一座热带城市型水库浮游动物群落结构的特征

2008年12月～2009年9月,分4个季节月采样,研究了一座热带城市型水库——深圳铁岗水库的浮游动物群落结构。共鉴定出浮游动物73种,均为热带、亚热带或广温性种类。轮虫的种类数和数量在各采样点和各次采样中均居首位。淡水筒壳虫（Tintinnidium fluviatile）、长肢多肢轮虫（Polyarthra dolichoptera）、角突臂尾轮虫（Brachionus angularis）、镰状臂尾轮虫（B.falcatus）、前节晶囊轮虫（Asplanchna priodonta）、萼花臂尾轮虫（B.calyciflorus）和桡足类（Copepodities）幼体是4季中最主要的优势种（类群）。聚类分析和标系排序分析显示,铁岗水库浮游动物群落结构存在空间分布差异。九围和料坑库湾浮游动物群落结构4个季节均在一组,萼花臂尾轮虫、尾突臂尾轮虫（B.caudatus）和矩形龟甲轮虫（Keratella quadrata）主要分布于该组,镰状臂尾轮虫主要分布于西丽入水口,剪形臂尾轮虫（B.forficula）和腹足腹尾轮虫（Gastropus hyptopus）主要分布于库中央。浮游动物密度、优势种（类群）组成、群落多样性指数结果分析表明,铁岗水库的水质已受到人类活动的影响,其中又以九围库湾和料坑库湾较严重。     

浙江老虎潭水库后生浮游动物群落组成及其环境影响因子

为探究老虎潭水库后生浮游动物群落多样性变化,2014年5月至2015年2月按季度分4次对水库6个采样站点的后生浮游生物种类组成、密度与生物量、多样性指数以及9项水质理化指标进行了调查。结果表明,老虎潭水库共鉴定出后生浮游动物20属、34种,其中轮虫10属、22种,枝角类4属、6种,桡足类6属、6种;主要优势种为长肢多肢轮虫(Polyarthra dolichoptera)、裂足臂尾轮虫(Brachionus diversicornis)、萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)、角突臂尾轮虫(Brachionus angularis)、圆筒异尾轮虫(Trichocerca cylindrica)、罗氏异尾轮虫(Trichocerca rousseleti)、长圆疣毛轮虫(Synchaeta oblonga)和长额象鼻溞(Bomina longirostris),且优势种的季节更替明显;密度和生物量季节差异显著,年均密度为27.79个/L,年均生物量为0.23 mg/L;丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在4个季节间差异显著,夏季略高于其他3个季节;TLI指数显示,老虎潭水库全年各站点均处于中营养水平;冗余分析(RDA)表明,透明度、溶解氧、水温、高锰酸钾指数和p H是影响后生浮游动物群落动态变化的重要环境因子。     

长江口轮虫群落物种多样性的初步研究↑（*）

于１９９６年９月,初步调查了长江口及舟山北部海区轮虫的群落,共检出轮虫２４种,隶属于５科,８属。其中西区排污品轮虫种数最多,为２１种,数量和生物量最大,分别是：９２６３．１５ｍ＾－３,６１．５７ｍｇ／ｍ＾３。常见种有：臂三肢轮虫,出现频度为２１．８８％。萼花臂尾轮虫１８．７５％,曲腿龟甲轮虫、舞跃无柄轮虫、卜氏晶囊轮虫均为１５．６３％,矩形龟甲轮虫１２．５０％。该水域轮虫群落的建群种是萼花臂尾轮虫、舞跃无柄轮虫、卜氏晶囊轮虫。同时,从物种多样性指数、群落均匀度、生态优势度和物种丰富度这几个测度方面进行了多样性分析。     

