有机物对红外光谱技术测定植物叶片和茎秆水δ18O和δD的影响

植物叶片、茎秆和土壤水δ18O和δD是研究土壤植被大气系统生态水文循环过程的重要示踪剂。与传统的稳定同位素质谱(IRMS)技术相比,稳定同位素红外光谱(IRIS)技术具有测量速度快、运行成本低等优势,将促进稳定同位素生态学的发展。但是利用低温真空蒸馏抽提技术获得的植物叶片和茎秆水中含有甲醇和乙醇类有机污染物,造成δ18O和δD的IRIS测量值偏离IRMS测量值(2.64±0.43)‰和(3.6±0.8)‰,超过了仪器精度。本研究利用纯水混入不同浓度的色谱纯甲醇或乙醇,结合Los Gatos公司的光谱分析软件确定甲醇(NB)和乙醇(BB)类物质污染程度的光谱度量值,建立了δ18O和δD的光谱污染校正方法。研究表明,同一台分析仪建立的校正曲线无明显的时间漂移;不同分析仪建立的校正曲线存在显著差异;IRIS校正值与IRMS测量值的交叉验证表明,IRIS测定冬小麦和夏玉米叶片和茎秆水的δ18O和δD可以被准确地校正,与IRMS的差值分别为(0.11±0.12)‰和(0.7±0.4)‰。     

Quantifying the contribution of soil organic matter turnover to forest soil respiration, using natural abundance δC

Quantifying the loss of soil carbon through respiration has proved difficult, due to the challenge of measuring the losses associated with the turnover of soil organic matter (SOM) as distinct from autotrophic components. In forest ecosystems the δ¹³C value of respiration from turnover of SOM (δ¹³CR_SOM) is typically 2-4‰ enriched compared with that from roots and associated microbes (δ¹³CR_ROOTS), with that from the litter (δ¹³CR_LITTER) lying between the two. We measured soil respiration at 50 locations in a forest soil and then used differences in isotopic signatures to quantify the proportion of soil respiration arising from the turnover of SOM (fR_SOM) at a subset of 30 locations, chosen randomly. The soil surface CO₂ efflux was collected using an open chamber system supplied with CO₂-free air and the δ¹³C signature (δ¹³CR_S) measured, giving a mean (±SD) value across the site of −26.1 ± 0.58‰. The values of δ¹³CR_ROOTS, δ¹³CR_LITTER and δ¹³CR_SOM were measured at each location by incubation of roots, litter and root-free soil and collection of the CO₂ for isotopic analysis. δ¹³CR_SOM became progressively depleted with length of incubation (1.5‰ after 8 h), so CO₂ was collected after 20 min. The mean value of δ¹³CR_LITTER was −27.2 ± 0.68 ‰, which was indistinguishable from δ¹³CR_ROOTS of −27.6 ± 0.51‰, while δ¹³CR_SOM was −25.1 ± 0.88‰. δ¹³CR_ROOTS and δ¹³CR_SOM measured at each location were used as the end points of a two component mixing model to calculate fR_SOM, giving a mean value for fR_SOM of 0.61 ± 0.28. It was not possible to estimate fR_SOM using the total C contents of the roots and soil which were significantly depleted in ¹³C in comparison to their respired CO₂. However, at seven locations the δ¹³CR_S was slightly enriched compared with δ¹³CR_SOM (mean 0.3‰), which was not considered significantly different so fR_SOM was constrained to 1.0. If these seven rings were excluded mean fR_SOM was 0.49 ± 0.20. We have shown the possibility of using natural abundance ¹³C discrimination to quantify fR_SOM in a forest soil with an input of carbon only from C₃ photosynthesis.     

