发酵血粉在猪的氨基酸及常规养分可消化性研究

本研究用回－直肠吻合猪（５月龄）测得发酵血粉总氨基酸的真消化率为８１．３％，与蒸煮血粉的相应值（８１．２％）极接近；用仔猪（２．５月龄）４Ｎ－ＨＣＬ不溶灰分法消化试验测得发酵血粉饲粮的常规养分（干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维）消化率（５１．７％～８６．２％）明显高于蒸煮血粉饲粮相应值（３２．４％～８１．９％）。意味着发酵血粉可消化性改善的表现可能受动物消化内环境影响。     

以去盲肠鸡测定发酵血粉和蒸煮血粉的氨基酸利用率

本研究以去盲肠鸡和改良的“ＴＭＥ”法测定了发酵血粉和蒸煮血粉的氨基酸利用率。结果表明，除蛋氨酸外，鸡对发酵血粉的氨基酸利用率显著高于蒸煮血粉（Ｐ＜０．０５）。发酵血粉是一种值得开发利用和推广的蛋白质饲料。     

发酵血粉工艺优化对产品品质改良的研究

发酵血粉是一项投入低，能耗省，蛋白质和氨基酸含量都极高的蛋白质饲料，本研究通过建立曲生产线，鲜血处理生产线和发酵综合生产线，解决了血粉适口性差的问题，使于物质消化率提高４．３个百分点，粗蛋白消化率提高３．９个百分点，氨基酸平衡性得到改善，经猪，鸡，鸭的严格饲养试验，效果良好。     

膨化血粉饲喂效果研究

选用100只AA肉鸡对膨化血粉、普通血粉、鱼粉的氨基酸消化率进行了研究。结果表明:2%鱼粉对照组与2%膨化血粉组鸡的体重、消化率均差异不显著(P>0.005),说明在一定添加比例的情况下,膨化血粉是可以替代鱼粉的。2%膨化血粉组鸡的体重要明显优于2%的普通血粉组(P<0.01),消化率也比普通血粉好,说明膨化血粉的品质要优于普通血粉。2%膨化血粉组鸡的体重明显优于5%膨化血粉组和10%膨化血粉组(P<0.05,P<0.01),消化率也最好,5%膨化血粉组鸡的体重优于10%膨化血粉组,消化率也比后者高,说明膨化血粉的最佳添加比例为2%,其次是5%。     

膨化血粉对生长猪生产性能的影响

选用75头体重15kg的长×大×杜三元杂交猪,采用1×4+1的对比试验设计方案,对添加4个不同比例的膨化血粉饲喂生长猪的效果进行了研究,同时探讨了在生长猪饲粮中使用膨化血粉替代鱼粉作为唯一动物蛋白源的可能性。结果表明:①同比例添加的鱼粉和膨化血粉对猪的增重及日粮蛋白利用率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。②在2%膨化血粉添加比例基础上,随着添加量增加,猪的增重也明显提高(P<0.05),在平衡氨基酸的条件下,日粮蛋白利用率也随之提高。③在生长猪阶段,膨化血粉的添加量,5%的比例是最佳比例,高于此比例猪不能完全利用,同时生产性能指标不再有明显改善(P>0.05)。     

玉米、豆粕、小麦粉用于北京白鸭代谢能和氨基酸消化率的可加性和组合效应(续上期)

TME分析的基本方法能成功用于氨基酸真消化率(TAAD)的测定。因为能量摄入水平不影响氨基酸的排泄(Sibbald，1979)。本试验用的鸭子没有切除盲肠，因为我们早先的研究(Ragland等。1999)显示这些原料的TAAD在切除和没有切除的鸭之间没有差异。5种日粮处理中，豆粕的平均TAAD值最高(90．58％)。由玉米和豆粕组成的完全日粮平均TAAD值最低(85．83％)。     

日粮膨化血粉水平对育肥鹅生产性能和消化酶活性的影响

选择300只56日龄健康无病的豁眼鹅,随机分为3组,分别在日粮中添加1.5％3.0％、4.5％的膨化血粉,每组设5个重复,每个重复20只鹅.研究不同比例膨化血粉对肥育鹅生产性能和消化酶活性的影响.结果表明:3.0％膨化血粉组的平均日增重、料肉比显著优于其余两组(P＜0.05),1.5％膨化血粉组和4.5％膨化血粉组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05).平均日采食量3.0％膨化血粉组高于其余两组,但差异不显著(P＞0.05).脂肪酶、淀粉酶活性三组间差异均不显著(P＞0.05).胃蛋白酶、胰腺胰蛋白酶活性3.0％膨化血粉组显著优于其余两组(P＜0.05).这表明在育肥鹅日粮中添加3％的膨化血粉最适宜.     

