复合改良剂对后发酵馒头冷冻面团冻藏品质的影响

冷冻面团加工技术作为一种面食生产新工艺,是目前较先进的面制品保鲜技术。冷冻处理会对酵母活力、面团品质、面团面筋结构等产生不良影响。为了提高冷冻面团品质,明确不同食品改良剂对后发酵冷冻面团馒头品质的影响,该研究优化了复配增稠剂(卡拉胶、瓜尔豆胶、海藻酸钠)、复配乳化剂(双乙酰酒石酸单双甘油酯、羧甲基纤维素)、复配酶制剂(谷氨酰胺转氨酶、葡萄糖氧化酶)和海藻糖对后发酵冷冻面团馒头品质的作用,通过单因素和响应面试验设计,考察了不同复合改良剂对冷冻面团馒头比容、质构和感官品质的影响。研究表明:海藻糖、酶制剂对冷冻面团馒头比容的影响极其显著(p0.01)。在添加量为0.4%乳化剂、0.8%增稠剂、45 mg/kg酶制剂、2%海藻糖的复配工艺下,冷冻面团馒头的比容达到最佳水3.15 mL/g,其硬度和弹性也达到较优值,分别为926.832 g、0.912 8。同时对未添加和添加复合改良剂冻藏0～2.5个月的冷冻面团进行扫描电镜观察,发现未添加复配改良剂的冷冻面团中大多数小淀粉颗粒裸露在外,颗粒分明,内部组织结构不均匀,而添加复合改良剂的冷冻面团淀粉颗粒镶嵌在面筋网络之间,蛋白网络结构清晰完整,冷冻面团内部组织结构均匀紧密,面团的抗冻性较强。     

燕麦抗冻蛋白对冻藏期间速冻饺子皮品质的影响

为了进一步探究燕麦抗冻蛋白对非发酵面团在冻藏过程中的作用以及其在饺子皮加工过程中的品质变化,该研究将燕麦抗冻蛋白按照0.5％的比例添加到饺子皮中,以未添加燕麦抗冻蛋白为对照,并进行冻藏处理,通过测定不同冻藏周期饺子皮含水率、可冻结水含量、色泽、质构、流变学特性以及面筋蛋白游离巯基、二硫键含量和二级结构,研究燕麦抗冻蛋白...     

冷冻面团品质劣变及改良研究进展

冷冻面团技术实现了面团制作与烘焙的分离,具有标准化、方便化等优势,因此在世界范围得到快速发展。然而,受冰晶形成和冻藏作用的影响,冷冻面团仍然存在品质容易劣变和缺乏高效改良方法等问题。该研究主要从冷冻面团的发酵特性、面团主要组分如面筋蛋白和淀粉的特性、面团结构、冷冻面团的流变学特性等方面对冷冻面团的劣变现象与机理进行综述,以及改进冷冻工艺,筛选抗冻酵母,添加酶制剂、抗冻剂、乳化剂等改良方法进行总结。通过对冷冻面团发酵特性、面筋蛋白结构、面团水合状态等劣变关键因素的分析,为冷冻面团的抗冻研究提供参考,该研究旨在为冷冻面团品质劣变的抑制与高效改良技术的开发提供理论基础与实践参考。     

沙蒿籽粉和谷朊粉对燕麦全粉食品加工品质的影响

为了探讨全燕麦粉面包、馒头加工品质及燕麦粉冷冻面团品质特性，以燕麦全粉为原料，研究了添加沙蒿籽和谷朊粉对燕麦全粉食品(含冷冻面团食品)加工品质改良效果。试验结果表明，谷朊粉对面包制作影响较大；沙蒿籽粉对馒头制作影响较大；沙蒿籽粉和谷朊粉共同使用的效果优于两者单独使用；加入2.5%沙蒿籽粉和8%谷朊粉对燕麦全粉面包和馒头品质改善效果最好。对冷冻面团加工而言，随着冷冻时间的延长面团品质不断下降，冻藏4 d后燕麦全粉冷冻面团面包、馒头品质显著降低。     