土壤有机质研究中的δ13C方法

鉴于国内在土壤学研究中应用δ     

三种农药对Cu2+在蒙脱石和δ-Al2O3上吸附的影响

本文比较研究了Ｃｕ＾２＋在草甘磷、毒莠定和杀虫脒等三种农药条件下在Ｃａ－蒙脱石和δ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３上的吸附。草甘磷降低了Ｃｕ＾２＋在Ｃａ－蒙脱石上的吸附。当草甘磷／Ｃｕ＾２＋摩尔比越高时，Ｃｕ＾２＋吸附的降低量则越大。草甘磷是通过络合机制而降低Ｃｕ＾２＋在Ｃａ－蒙脱石上的吸附，同时增加了Ｃｕ＾２＋在δ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３上的吸附。当草甘磷／Ｃｕ＾２＋摩尔比越高时，Ｃｕ＾２＋吸附的增加量也就越大。草甘磷作为桥而     

用树轮δ13C重建过去300年大气CO2浓度

The annual series of δ13C were measured in tree rings of three Cryptomeria fortunei disks （OF-1, OF-2, and OF- 3） collected from West Tianmu Mountain, Zhejiang Province, China, according to cross-dating tree ring ages. There was no obvious decreasing trend of the δ13C annual time series of CF-2 before 1835. However, from 1835 to 1982 the three tree ring δ13C annual series exhibited similar decreasing trends that were significantly （P ≤ 0.001） correlated. The distribution characteristics of a scatter diagram between estimated δ13C series of CF-2 from modeling and the atmospheric CO2 concentration extracted from the Law Dome ice core from 1840 to 1978 were analyzed and a curvilinear regression equation for reconstructing atmospheric CO2 concentration was established with R2 = 0.98. Also, a test of independent samples indicated that between 1685 and 1839 the reconstructed atmospheric CO2 concentration .using the δ13C series of CF-2 had a close relationship with the Law Dome and Siple ice cores, with a standard deviation of 1.98. The general increasing trend of the reconstructed atmospheric CO2 concentration closely reflected the 10ng-term variation of atmospheric CO2 concentration recorded both before and after the Industrial Revolution. Between 1685 and 1840 the evaluated atmospheric CO2 concentration was stable, but after 1840 it exhibited a rapid increase. Given a longer δ13C annual time series of tree rings, it was feasible to rebuild a representative time series to describe the atmospheric CO2 concentration for an earlier period and for years that were not in the ice core record.     

δ13C方法在土壤有机质研究中的应用

δ13C方法是近年来用于土壤有机质动力学研究的一种新方法,该方法除了具有14C标记法的优点外,还具有无放射性,可以提供长期的标记,并能使所有的土壤有机质组分都能被均匀标记,相对经济、在实验地采样后直接进行研究等特殊优点,从而在土壤有机质及其组分的来源、周转和C3/C4植被的历史变化研究中得到广泛应用。随着该方法的迅速发展以及各种分析δ13C值技术的不断改进,δ13C方法在研究土壤过程特别是土壤碳循环中显示出新的活力。为了推动δ13C方法在国内土壤有机质研究中的应用,本文对影响土壤有机质δ13C值的因素、国内外近年来该方法在土壤有机质研究中的应用和δ13C值的分析方法作了较全面的综述。     

冬季淹水稻田CH4排放通量及其δ13C的时间变化特征

通过田间试验研究了持续淹水稻田冬季休闲期和水稻生长期CH4排放通量及其稳定性碳同位组成的时间变化。结果表明:CH4排放在冬季休闲期从4月份呈逐渐上升趋势,至6月份出现排放峰,为CH46.4 mg m-2h-1;水稻移栽后则迅速增加,于7月和8月出现两个排放峰,分别为CH423.1 mg m-2h-1和CH429.8 mg m-2h-1,此后急剧下降,末期稻田排水落干期间出现一个排放峰。冬季休闲期CH4排放总量为CH43.3 g m-2,占全年排放总量的8.9%。稻田排放的δ13CH4在冬季休闲期后期逐渐从-51‰上升至-44‰,然后下降至-56‰。水稻移栽后,δ13C值从-62‰迅速降至-68‰,然后慢慢上升至-60‰,并在较长一段时间内保持不变,后期再次富集13C。末期排水落干对排放δ13CH4影响显著。排放δ13CH4在水稻生长期较冬季休闲期低得多,原因在于冬季休闲期的CH4氧化率很高(60%～90%),而水稻生长期的CH4氧化率相对较低(10%～80%)。全观测期内,CH4排放通量的季节变化均与土壤温度显著正相关(p<0.01),与土壤Eh显著负相关(p<0.01),与δ13CH4呈显著负相关(p<0.05)。     