汾河太原段轮虫多样性及群落结构的动态变化

调查汾河太原段轮虫群落结构的时空变化,探讨轮虫群落结构动态变化规律及其与环境理化因子的关系,为汾河太原段浮游动物动态预测和多样性保护提供必要信息,从生态系统的角度客观评价水质污染状况与水体富营养化程度。在汾河太原段设置采样点7个,于2014年3-12月对轮虫和水体理化指标进行逐月调查。共检出轮虫98种,隶属3目21科33属。全年优势种是长肢多肢轮虫（Polyarthra dolichoptera）和螺形龟甲轮虫（Keratella cochlearis）。调查期间月均检出轮虫28种,轮虫丰度变化范围为153 ~ 1 440 个/L,生物量为0.08～0.89 mg/L;种类数、丰度和生物量均表现为枯水季较低,丰水季最高。群落结构相似性分析表明不同营养状态水体之间差异显著,轮虫丰度、生物量、Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均存在明显差异;中等营养条件的指示种为卵形无柄轮虫（Ascomorpha ovalis）和单趾狭甲轮虫（Colurella unicauda）,指示轻度富营养的指示种为柔软龟甲轮虫（Keratella delicata）,中等富营养水体的指示种则为臂尾轮属的种类。冗余分析结果显示环境变量对轮虫群落结构变异的解释率为 41.3%,水温、叶绿素a 、溶解氧、总氮等因子是影响轮虫时空分布的主要因素。轮虫群落结构特征可以指示水体的营养状态。     

黄河陕西段浮游动物群落结构时空动态及与环境因子的关系

为了解黄河陕西段浮游动物群落结构时空动态及其与环境因子的关系,更好地进行水资源和水生态保护,于2013年7月至2014年5月在该河段设定了7个研究断面,对其浮游动物群落结构进行了4次调查,同时对15项水环境指标和同期浮游植物群落结构进行了监测和调查。结果显示,共检出浮游动物20种,其中原生动物4种,轮虫10种,枝角类3种,桡足类3种,夏季浮游动物种类数最多,为16种,冬季最少,仅有5种;浮游动物丰度和生物量变化范围分别为25～3 800个/L和0.00001～1.24 mg/L,春夏较大、秋冬较小,空间上整体呈现上游低、下游高的分布趋势;浮游动物优势种为小旋口虫(Spirostomum minus)、萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)、前节晶囊轮虫(Asplanchna priodonta)、曲腿龟甲轮虫(Keratella valga)、裂足臂尾轮虫(Brachionus diversicornis)和微型裸腹溞(Moina micrura);浮游动物Shannon-Wiener指数均值为0.65～0.83,Margalef指数为1.08～2.49,Pielou均匀度指数为0.39～0.60;7个断面的浮游动物群落结构和环境因子的典范对应分析(CCA)结果表明,影响浮游动物丰度的主要环境因子为化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、pH值和重金属铬(Cr)。     

盐碱池塘浮游动物的种类组成和生物量

１９９７年４月５日至１９９８年９月１日对山东高青盐碱池塘浮游动物的种类组成和季节变动进行了研究，结果表明，高青盐碱池塘含盐量变动于１.36-20g.G^-1，总碱度变动于２.4-72.mmol.L^-1,pH值８－９浮游动物主要是淡水盐种或喜盐种，一些是典型的盐水种，浮游动物优势种有团焰毛虫，双环栉毛虫，锥瓶口虫，瓜形膜袋虫，旋回侠盗虫和绿色前管虫（原生动物），褶皱臂尾轮虫，暗小异尾轮虫，萼花臂尾轮虫，角突臂尾轮虫，壶状臂尾轮虫，卜氏晶囊轮虫，简单前翼轮虫，角三肢轮虫和针族多肢轮虫（轮虫）微型裸腹和长肢秀体（枝角类），细巧华哲水蚤，近邻剑水蚤和台液温剑水蚤，（桡足类），无鱼对照池和新挖池塘的浮游动物生物量均较一般养鱼池塘的高。     

大伙房水库的浮游动物

根据2002年6月和9月的调查，大伙房水库浮游动物共35属61种。其中原生动物10属18种、轮虫9科13属24种、枝角类5科8属13种、桡足类2科5属6种，年平均数量和生物量为17677个／L和2．0647mg／L，数量以急游虫、侠盗虫、长肢多肢轮虫、螺形龟甲轮虫、透明（氵蚤）和近邻剑水蚤最多。浮游动物的数量和生物量时空分布较明显，时间上6月为数量高峰，而生物量9月为高峰；水平分布中游数量和生物量均最低，下游数量和生物量均最高。水库浮游动物每年可为浮游动物食性鱼类提供793t鱼产力。     