猪血发酵的两种工艺方法探讨

<正> 发酵血粉是一种优质的营养饲料添加剂,它以猪血和糠麸为原料,经微生物发酵后制得。在生物发酵过程中,猪血和糠麸等原料中的大分子的蛋白质和淀粉,可转化为畜禽易消化吸收的小分子的氨基酸及糖类。饲养试验表明,在鸡猪的基础日粮内添加3～5％的发酵血粉,鸡和猪的增重率可提高9～21％,且抗病能力强,整齐度高。为了提高发酵血粉的生物学价值,在发酵工艺上,我们做了筐式发酵与固体通风两段发酵的对比实验。     

鸡鸭对饲料氨基酸利用的比较研究

本文旨在研究鸡和鸭对饲料氨基酸消化率的差异,为合理配制鸭饲料提供必要参考。选用18周龄健康、体重约为(2.6±0.20)kg的海兰褐佳蛋公鸡和北京Z系公鸭各48只。以Sibbald“真代谢能(TME)”法测定公鸡和公鸭常用谷物(玉米、稻谷、小麦和麸皮)、饼粕(豆粕、棉粕、花生粕)两大类7种常用饲料的氨基酸消化率,每种饲料各用8只禽来测定,每只禽为1个重复。结果显示:(1)豆粕、花生粕、玉米、水稻和小麦的总氨基酸表观消化率(total amino acid apparent digestibility,TAAAD),鸭的测定值都比鸡显著高(P<0.05),鸭对棉粕、麸皮的TAAAD极显著高于鸡(P<0.01),在同一种饲料中,大多数氨基酸表观消化率(amino acid apparent digestibility,AAAD)鸭测定值明显高于鸡的;(2)鸡和鸭内源总氨基酸排泄量分别为478.31和941.34 mg/48 h,差异极显著(P<0.01),单个氨基酸排泄总量鸭都极显著高于鸡(P<0.01);(3)7种饲料总氨基酸真消化率(total amino acid true digesti-bility,TTAAD)鸭的测定值都高于鸡(P<0.01),同一种饲料中,大多数氨基酸真消化率(amino acid true digestibil-ity,TAAD)鸭的测定值显著高于鸡。以上结果表明,鸡和鸭对饲料氨基酸消化率存在显著差异,在所测定的7种植物饲料中大多数AAAD和TAAD测定值都是鸭比鸡高,目前以鸡测定各种饲料氨基酸消化率不适宜鸭的生产。     

仔猪饲喂血制品中磷的标准全肠道消化率的研究

试验旨在测定血浆蛋白粉(SDPP)和其它两种干燥血粉中磷在仔猪上的表观全肠消化率(ATTD)和标准全肠消化率(STTD)。试验共有4种日粮,3种试验日粮分别以3种血制品(SDPP、猪血粉、禽血粉)作为唯一磷来源的日粮,试验组日粮组成为:玉米淀粉60%~60.4%、蔗糖15%、豆油3%、石粉1.3%或0.9%、食盐0.4%、维生素矿物质预混料0.3%,以及添加量均为20%的3种血制品原料。第4种日粮为无磷日粮,用于测定仔猪内源磷损失量。试验选用24头仔猪[初始重(18.8±3.2)kg],随机分为4个处理组,每个处理组6头。试验经预饲5 d后进行5 d的全收粪试验。结果表明:仔猪磷的表观全肠消化率以SDPP最高(91.31%),与猪血粉(76.46%)和禽血粉(57.67%)相比差异极显著(P<0.01);同时,猪血粉的磷表观全肠消化率也极显著高于禽血粉(P<0.01)。仔猪磷的标准全肠消化率SDPP(102.79%)显著高于猪血粉(89.74%)和禽血粉(86.11%)(P<0.05),猪血粉与禽血粉之间则无明显差异。试验结果表明,血制品是有机磷的优质来源,SDPP的磷标准全肠消化率较猪血粉和禽血粉更高。     

用回-直肠吻合法测定猪饲料氨基酸消化率研究

本试验选用4头经回-直肠吻合手术阉公猪(体重23.5±1.8kg)测定了玉米、次粉、麦麸、乳清粉、血浆蛋白粉、鱼粉、豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕、玉米蛋白粉、花生粕等11种猪饲料氨基酸表观消化率和真消化率.结果表明,乳清粉、鱼粉蛋白氨基酸真消化率最高,菜籽粕、棉籽粕、花生粕较低,玉米蛋白粉最低.     

