高粱受精过程及其经历的时间

应用常规石蜡切片技术, 对高粱花粉管生长途径、双受精过程及其经历的时间进行研究。结果表明, 高粱开花即授粉,花粉随即萌发, 花粉管进入羽状柱头分支结构的细胞间隙,向下生长于花柱至子房顶部引导组织的细胞间隙中;进入子房腔后,在子房壁与外珠被之间的缝隙中向珠孔方向生长;花粉管破坏一个助细胞后, 在卵细胞与中央细胞之间的空隙中释放连续的球状内容物;两个精核分别进入卵细胞和中央细胞分别与卵核和极核融合。受精过程经历的时间为开花后0.5~3 h左右, 花粉管破坏一个助细胞进入胚囊,并释放精子;1~3 h精核与极核融合形成初生胚乳核, 精卵融合形成合子;4 h左右初生胚乳核分裂;14 h左右合子分裂。4~14 h为合子静止期,该期为物理、化学诱变及花粉管通道法转基因技术实施的合适时间。     

小麦花粉管生长途径及受精过程经历时间的研究

应用常规石蜡切片和荧光显微镜技术对小麦花粉管生长途径及受精过程相应时间进行研究。结果表明，授粉后，花粉随即萌发，2个精子进入花粉管，营养核留在花粉粒内，不久解体。花粉管进入羽毛状柱头分支结构的细胞间隙，继续生长于花柱基部至子房顶部的引导组织的细胞间隙内。随后穿过子房壁，在子房壁与外珠被之间的缝隙中向珠孔方向生长。自花粉萌发至花粉管长入珠孔大约需要1 h。自花粉萌发并到达柱头分支结构中，花粉管均具明显的绿色荧光；但在引导组织区以及子房壁与外珠被之间生长的花粉管几乎看不到荧光。授粉后1 h花粉管经珠孔及珠心表皮细胞间隙进入1个助细胞，并释放精子。授粉后2～6 h精卵融合，授粉后16 h合子第一次分裂。授粉后2～3 h精子与极核融合，授粉后4 h初生胚乳核第一次分裂。授粉后2～16 h，即精卵融合至合子分裂前为花粉管通道法转化合适的时间，采用花柱横切滴加法转入外源DNA。     

花生双受精过程及其经历时间

通过石蜡切片技术研究了花生双受精作用的全过程, 结果表明, 开花后1 h花生的花粉管内的生殖细胞进入有丝分裂, 大约3 h完成。开花后8 h左右精子已经释放到胚囊, 开花后9~13 h精核分别与卵细胞和极核或次生核融合。卵细胞受精之后, 直到开花后30 h合子中的2个核仁渐渐融合, 进入分裂期, 合子多数是横分裂, 少部分纵分裂, 开花后32 h合子分裂形成二细胞原胚。合子休眠期为19 h, 极核在受精之前一部分融合成次生核, 极核或次生核受精之后, 在开花后13 h几乎大部分融合结束, 其中的一个极核或次生核中出现雄性核仁, 形成初生胚乳核, 初生胚乳核不经休眠或极短时间的休眠在开花后15 h分裂。本研究提供了花生受精过程的雌雄性细胞融合形态变化与相应经历的时间。确定了花生合子休眠期, 丰富了花生胚胎学资料, 对花生育种、转基因操作等具有重要意义。     

春小麦受精过程及其各阶段持续时间的研究

本文对三个不同品种的春小麦的受精过程及其各阶段持续的时间进行了研究,其结果如下:1.授粉后1小时,花粉管破坏一个助细胞将精核释放于卵细胞与极核之间。2.授粉后1.5小时,精核进入卵细胞,精核在卵细胞的细胞质里有不同的取向。授粉后2小时,精核附在卵核的核膜上。3.授粉后2.5小时,精核进入卵细胞核,精核的染色质逐渐松解。授     

蒙药植物蓝盆花的授粉亲和性

利用显微镜观察花粉和柱头形态,采用离体萌发法对花粉活力进行测定,采用压片法对自交授粉后花粉管生长动态进行观察,以探明蓝盆花自交是否存在授粉障碍,为今后蓝盆花人工栽培和杂交育种工作提供理论依据。结果表明:蓝盆花花粉饱满,具有1~3个萌发孔,二裂柱头,花柱细长通直,培养10 h花粉萌发率达86.06%,花粉活力高。授粉后4 h多数花粉萌发后花粉管进入花柱;授粉后10 h花粉管进入花柱中上部;授粉后12 h多条花粉管进入花柱并到达中部;授粉后48 h花粉管到达花柱基部进入子房,但通过观察发现花柱顶端有胼胝质及花柱内的花粉管交叉缠绕停止生长的异常现象,从而花粉管不能进入子房完成受精过程,这可能是导致果实空瘪的一个原因。由此推测,蓝盆花自交授粉存在受精前障碍,属于配子体自交不亲和类型。     