白洋淀河湖系统轮虫群落结构时空动态及与环境因子的关系

2019年4月、6月和9月分别对白洋淀淀区及府河、孝义河和白沟引河3条入淀河流的轮虫群落及水环境因子开展采样调查,探究了白洋淀河湖系统中轮虫群落结构时空动态及其与水环境因子的关系。结果显示,调查期间共检出白洋淀河湖系统轮虫30种,隶属于7科15属,其丰度和生物量年均值分别为(1.43±1.15)×10³ ind.L^-1和(0.67±0.71) mg.L^-1。Jaccard群落相似性系数和NMDS分析综合表明,白洋淀河湖系统轮虫群落组成在季节和区域尺度上相似性均较低。针簇多肢轮虫（Polyarthra trigla）、螺形龟甲轮虫无脊变种（Keratella cochlearis tecta）和异尾轮虫（Trichicerca sp.）是淀区和入淀河流的共同优势种。此外,3条入淀河流的优势种丰度占比均显著高于淀区。除孝义河外,淀区、府河和白沟引河轮虫群落的Shannon-Wiener和Margalef指数均存在显著的季节性差异,且均在夏季最高。生物多样性指数和轮虫营养状态指数（TSIROT）综合指示白洋淀河湖系统为中-重度污染型及中-富营养型。RDA分析表明,营养物质（TN、TP）、透明度（SD）和溶解氧（DO）是影响白洋淀河湖系统轮虫群落结构的重要环境因子。     

长江江苏段浮游动物群落结构调查报告

2004年9月和12月、2005年3月对长江江苏段浮游动物的群落结构进行调查.浮游动物108种,以轮虫最多,45个种属,占41.66%;原生动物12个种属,占11.11%;枝角类25个种属,占23.14%;桡足类26个种属,占24.07%.年浮游动物密度为47.96个/L,生物量0.3663mg/L.全年常见的优势类群为:轮虫的臂尾轮虫属、三肢轮虫属、龟甲轮虫属、晶囊轮虫属;枝角类的象鼻溞属、秀体溞属;桡足类的真剑水蚤属、温剑水蚤属、许水蚤属.     

济南流域春、夏、秋季轮虫群落的结构及其与环境因子的关系

探讨轮虫群落结构及与水质环境因子之间的关系,为合理开发济南地区水资源以及水环境污染治理提供可靠依据。2014年5月（春季）、8月（夏季）和10月（秋季）分别对济南地区19个站点采样调查,分析不同季节轮虫群落结构的分布特征,应用香农维纳指数和均匀度指数评价济南地区水质健康状况,典范对应分析法判定影响轮虫群落结构的主要环境因子。济南地区水体共鉴定出轮虫17属38种,以龟甲轮属和臂尾轮属为主,春季、夏季和秋季轮虫种类分别为30、17和9种,轮虫密度平均值为114.4、10和8.3个/L。轮虫污染指示种20种,其中寡污带3种、寡污至β中污型5种、β中污性8种、α中污型2种、β-α中污型2种;轮虫污染指示种类占总种类数的52.63%,密度占77.99%;春季出现污染指示种15种,夏季和秋季分别为11种和8种。春季的优势种为卵形彩胃轮虫,夏季的优势种为萼花臂尾轮虫,秋季的优势种为萼花臂尾轮虫、卜氏晶囊轮虫、前节晶囊轮虫。香农维纳指数平均值分别为2.67、1.38和1.20;均匀度指数平均值分别为0.66、0.41和0.35。典范对应分析结果,主要影响南部、中部和北部地区轮虫群落结构的环境因子,春季为总氮、氨氮和硬度,夏季为高锰酸钾,秋季为总磷。综合评价济南地区水生态呈中度污染。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.