Variability in pattern and hydrogen isotope composition (δ2H) of long-chain n-alkanes of surface soils and its relations to climate and vegetation characteristics: A meta-analysis

The average chain length (ACL), carbon preference index (CPI), and hydrogen isotope composition (δ²H) of long-chain n-alkanes in sediments have been used to retrieve information about the paleoclimate. Despite their importance as in-between media from leaves to sediments, n-alkanes of surface soils have not been systematically analyzed at large scale. Such an investigation of the spatial variation of n-alkane properties in soil and their dependence on climatic and botanic (e.g., vegetation type) factors could provide a rationale for a better estimation of the past environment. We synthesized the patterns and δ²H of long-chain n-alkanes in soil (δ²H^n-alkanes) with regard to vegetation types (cropland, grassland, shrubland, and woodland) and environmental factors using data from peer-reviewed papers. Our results showed that the ACL and CPI of soil C₂₇–C₃₃ n-alkanes were not suitable indicators for differentiating vegetation types at large scale; instead, ACL significantly correlated with water conditions such as mean annual precipitation (MAP) and Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), and CPI significantly correlated with temperature without significant influence of vegetation type. The variation (i.e., standard deviation) of fractionation between the δ²H values in annual precipitation and in soil n-alkanes (ε_rain-soil) was smaller than that reported in leaves; therefore, soils were better suited to quantifying the general growing conditions of plants at a certain site. The fractionation ε_rain-soil correlated with climatic conditions as described by the PDSI and relative humidity (RH). This correlation agreed with the change in leaf water enrichment with changing RH taken from the literature and was independent of the vegetation type at large scale. This meta-analysis may provide useful information for the variations of the patterns and δ²H_n-alkanes values in surface soils.     

作为颗粒运移的示踪剂的土壤7Be, 137Cs, 226Ra和228Ra的地球化学种类

A brunisolic soil collected from an erosive forest land(HF-1-1) and a yellow soil from and accumulative shallow basin(HF-6-1) in the watershed of Lake Hongfeng (HF) were used for activity measurements of ^7Be,^137Cs,^226Ra and ^228Ra in different geochemical speciation.More than 85% of ^7Be,^137Cs,^226Ra and 228Ra in the soils were bound to organic Fe-Mn oxy-hydroxide and residual fractions.They could move with soil particlesw and be used as tracers for the erosion and /or accumulation of soil particles.^7Be gohemical specition in the soils agreed with its trace for seasonal particle transport.^137Cs geohemial speciaiton was suitable for tracing soil particle accumulation and for sediment aating.^226Ra and ^228Ra were ombined in crystalline skeleton of clay minerals and mainly remained as residues in the soils and little was bound to the soluble,exchangeable and carbonate fractions.The differentiation of ^226 Ra/^228Ra activity ratios in different geoheical fractions in the soils could be used as a parameter to trace accumulation and /or erosion of soil particles.     

坡耕地黑土剖面有机碳的分布和δ13C值研究

以一东北黑土典型漫岗坡耕地为研究对象,通过测定不同地形部位(坡顶、坡肩、坡背、坡脚和坡足)部分土壤属性和δ13C值,探索土壤侵蚀和沉积对土壤有机碳(SOC)动态的影响。结果表明:表层土壤δ13C值与地形坡度、土壤粘粒含量、土壤含水量、pH值都显著相关。δ13C在土壤剖面中随深度变化,能够反映作物残体输入和土壤累积特征,有助于鉴定原始埋藏土壤表层。侵蚀部位土壤δ13C值与SOC含量线性拟合的倾斜角β与地形坡度成正相关,与粘粒含量成负相关,是反映SOC周转的一个良好指标。坡肩和坡背C3-C显著低于坡顶(对照点),C4-C含量无显著性差异,说明不同侵蚀程度的地形部位SOC含量差异主要是由C3-C引起;坡脚和坡足C4-C显著低于坡肩和坡背,说明沉积区新碳损失更大。     

