、环境相关分析基础上,进行通径分析。其结果表明:株高、穴茎数、主茎粗和单株块茎鲜重均为极显著正相关;复叶数、分枝数和单株产量虽为正相关,但均不显著。株高、分枝数两因素对单株产量的直接效应最大,其次是主茎粗和穴茎数;复叶数对单株产量的直接效应为负值。     

玉米主要农艺性状对单株产量的影响分析

通过对玉米单株产量与主要农艺性状的相关及通径分析表明:穗粒数对单株产量的提高贡献最大,其相关系数达到0.81296,通径系数达到0.9872.穗长、穗粗、百粒重、出籽率、粒行数、行粒数与单株产量均相关极显著,但以百粒重的直接贡献最大,Pi=0.5354,而穗长、穗粗、出籽率、粒行数、行粒数对单株产量的贡献则是通过穗粒数的增加而实现的.因此,选育高产品种应注意大穗,大粒型品种的选择.穗长、穗粗与单株叶面积、棒三叶面积相关显著或极显著,棒三叶面积又与株高,穗粒,叶片数相关极显著,但与生育期相关不显著,由此可见,可能选育出生育期较短而单株产量较高的玉米品种,但不易选出株高和穗位均低而单株产量又高的玉米品种。     

果蔗4个性状对蔗茎产量的效应

研究结果表明：株高，节间长度与蔗茎产量有着极具显著的相关，公顷有效茎数与果蔗蔗茎产量达显著相关水平，茎径与蔗茎产量相关较小。性状间株高与节间长度相关达极显著、其他性状相关不显著；公顷有效茎数对蔗茎产量的直接贡献最大，其次是株高和节间长度，茎径对蔗茎产量直接贡献较小。由此认为在果蔗选育种和资源筛选上，选择产量时把公顷有效茎数和株高放在首位，重视节间长度。     

辽宁省大豆更替品种主要农艺性状研究

本文研究了建国以来辽宁省大豆更替品种主要农艺性状的遗传改进及主要农艺性状与更替品种产量的关系。总的趋势是13个性状中除了分枝数以外其余性状均有不同程度的增长，其中三粒英数、分枝英数、单株粒重、粒茎比、株高及主茎节数的增长量较大，生育期变化量最小。相关与通径分析结果表明，单株粒重与单株荚数、主茎荚数、分枝荚数、百粒重和粒茎比有直接相关效应。单株荚数对单株产量的直接效应最大，是影响单株产量的主要因子。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.