麦麸酚基木聚糖对发酵面团特性和馒头品质的影响

为了提高麦麸的附加值、馒头的品质以及增强馒头的营养价值,该试验以小麦粉为原料,采用2个分子量的麦麸酚基木聚糖（820、581 kD）,研究不同添加量（0.25%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%）对发酵面团特性以及馒头品质的影响。结果表明：随着麦麸酚基木聚糖添加量的增加,发酵面团的弹性模量、质子密度A22先增加后下降,黏性模量、质子密度A23增加,弛豫时间T22下降;馒头的亮度下降,红度和黄度增加,比容、黏聚性、回复性先增加后下降,硬度、咀嚼性先下降后上升,黏附性下降,馒头的感官得分先上升后下降。高分子量的麦麸酚基木聚糖,其发酵面团的弹性模量和黏性模量变幅较大,弛豫时间T22、T23较大、质子密度A21较小,低分子量的麦麸酚基木聚糖,其馒头比容和弹性较大,但馒头硬度和咀嚼性相对也较大。麦麸酚基木聚糖添加量在0.5%时,对发酵面团以及馒头品质改善效果最好。添加量在1.0%内,发酵面团特性以及馒头品质均可接受。高分子量的酚基木聚糖对发酵面团以及馒头品质改善效果高于低分子量的酚基木聚糖。研究结果为麦麸酚基木聚糖广泛应用于馒头中,提高馒头品质及营养价值提供理论依据。     

冷冻贮藏环境对速冻水饺皮品质特性的影响

为了保证速冻水饺的冻藏品质,掌握冻藏环境对品质影响的规律,该试验以速冻水饺皮为目标,排除饺馅的干扰,重点研究了冻藏期间温度的波动,时间的推移以及包装方式等对其理化特性、质构特性、感官特性以及微观结构等的影响。结果表明:随着冻藏时间的延长,速冻水饺皮糊化度降低,水分、直链淀粉、醇溶蛋白以及麦谷蛋白含量均呈现下降趋势,面筋蛋白显微网络结构弱化,但质构、感官特性变化不显著。采用透气性、阻湿性较好的PE塑料薄膜包装可以较好的保持速冻水饺皮的品质。冻藏期间的温度波动显著降低速冻水饺皮的外观品质和食用品质。该研究为改善速冻食品的贮藏环境提供了理论依据。     

乳酸菌发酵豆渣酸面团对馒头面团特性和馒头品质的影响

为促进大豆副产物资源利用,开发新型营养面制品,本试验以豆渣为原料,利用柠檬明串珠菌E12为发酵剂制作豆渣酸面团,探究不同豆渣酸面团添加量(0%、20%、30%和40%)对馒头面团(对应编号分别为S0、S20、S30和S40)发酵活力、动态流变特性、抗氧化特性以及膳食纤维含量的影响,并研究豆渣酸面团馒头(对应编号分别为CS0、CS20、CS30和CS40)的感官品质,以及在贮藏期间馒头质构和水分含量的变化。结果表明,添加豆渣酸面团会降低馒头面团的弹性、黏性和综合黏弹性。馒头面团的抗氧化特性以及膳食纤维含量随着豆渣酸面团添加量的增加而显著增加;当添加量为40%时,S40馒头面团的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除率和2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)自由基清除率分别达到15.61%和79.59%,比S0增加了5.10和15.02个百分点,总膳食纤维含量达到3.91 g·100g^-1,比S0增加了138.79%。豆渣酸面团的添加量为20%时,CS20馒头的比容和延展率与CS0相比无显著差异,但对馒头的外观、色泽、风味和口感产生了积极影响,整体可接受度达到7.8。在贮藏5 d后,CS0的硬度、咀嚼性和胶着性分别增加了180.85%、69.62%和98.08%,而CS40分别增加了76.19%、30.88%和33.96%,与CS0相比增加量显著减小,且在贮藏期间CS40的水分含量始终高于CS0,表明豆渣酸面团有利于减缓馒头的老化。本研究为实现豆渣资源的合理化应用以及新型营养的酸面团产品开发提供了一定的理论基础。     

沙蒿胶对面团流变性质的影响及在面包加工中的应用

该文重点研究了添加沙蒿胶对面团流变性质以及面包品质的影响。粉质特性的结果表明,添加沙蒿胶使面团的吸水率增加,面团的形成时间和稳定时间延长、弱化度降低、拉伸性提高,面团的稳定性增强。动态流变性质表明,添加沙蒿胶后,面团的黏弹性均得到了提高。质构分析的结果表明,添加沙蒿胶使面包的醒发时间、硬度值、胶着性、咀嚼性下降,面包的比容、弹性、内聚性提高,明显地改善了面包的品质。     