The effects of poultry meal source and ash level on nursery pig performance

Weanling pigs (total of 560) were used in two experiments to determine the effects of poultry meal in nursery diets on pig performance. In Exp. 1,210 barrows and gilts (initially 7.4 kg and 21 +/- 2 d of age) were fed one of five diets, which included a control diet with no specialty protein products or (as-fed basis) the control with 2.5 or 5.0% fish meal, or 2.9 or 5.9% poultry meal (11.8% ash). Poultry meal replaced fish meal on an equal lysine basis. Overall (d 0 to 28), pigs fed diets containing fish meal had greater (P < 0.01) ADG than pigs fed poultry meal. Increasing fish meal tended to have increased (quadratic, P < 0.07) ADG, with the greatest improvement observed in pigs fed the diet containing 2.5% fish meal. Pigs fed diets containing fish meal had improved (P < 0.01) G:F compared with pigs fed diets containing poultry meal. In Exp. 2, a total of 350 barrows and gilts (initially 8.9 kg and 22 +/- 2 d of age) were fed one of seven experimental diets, which included a control diet with no specialty protein products, or the control with 2.5 or 5.0% fish meal, 2.9 or 5.8% low-ash (10.9%) poultry meal, and 3.1 or 6.2% high-ash (13.5%) poultry meal. Poultry meal replaced fish meal on an equal lysine basis. Overall (d 0 to 15), there were no differences in ADG and ADFI (P = 0.14); however, pigs fed diets containing fish meal or poultry meal had improved (linear, P < 0.01) G:F compared with pigs fed the control diet. Pigs fed diets containing low-ash poultry meal had greater (P < 0.01) G:F compared with pigs fed diets containing high-ash poultry meal. Based on these data, quality control specifications, such as ash content, need to be considered when using poultry meal as an animal protein replacement in diets for nursery pigs.     

The effect of diet on performance, digestibility, blood composition and intestinal microflora of weaned pigs

Good evaluation variables are needed to study postweaning lag in early weaned pigs. In this study, performance, digestibility, concentration of blood components and aerobic fecal microflora under different dietary regimens from weaning at 3 wk of age to 35 d of age are reported. Treatment 1 (T1) consisted of a corn-soybean meal starter diet. Pigs in treatment 2 (T2) received a steamed, rolled oat groats-casein starter diet. Pigs in treatment 1 and 2 were weaned at 3 wk of age while those in treatment 3 remained with the sow. Treatment 1 pigs had lower average daily gains for the 2-wk trial as compared with T2 pigs (P less than .05). Three of the four animals consuming the corn-soybean meal diet were observed to have diarrhea during the experiment as compared with an occasional loose stool from the pigs fed oats-casein. There were no significant differences in digestibility of dry matter, crude protein or ether extract among pigs in T1 and T2. Digestibilities of ash and crude fiber were higher (P less than .05) in T1 pigs, while there was an increase (P less than .05) in digestibility of N-free extract by pigs in T2. Serum protein, Na, CO2 and blood hematocrit were not significantly different among treatments. Blood chloride was higher, whereas glucose was lower for pigs in T1 and T2 than T3 (P less than .05). Blood urea N was higher for pigs in T1 as compared with pigs in T2 or T3. Potassium was higher (P less than .05) for pigs in T1 as compared with those in T2 or T3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Food value of straw meal in the nutrition of pigs. 1. Digestibility of the nutrients and N-balance after feeding with partially hydrolized straw meal]

Straw Meal was mixed with concentrated HCl at a mass proportion of approximately 10 : 1. After a one-hour duration of action the mixture was diluted with water (in proporation to the added HCl volume the double amount of water) and steamed in an electric steaming caldron for one hour. The partially hydrolised final product was neutralised with calcium hydroxide (3,5 kg per 10 kg HCl). In a digestibility experiment 4 pigs were fed according to the differential method with barley (supplemented with lysine and methionine) without straw meal resp. with straw meal (717 g barley dry matter+386 g straw meal dry matter per animal and day for pigs with an average live weight of 64.3 kg). In this test 21.0% of the organic matter of partially hydrolised straw meal, 0.5% of the crude fibre and 42.3% of the N-free extractives were digestible. When the animals were fed with barley exclusively (1045 g dry matter per day and animal of an average body weight of 61,4 kg), 17,1% of the 26,0 t N per animal and day were excreted in feces. After the feeding with straw meal admixtures, 34,5% of the 20,9 g N per animal and day were excreted in feces. When the feed consisted of 1,99 kg barley, 220 g fish meal and 565 g straw meal (dry matter in each case) per animal and day for the same pigs with an average body weight of 97,1 kg a digestibility of the organic matter of the partially hydrolised straw meal of 24,6% was achieved. 24.3% of the nitrogen consumed (72.9 g) by each animal per day were excreted in feces. After slaughtering, the pH-value in the caecum sould be ascertained as 6.0 to 6.5. The conclusion of this is that partially hydrolised straw meal contains approximately 20% utilisable carbohydrates and has a positive dietic effect in the digestive tract.     