同源四倍体水稻紫血稻（4）在受精前后的特异性研究

采用子房整体染色法和石蜡切片技术对同源四倍体水稻紫血稻（４）在受精前后的特异性进行了研究。观察结果表明，与相应的二倍体水稻紫血稻（４）相比，紫血稻（４）的花粉粒在其柱头上萌发比较慢，花粉管在花柱内伸长比较迟缓，花粉管进入胚囊、精卵结合、精子与极核融合、合子和初生胚乳核发生第一次分裂的时间都比较迟。在紫血稻（４）中存在着比较多的退化型胚囊（５５．０％），反足细胞团的形态结构异常，存在着低频率（２．０     

海岛棉半配生殖品系有性过程的胚胎学观察

半配生殖品系ＶＳｇ自交或以ＶＳｇ作母本与海岛棉标准系３－７９杂交，花粉能在柱头上萌发，花粉管能在花柱组织中生长并能进入胚珠到达胚囊。精核与极核融合、初生胚乳核分裂，以及胚乳游离核形成均表现正常，但精卵融合不同于３－７９。突出表现在一部分胚囊中，进入卵细胞的精核迟迟不与卵核融合，未融合的二核（♀＋♂）“合子”经过一段比３－７９稍长些的“休眠期”后，各自独立分裂，形成各种类型的嵌合胚。     

谷子有性生殖过程的研究——Ⅰ.夏谷受精作用的细胞学观察

通过常规石蜡切片染色观察,研究了夏谷成熟雌雄配子体的结构特点及受精作用各阶段的持续时间。研究表明:谷子为3-细胞花粉、正常型胚囊、多个反足细胞;大约在授粉后30分钟花粉管到达胚囊,4C 分钟至3小时为受精时期;初生胚乳核授粉后3小时已进入第一次分裂中期,而合子约间隔5小时才进行第一次分裂。另外,在成熟胚囊的珠孔端,首     

被子植物花粉管导向胚珠生长的分子机理研究进展

双受精是被子植物特有的生殖方式，主要为花粉管穿过花柱进入子房并在胚囊中释放精细胞，一个精细胞与卵细胞结合，另一个精细胞与中央细胞结合完成双受精的过程。而花粉管的导向生长则是被子植物双受精过程完成的前提，它能够保证精细胞被准确地运送到植物的雌配子体中。花粉管导向分为孢子体导向与配子体导向两个阶段，在配子体导向中，雌雄配子体的互作可精确定向控制花粉管导向胚珠生长，但是雌雄配子体的具体互作机制仍有待研究。因此本研究主要以拟南芥、玉米等模式植物作为主要研究对象，介绍雌雄配子体在调控花粉管导向胚珠生长过程中的分子机理并做简要总结。     

栽培甜菜中央细胞受精前后的超微结构

应用透射电镜技术比较栽培甜菜(Beta vulgaris)中央细胞受精前后的超微结构特征,以完善甜菜生殖生物学研究,并为相关研究提供基本资料。结果表明,中央细胞在受精前后的超微结构变化主要表现于核及核周围胞质。中央细胞的2个极核融合较早,在花蕾时期即以次生核形式存在,具双相核仁,可明显分辨纤维区和颗粒区;有的有额外小核仁和核仁液泡。核周围的细胞质中具丰富的细胞器且功能活跃,包括线粒体、质体(含或不含淀粉粒)、高尔基体、核糖体和粗面内质网。受精后,形成初生胚乳核,核周围胞质中变化最大的是质体,形成众多变形质体,形态多样,且富含淀粉粒。初生胚乳核分裂过程中,核仁消失,核膜崩解为囊泡状结构,粗面内质网减少,滑面内质网增加。分裂形成2个胚乳游离核,核周围胞质与初生胚乳核相似。总之,中央细胞在受精前后的超微结构特征均呈现代谢活跃状态。     

Pollen tube growth and fertilization after different in vitro pollination techniques of Aechmea fasciata

The effect of cut style and placental pollination on fertilization efficiency was studied for compatible Aechmea fasciata plants. These alternative in vitro pollination techniques resulted in lower penetration rates of the ovules by pollen tubes in comparison to pollination on the stigma. An explanation was found in the intervention of the normal pollination process,through which less pollen-pistil interactions were built up. After cut style pollination the percentage of ovule penetration by pollen tubes increased when a longer style part was left at the ovary. Probably fewer factors that control pollen tube growth are present in the lower style part. Pollen germinated on the ovules after placental pollination but only rarely penetration of the micropyle by a pollen tube occurred. Activation of the ovary, induced by in vivo prepollination for 6 hours, and pollination two days after anthesis did not increase the fertilization percentage. Grafting a style with active growing pollen tubes to ovules on the placenta (placental grafted style pollination) resulted in a higher fertilization percentage. Pollen tube growth through the style was essential for pollen tube guidance to the ovules and penetration of the micropyle. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Germination of pollen of weed rye (Secale segetale L.) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stigmas and the growth of the pollen tubes

Summary Two gene pairs have been found regulating the crossability of wheat and rye. It is concluded from our work that the same genes regulate crossability between wheat and weed rye. The crossing barrier was not observed in the stigma, style or ovary wall because pollen tubes of weed rye were seen in these tissues irrespective of the wheat variety used as the female parent.Pollen grains germinated within 6 min after pollination. The tubes reached the region of the micropyle after about 40 min.     