δ-MnO2在环境中的演化及其与金属离子的相互作用研究进展

水羟锰矿(δ-Mn O₂)作为土壤矿物和地球沉积物中的重要组成部分，因其对土壤中诸多金属离子具有超强富集作用而备受关注。富集了金属离子的δ-Mn O₂在土壤环境中迁移转化，伴随金属元素二次污染风险。因此，探究δ-Mn O₂转化过程及其与金属元素的相互作用规律势在必行。本文简要介绍了δ-Mn O₂的性质，综述了δ-Mn O₂的结构转化及其影响因素，δ-Mn O₂与重金属离子之间的相互作用和氧化锰晶体生长机制，并对土壤中δ-Mn O₂转化过程带来的金属元素二次污染防治研究重点和方向提出了展望。     

丛枝菌根真菌对羊草δ13C组成和气体交换的影响

采用盆栽方法研究接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus intraradices和Glomus claroidum对内蒙古典型草原优势种羊草（Leymus chinensis）δ¹³C组成和气体交换的影响。羊草生长45、60和75 d的测定结果表明,接种菌根真菌能提高羊草的含磷量和植株叶片气孔导度及光合速率,但对植株内在水分利用效率和δ¹³C值无显著影响。     

北京山区侧柏生态系统各组分夜间δ13C变化特征和对环境因子的响应

采用同位素光谱测定仪对北京山区侧柏人工林生长旺盛期夜间CO_2浓度和δ~(13)C进行原位观测。分析侧柏林生态系统不同组分夜间呼吸δ~(13)C的差异,探究其对环境因子的响应。结果表明:在使用Keeling plot法拟合侧柏林7—9月夜间呼吸作用释放的δ~(13)C时,利用大气稳定度作为筛选条件后,拟合精度从0.43增大到0.82,误差从0.54‰～0.99‰下降到0.50‰～0.82‰。δ~(13)C变化范围为(-28.76±0.51)‰～(-25.18‰±0.59)‰,呈现先增大后减小的趋势;地上侧柏枝条δ~(13)C_(地上)变化范围(-33.16±1.08)‰～(-26.82±0.18)‰,呈增加趋势,在7月底达到最大值,9月变化趋于平稳;地下土壤δ~(13)C_(地下)变化范围(-28.55±0.17)‰～(-21.39±0.37)‰,呈增加趋势,7月底达到最大值,变化波动最大,9月变化趋于平稳,各月δ~(13)C与时间呈二次函数关系;在生长旺盛期夜间土壤呼吸通量占生态系统呼吸通量的54.77%,δ~(13)C_(地下)比δ~(13)C_(地上)高2.06‰～7.03‰;逐步回归分析表明,夜间呼吸δ~(13)C受大气湿度影响最显著,大气湿度对各组分碳同位素值变化的贡献率均在60%以上。δ~(13)C_(地下)不受土壤温度的影响,δ~(13)C_(地上)除大气湿度外,大气温度、土壤温湿度对其影响较为均衡。通过对夜间呼吸δ~(13)C的研究,可以更全面地评估北京山区森林生态系统碳平衡,为区域森林生态系统经营提供科学依据。     