胡萝卜抗冻蛋白对亚冻结下冻融面团品质的影响

为了探究胡萝卜抗冻蛋白（Carrot antifreeze proteins,CaAFPs）对不同冻融循环下面团性质的影响,该研究将CaAFPs按照0.5%的比例添加到面团中,并以未加入CaAFPs的面团作为对照。通过比较4℃冷藏、亚冻结冻藏-12℃以及-18℃冻藏下3种储藏温度下,以冻融处理为辅助手段,测定不同条件下面团的含水率、失水率、可冻结水含量、质构特性以及pH值等指标的变化趋势,以此来研究CaAFPs对冻融下亚冻结面团性质的影响及机理。结果表明：经过5次冻融循环后,对照组面团的失水率呈现不同程度的上升趋势（P<0.05）,加入CaAFPs后,有助于延缓面团水分的散失,各组失水率均有所下降。对照组含水率呈现不同程度下降趋势（P<0.05）,加入CaAFPs后,含水率较对照组高（P<0.05）。对照组面团的可冻结水含量呈现不同程度的上升趋势（P<0.05）,对面团的网络结构有一定的保护作用,可冻结水含量均有所下降。对照组硬度、胶着性呈现上升趋势（P<0.05）,弹性、黏聚性和咀嚼性呈现下降趋势（P<0.05）,加入CaAFPs后,在一定程度上可以改善面团的质构特性,使得质构变化缓慢些。对照组面团的pH值呈现不同程度下降趋势（P<0.05）,可以延缓面团酸化现象,面团的pH变化趋势变小。以上说明添加CaAFPs对冻融面团品质具有一定的保护作用。研究结果为CaAFPs在冷冻面团中的应用以及优化冷冻储藏温度等提供了一定的参考,面团在亚冻结冻藏-12℃下能够保持较好的性质,故可考虑将面团储藏在-12℃下以节约能源消耗并能保持其较佳的状态,同时也扩宽了在亚冻结状态下研究抗冻蛋白的性质提供研究思路。     

乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯对再加热鱼糜凝胶冻藏特性的影响

为探究乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯（ADSP）添加量对再加热鱼糜凝胶冻藏品质的影响,本研究以冷冻阿拉斯加狭鳕鱼糜为原料,改变二段加热的凝胶化过程,对鱼糜进行低温预凝胶-冷冻贮藏-高温再加热处理,分析冻藏期间鱼糜凝胶的微观结构、失水率、水分分布状态、质构特性和动态粘弹性。结果表明,随着冻藏时间的延长,鱼糜凝胶的孔隙变大,失水率增加,不易流动水减少,自由水增加,硬度和胶粘性先下降后上升,粘附性增大,内聚性无变化,动态粘弹性下降。在同一冻藏周期下,随着ADSP添加量的增加,鱼糜凝胶的孔隙变小,失水率降低,水分分布状态较稳定,其中5%和7%添加量的效果较好;质构特性结果显示,ADSP添加量的增加有利于提高再加热鱼糜凝胶品质,虽然添加量为5%和7%的鱼糜凝胶硬度、内聚性和胶粘性基本一致,但5%添加量的鱼糜凝胶的粘附性在冻藏期间开始增加的时间较晚且变化幅度较小;动态粘弹性结果显示,高温加热后期5%添加量的鱼糜凝胶的储能模量最高,其次是7%添加量;在损耗模量中,7%添加量的鱼糜凝胶粘性最高,其次是5%添加量。综合分析认为,添加5%ADSP能有效降低再加热鱼糜凝胶在冻藏期间的品质变化。本研究结果为冷冻鱼糜制品的...     

Impact of Sodium Alginate and Xanthan Gum on the Quality of Steamed Bread Made from Frozen Dough

The impact of freezing on dough rheology, fermentation performance, and final steamed bread quality was investigated in this study. Also, the incorporation of sodium alginate and xanthan gum into the frozen dough formulation, in comparison with 0.1% salt, was studied to test their suitability as frozen dough improvers. Incorporating these hydrocolloids into steamed bread revealed their totally different characteristics from those in baked bread. Freezing of dough led to diminished specific volumes of proofed dough and steamed bread, and it also caused higher crumb firmness for steamed bread. The incorporation of sodium alginate and xanthan gum did not improve the quality of the steamed bread but led to further reduction in specific volume and increase in crumb firmness at the higher levels of 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0% and 0.07 and 0.1%, respectively. Xanthan gum and sodium alginate showed dough strengthening effects by increasing resistance to uniaxial deformation, bubble burst stress, and declining dough weakening coefficients at these levels, but decreased dough extensibility and bubble burst strain were revealed at these concentrations tested.     