浙江鱼粉和秘鲁鱼粉氨基酸对鸡的消化率比较

本试验以去盲肠鸡和正常鸡各１６只测定了浙江鱼粉和秘鲁鱼粉的氨基酸表观消化率（ＡＡＡＤ）和真消化率（ＴＡＡＤ）。结果表明，以去盲肠鸡测定，浙江鱼粉多数氨基酸的ＡＡＡＤ和ＴＡＡＤ超过秘鲁鱼粉（Ｐ＜０．０５）。以正常鸡测定，两者大多数氨基酸消化率无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。说明新鲜优质浙江鱼粉的氨基酸可消化性与进口鱼粉相当，甚至更优     

Use of pet food-grade poultry by-product meal as an alternate protein source in weanling pig diets

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate pet food-grade poultry by-product meal (PBM) as a replacement protein source for fish meal (FM), blood meal (BM), and spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP) in weanling pig diets. In the first study, 200 crossbred pigs (initial BW = 6.5 kg) were weaned (21 d) and randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments, which included a control and three test diets where PBM was substituted for FM, blood products, or both. Experimental diets were fed during Phase I (d 0 to 5 postweaning) and Phase II (d 5 to 19), and a common Phase III diet was fed from d 19 to 26. Overall (d 0 to 26), there was no difference in performance of pigs fed PBM in place of the other ingredients. However, during Phase I, BW (P < 0.05), ADG (P < 0.02), and intake (P < 0.001) in pigs fed diets containing SDPP were greater than those fed diets with PBM. In Exp. 2, the performance of pigs (n = 100, initial BW = 6.5 kg) fed diets containing 20% PBM (as-fed basis, replacing SDPP, BM, FM, and a portion of the soybean meal) in all phases of the nursery diet was compared with a group fed conventional diets without PBM. There were no differences in overall performance (d 0 to 26); however, ADG (P < 0.10) and feed intake were higher (P < 0.01) for pigs fed the conventional diet than for pigs fed the 20% PBM diet during Phase I (d 0 to 5). Experiment 3 was a slope-ratio assay to determine the ability of PBM to replace SDPP. A total of 320 pigs (initial BW = 7.32 kg) was weaned (21 d) and allotted to five treatment groups in three trials in a blocked design with product (SDPP or PBM) as the first factor, and lysine level (1.08, 1.28, 1.49%; as-fed basis) as the second factor. Growth rate increased with increasing lysine (P < 0.05), regardless of the source. These results indicate that PBM can be used in nursery diets in place of blood meal and fish meal without affecting performance. Furthermore, although feeding PBM in Phase I diets was not equivalent to SDPP during the first week, there was no overall difference in performance at the end of the nursery phase.     

Amino acid digestibility in dry extruded-expelled soybean meal fed to pigs and poultry

The digestibility of AA in dry extruded-expelled soybean meal (DESBM) and regular, solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) were determined in pigs and poultry. In the pig assay, 4 Cotswold barrows (average initial BW of 80.4 kg) fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were allotted to 4 semipurified diets in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Diet 1, a low protein diet (5% casein), was used to quantify endogenous CP and AA losses. Diets 2, 3, and 4 were formulated to contain 35% regular, solvent-extracted SBM; batch 1 of DESBM (DESBM-1); and batch 2 of DESBM (DESBM-2), respectively, as the sole source of protein. The DESBM samples were obtained from 2 different batches but were subjected to the same processing conditions. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was included as a digestibility marker in all diets. Compared with DESBM-1 and DESBM-2, apparent ileal digestibility of DM in SBM was greater (P < 0.05). Apparent and true ileal digestibilities of AA in SBM were greater (P < 0.05) compared with DESBM-2. In the poultry assay, 4 dietary treatments were each assigned to adult cecectomized roosters in a completely randomized design. Treatment 1 was a nonnitrogenous diet (NND; 90% sucrose and 10% vegetable oil) used to estimate endogenous N and AA losses. Treatments 2, 3, and 4 contained SBM, DESBM-1, and DESBM-2 as the only source of protein. Each of these diets was fed in 25-g quantities formulated to provide 5 g of CP from the respective soybean meal source. The SBM had greater (P < or = 0.05) true digestibility for isoleucine, leucine, cysteine, proline, serine, and tyrosine compared with DESBM-1. The results indicate that, relative to regular, solvent-extracted soybean meal, AA digestibilities of different batches of dry extruded-expelled soybean meal varied in pigs and poultry.     