PP333,CCC,B9喷施对彩色马蹄莲矮化效应的研究

采用多效唑(PP333)、矮壮素(CCC)和B93种植物生长延缓剂对彩色马蹄莲(Zantedeschiahybrida)2个三角叶型品种‘Golden chalice’和‘Fire glow’以及2个窄叶型品种‘Lip stick’和‘Garnetglow’进行不同浓度喷施处理,研究植物生长延缓剂对彩色马蹄莲的矮化效应。结果表明:各品种对不同药剂处理响应不同,同种药剂各浓度处理间无明显规律性。3种生长延缓剂对抑制4个品种的株高生长,提高其叶片叶绿素含量都能起到良好的效果。根据冠幅、叶长、叶宽、花梗长、花梗粗等观赏性状综合比较来看,PP3331500mg/L处理对‘Golden chalice’各性状均起到明显抑制作用,矮化效果较好;而CCC 250mg/L处理对‘Fire glow’和‘Lip stick’矮化效果最好;B91000mg/L处理对‘Garnet glow’矮化效果较好,各性状抑制程度与对照相比差异均达到显著水平。总之,彩色马蹄莲品种间差异较大,无法筛选特定的生长延缓剂进行统一调控,但是,3种药剂对4个品种都有矮化效应,在生产中进行适宜浓度喷施可作为调控株型,提高盆栽质量的重要手段。     

土壤水分状况对CH4氧化,N2O和CO2排放的影响

实验室培育试验表明，土壤氧化ＣＨ４，排放Ｎ２Ｏ和ＣＯ２的最佳水分含不量。水稻土氧化ＣＨ４的最佳水分含同于半干旱草地土壤，均接近于土壤环境常年水分含量。水稻土Ｎ２Ｏ排放量随着水分含量的下降而增加，半干旱草地土壤则随着水分含量的下降而减少，表明背离土壤环境上水分含量越远，Ｎ２Ｏ的排放量越大。因而，ＣＨ４氧化和Ｎ２Ｏ排放对土壤水分含量的反应呈极显著的负相关性。ＣＯ２排放的最佳水分含量接近或高于ＣＨ４氧化     

用δ13C方法研究玉米秸秆分解期间土壤有机质数量动态变化

通过室内培养实验 ,应用δ1 3C方法研究了玉米秸秆分解期间 ,土壤中胡敏酸 (HA)和富里酸 (FA)数量的动态变化。结果表明 :培养期间 ,新加入的玉米秸秆以及原土有机C都减少 ,但后者分解速度较慢。培养初期 ,FA的形成速度大于HA ;随培养时间延长 ,FA转化为HA或相互转化。原土有机质中 ,HA、FA也发生了相互转化 ,但与新形成的HA、FA相比转化速度较慢。用δ1 3 C方法研究短期培养 (几个月～几年 )条件下新加入有机质在土壤中的分解动力学是可行的。     

不同气候带水稻土有机碳δ13C及胡敏酸结构特征变化

选取位于吉林龙井、河南封丘、浙江慈溪和江西进贤的4种水稻土剖面,分析比较了不同气候带水稻土剖面和各粒级复合体的有机碳及其δ13C值的分布特征,探讨了不同水稻土胡敏酸结构和功能基团构成的差异,旨在为深入研究水稻土有机碳动态变化和运转机理提供参考依据。结果表明:不同气候带水稻土剖面中,有机碳δ13C值均随着土层深度的增加逐渐升高;样点位置愈往北,水稻土表层有机碳δ13C值愈高。各样点水稻土表层有机碳主要集中在<10μm复合体部分,其有机碳分配系数均大于50%。水稻土不同粒级复合体δ13C值随着粒级的减小不断升高,高δ13C的老碳在细粒中富集;水稻土表层<10μm复合体中有机碳的降解程度为:封丘>慈溪>进贤>龙井。各样点水稻土胡敏酸结构大致相似,封丘和龙井的水稻土胡敏酸含有较多CO基团,氧化程度较高,另外,其胡敏酸的芳化度和聚合程度也高于慈溪和进贤的水稻土。     

水体系中硝酸态氮的富集和δ15N值的测定

用阴离子交换树脂柱研究了水体系中硝酸盐的富集及δ＾１５Ｎ值的测定等问题。结果表明，水体系中硝酸盐通过阴离子交换树脂柱后，可以达到富集浓缩的目的；吸附在树脂柱上的ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ，可用２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＨＣｌ溶液洗脱，不仅回收率高，而且测得的δ＾１５值不未通过树脂柱的硝酸态氮标准溶液的δ＾１５Ｎ值相接近，表明水体系中ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ和标准溶液的ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ经树脂柱处理后，均未产生同位素分馏效应。