Factors Influencing Yeast Fermentation and the Effect of LMW Sugars and Yeast Fermentation on Hearth Bread Quality

The purpose of this study was to investigate how wheat cultivar, growth location, type of mill, LMW sugar composition of wheat flours, mixing time, and type of mixer affected yeast fermentation. Also studied was the effect of yeast fermentation and LMW sugar composition on hearth bread quality. To achieve this, 36 different flours were produced from two different mills using six different wheat cultivars grown at three locations. Yeast fermentation in doughs, measured as gas production, was determined using realtime pressure measurements and GasSmart software. A short mixograph mixing or spatula mixing was not efficient enough to rehydrate instant dry yeast. Compressed yeast and a short mixing time were enough to reach maximum fermentation rate. Maximum pressure after 210 min of fermentation was higher for instant dry yeast than for compressed yeast. Wheat cultivar and growth location had a significant effect on LMW sugar composition. Wheat cultivar, growth location, and type of mill used significantly affected pressure curve parameters. Oligosaccharides and damaged starch were positively correlated, and ash content and flour yield were negatively correlated with pressure curve parameters. Hearth bread characteristic crumb structure was positively correlated with all pressure curve characteristics except fast fermentation rate. Increased levels of mono‐ and disaccharides in wheat flour gave hearth breads with a more round shape.     

Dynamic and Elongation Rheology of Yeasted Bread Doughs

The rheology of yeasted bread doughs is a little‐studied field despite yeast's importance in developing bread structure. A method of thermally inactivating the yeast within mixed bread doughs was developed to overcome the difficulty of yeast fermenting during rheological measurements. Sample stabilization by preshearing of dough samples at a stress amplitude of 1 Pa at 1 Hz for 10 sec improved the reliability of small amplitude oscillatory shear measurements, and resting 20 min within the rheometer was sufficient to produce reliable and consistent observations. Small amplitude oscillatory shear measurements were unable to detect any differences between yeasted and nonyeasted doughs nor any changes in linear viscoelastic properties due to fermentation. However, large strain uniaxial elongation measurements of yeasted doughs revealed a significant progressive decrease in elongational viscosities with fermentation. Size‐exclusion HPLC analysis of yeasted doughs showed an increase in unextractable polymeric dough proteins, which were interpreted as evidence of cross‐linking and therefore a potential improvement in dough properties. The apparent contradictions between uniaxial elongation and SE‐HPLC studies of fermenting yeasted doughs can be attributed to gas bubbles within the dough interrupting the increasingly cross‐linked protein network, resulting in the rheological weakness observed for fermenting yeasted doughs.     

Effects of Transglutaminase on Rheology,Microstructure, and Baking Properties of Frozen Dough

The improving effects of transglutaminase (TGase) were investigated on the frozen dough system and its breadmaking quality. Rheological properties and microstructure of fresh and frozen doughs were measured using a Rapid Visco‐Analyser (RVA), dynamic rheometer, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The frozen doughs with three storage periods (1, 3, and 5 weeks at –18°C) were studied at three levels (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%) of TGase. As the amount of TGase increased, hot pasting peak viscosity and final viscosity from the RVA decreased, but breakdown value increased. The TGase content showed a positive correlation with both storage modulus G′ (elastic modulus) and the loss modulus G″ (viscous modulus): G′ was higher than G″ at any given frequency. The SEM micrographs showed that TGase strengthened the gluten network of fresh, unfrozen dough. After five weeks of frozen storage at –18°C, the gluten structure in the control dough appeared less continuous, more disrupted, and separated from the starch granules, while the dough containing 0.5% TGase showed less fractured gluten network. Addition of TGase increased specific volume of bread significantly (P < 0.05) with softer bread texture. Even after the five weeks of frozen storage, bread volume from dough with 1.5% TGase was similar to that of the fresh control bread (P < 0.05). The improving effects of TGase on frozen dough were likely the result of the ability of TGase to polymerize proteins to stabilize the gluten structure embedded by starch granules in frozen doughs.     