Effects of blood meal pH and irradiation on nursery pig performance

A total of 720 nursery pigs in three experiments were used to evaluate the effects of blood meal with different pH (a result of predrying storage time) and irradiation of spray-dried blood meal in nursery pig diets. In Exp. 1, 240 barrows and gilts (17 +/- 2 d of age at weaning) were used to determine the effects of blood meal pH (7.4 to 5.9) in diets fed from d 10 to 31 postweaning (7.0 to 16.3 kg of BW). Different lots of dried blood meal were sampled to provide a range in pH. Overall (d 0 to 21), pigs fed diets containing blood meal had greater ADG (P < 0.05) and ADFI (P < 0.05) than pigs fed diets without blood meal. Ammonia concentrations in blood meal rose as pH decreased. However, blood meal pH did not influence (P > 0.16) ADG, ADFI, or gain:feed (G:F). In Exp. 2, 180 barrows (17 +/- 2 d of age at weaning) were used to determine the effects of post drying pH (7.6 to 5.9) and irradiation (gamma ray, 9.5 kGy) of blood meal on growth performance of nursery pigs from d 5 to 19 postweaning (6.8 to 10.1 kg of BW). One lot of whole blood was isolated with 25% of the total lot dried on d 0, 3, 8, and 12 after collection to create a range in pH. Overall, pigs fed blood meal had improved G:F (P < 0.01) compared to pigs fed the control diet. Similar to Exp. 1, the ammonia concentration of blood meal increased with decreasing pH. Blood meal pH did not influence ADG, ADFI, or G:F (P > 0.21), but pigs fed irradiated blood meal (pH 5.9) had greater ADG and G:F (P < 0.05) than pigs fed nonirradiated blood meal (pH 5.9). In Exp. 3, 300 barrows (17 +/- 6 d of age at weaning) were used to determine the effects of blood meal irradiation source (gamma ray vs. electron beam) and dosage (2.5 to 20.0 kGy) on growth performance of nursery pigs from d 4 to 18 postweaning (8.7 to 13.2 kg of BW). Overall, the mean of all pigs fed blood meal did not differ in ADG, ADFI, or G:F (P > 0.26) compared to pigs fed the control diet without blood meal. Pigs fed irradiated blood meal had a tendency (P < 0.10) for increased G:F compared with pigs fed nonirradiated blood meal. No differences in growth performance were detected between pigs fed blood meal irradiated by either gamma ray or electron beam sources (P > 0.26) or dosage levels (P > 0.11). These studies suggest that pH alone as an indicator of blood meal quality is not effective and irradiation of blood meal improved growth performance in nursery pigs.     

Additivity and associative effects of metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility of corn,soybean meal,and wheat red dog for White Pekin ducks

The additivity of true amino acid digestibility (TAAD) and true metabolizable energy (TME) values in corn, soybean meal, and wheat red dog for White Pekin ducks was investigated. Differences between observed values for the complete diets and values predicted from measurements of individual ingredients were used to test additivity. Eight ducks were each assigned to the following dietary treatments: corn, soybean meal (44% CP), wheat red dog (wheat by-product with less than 4% fiber), complete Diet 1 (corn-soybean meal), complete Diet 2 (corn-red dog-soybean meal), and dextrose. Dextrose-fed ducks were used to estimate endogenous losses. The nitrogen-corrected TME (TMEn) in corn, soybean meal, wheat red dog, and two complete diets were 3.411, 2.919, 2.502, 3.148, and 3.111 kcal/g, respectively. In general, the TME and TMEn values observed in the two complete diets were not different (P > 0.05) from predicted values and indicated that the TME and TMEn in corn, soybean meal, and wheat red dog were all additive. The mean TAAD of corn, soybean meal, wheat red dog, and the two complete diets were not different, and were 87.03, 88.15, 90.58, 85.83, and 87.02%, respectively. The differences in TAAD between observed and predicted values were significant (P < 0.05) only for arginine, lysine, and aspartate in complete Diet 1, and for arginine, histidine, lysine, and aspartate in complete Diet 2. These results indicated that TME and TMEn values for corn,soybean meal, and wheat red dog were all additive in the two complete diets, but digestibilities of some amino acids were not additive and demonstrated some associative effects.