Effects of gamma irradiation on in vitro pollen germination of different Cucumis species

Summary Pollen grains of 14 Cucumis accessions were irradiated with 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 kGy acute gamma rays and germinated in vitro directly afterwards. Pollen germination was significantly reduced by increasing irradiation dose for all species, except C. melo var. agrestis. Pollen tube growth was generally reduced likewise. Pollen of two C. anguria subspecies was most sensitive to irradiation. Sensitivity of the pollen with respect to pollen tube growth in relation to irradiation dose was inversely related to total DNA amount per nucleus. In vitro germination was not related to DNA amount per nucleus. Results show that the examined Cucumis species, especially C. melo var. agrestis, are sufficiently resistant to irradiation to be used as donor species for in vivo egg cell transformation of the cucumber.     

The progamic phase in Cichorium intybus L. Pollen tube growth in the style,incompatibility reaction and gametophytic competition

Summary Pollen germination and tube growth were studied following compatible, incompatible and pseudo-compatible pollinations in chicory. Pollen germination begins 3 minutes after compatible pollinations. The earliest pollen tubes reach the ovary 17 minutes later. Many of the later germinating pollen tubes are arrested and burst at the stigma papillae. In the transmitting tissue inhibitional effects due to negative interactions between pollen tubes are frequently observed. Complete self-incompatibility results in total inhibition of germination. In case of pseudo-self-compatibility, some pollen germinate but germination and stigma penetration are delayed and often result in pollen bursting. There is no self-incompatibility reaction in the transmitting tract but if the pollen tubes reaching this tissue are relatively numerous, negative interactions between them occur as after compatible pollinations. An hypothesis is presented which attributes the negative interactions between pollen tubes to the diffusion of a substance from the growing pollen tubes. This substance would also provoke pollen bursting on the stigma.     

阔叶杨桐花粉离体萌发和花粉管生长特性的研究

研究了不同浓度的蔗糖和硼酸,在不同温度和培养时间内对阔叶杨桐花粉萌发率和花粉管生长的影响,以期为阔叶杨桐的繁殖育种研究提供依据.结果表明:1)不同浓度的蔗糖和硼酸处理组之间存在显著性差异,蔗糖和硼酸都能促进杨桐花粉萌发和花粉管的生长,但超过一定浓度则会起到抑制作用;2)随着培养温度的升高,花粉萌发率和花粉管长度呈先升后降的趋势;3)随着培养时间的延长,花粉萌发率和花粉管长度逐渐增加,但最初的前12h内花粉萌发快,在培养的前9h内花粉管生长较快.4)实验显示:阔叶杨桐花粉培养的最适培养基是15％蔗糖和0.02％硼酸,最适培养温度为25℃,培养24 h后花粉萌发率为84.32％,花粉管长达2 003.51 μm.     

Pollen germination,pollen tube growth and fertilization following self and interspecific pollination of Paspalum species

Summary Crossability between most Paspalum species is very low. This study was undertaken to identify the impediments to hybridization. Accessions of P. intermedium Munro. ex Morong, P. jurgensii Hackel and P. dilatatum Poir were self-pollinated and crossed with one anther. Paspalum intermedium is essentially self-sterile but P. jurgensii and P. dilatatum are highly self-fertile. Following pollination, pollen germination and tube growth were studied by observing the pollinated pistils with fluorescent microscopy. Examination of self-pollinated pistils revealed that the pollen germinated shortly after contacting the stigmas. Germination was over 80% for the P. intermedium and P. dilatatum accessions but only 57% for P. jurgensii. Pollen tubes grew to the micropyle within 45 minutes after pollination in P. dilatatum and 1 hour and 15 minutes in P. jurgensii. However, in the P. intermedium accessions most tubes did not grow beyond the stigma and very few penetrated the style and ovary. Apparently stylar-incompatibility is the reason for the low selfed seed set. In the cross-pollinations, pollen germinated shortly after pollination and germination ranged from 57 to 88% for the different crosses. In all crosses the pollen tubes grew to the micropyle within 30 minutes to 2 hours after pollination indicating that a cross-incompatibility system is not the cause for low crossability among these species. By examining embryo sacs from P. intermedium × P. dilatatum, its reciprocal and P. intermedium × P. urvillei crosses, it was determined that gametes failed to unite in some crosses and this is a major reason for low crossability.