Breadmaking Use of Andean Crops Quinoa,Kañiwa,Kiwicha, and Tarwi

The effect of addition of flours from the highly nutritious Andean crops quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule), kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus), and tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis) has been investigated in wheat doughs and fresh bread quality. The thermomechanical profile of wheat doughs and bread quality has been explored by increasing substitution of wheat flour at 0–100% by Andean crop flours. Dough blends were evaluated using the Chopin Mixolab device, whereas bread quality assessment comprised sensory (overall acceptability) and physicochemical (moisture, specific volume, texture, color) determinations in composite breads. In general, no breads with aerated crumb structure could be obtained from 100% Andean crop flours, with the exception of quinoa breads that had overall sensory values about half a completely perfect score, and which were not significantly different from the breads made from a 50:50 blend of wheat and quinoa. Replacement of wheat flour by ≤12.5% (tarwi), 25% (kañiwa), and 50% (kiwicha), respectively, still produced breads with good sensory acceptability but variable color and doughs with acceptable thermomechanical patterns. Partial substitution of wheat flour by Andean crop flours constitutes a viable option to improve the nutritional value of the breads, with acceptable technological performance of dough blends and composite breads.     

Effect of Protein Quality,Protein Content,Bran Addition,DATEM, Proving Time,and Their Interaction on Hearth Bread

The effect of protein quality, protein content, bran addition, diacetyl tartaric acid ester of monoglycerides (DATEM), proving time, and their interaction on hearth bread characteristics were studied by size‐exclusion fast protein liquid chromatography, Kieffer dough and gluten extensibility rig, and small‐scale baking of hearth loaves. Protein quality influenced size and shape of the hearth loaves positively. Enhanced protein content increased loaf volume and decreased the form ratio of hearth loaves. The effect of protein quality and protein content was dependent on the size‐distribution of the proteins in flour, which affected the viscoelastic properties of the dough. Doughs made from flours with strong protein quality can be proved for a longer time and thereby expand more than doughs made from weak protein quality flours. Doughs made from strong protein quality flours tolerated bran addition better than doughs made from weak protein quality flours. Doughs made from high protein content flours were more suited for hearth bread production with bran than doughs made from flours with low protein content. DATEM had small effect on dough properties and hearth loaf characteristics compared with the other factors.     

Effects of Yeast Freezing in Frozen Dough

The effects of freezing and frozen storage of bread dough and compressed yeast on bread quality were studied. Besides, the effects of compressed yeast freezing on cell viability, gas production and release of substances by the yeast cells were examined. Freezing and frozen storage of dough made with fresh yeast had more negative effects on baking quality than the addition of frozen yeast to dough. When the compressed yeast is frozen and stored at ‐18°C, the CO₂ production decreased, while the amount of dead cells, the total protein, and the total reducing substances leached from the yeast increased as the length of yeast frozen storage increased. SDS‐PAGE showed that the substances leached from frozen yeast caused an increase in the solubility of some gluten proteins. On the other hand, size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) pointed out that the relative amount of two protein fractions of low molecular weight leached from frozen yeast increased for longer yeast frozen storage periods. The yeast leachates had an adverse effect on loaf volume.     

Antifreeze Activity of γ‐Polyglutamic Acid and Its Impact on Freezing Resistance of Yeast and Frozen Sweet Dough

This study investigated the antifreeze activity (AF) of γ‐polyglutamic acid (γ‐PGA), freezing resistance of yeast cells and sweet dough, and the mechanism influenced by γ‐PGA. Properties studied included AF of γ‐PGA, water‐holding capacity of flour, survival ratio and oxidation resistance capability of yeast cells, ice melting enthalpy (ΔH), and fermentation and breadmaking properties of sweet dough. The AF of γ‐PGA was 8.03 g of unfrozen water/g of sample, indicating good AF. γ‐PGA was tested on yeast cells and sweet dough stored frozen for 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks at four levels (0, 0.5, 1, and 3%). Survival ratio of yeast cells with γ‐PGA was significantly higher than the corresponding control. A possible mechanism might be related to the modulation of oxidation resistance capability of yeast cells by γ‐PGA. A decrease in glutathione release from frozen yeast cells and an increase in water‐holding capacity of wheat dough were observed with the addition of γ‐PGA. In the presence of γ‐PGA, ΔH, ice melting temperature, and proofing time of frozen sweet dough decreased significantly, and fermentation parameters improved, compared with the corresponding control sample. Specific volume of bread made from frozen sweet dough with 0.5, 1, and 3% γ‐PGA increased by 6.3, 8.9, and 3.3%, respectively, after 8 weeks of frozen storage. γ‐PGA enhanced the freezing resistance of yeast cells and sweet dough effectively, and the effect on specific volume of bread was not linear, with 1% showing better results.