干旱胁迫对向日葵种子萌发的影响及其抗旱性鉴定

利用PEG溶液模拟干旱胁迫,对18个向日葵资源材料种子萌发期的形态、生理生化指标进行测定和比较,筛选与向日葵萌发期抗旱性相关的指标,并采用隶属函数法对供试材料进行抗旱性综合评价。结果表明:向日葵种子萌发期的发芽势、发芽率及发芽指数均受到抑制;相对胚根长度、相对胚芽长度、相对胚芽干重、相对发芽率、相对发芽势、相对发芽指数、相对MDA含量及相对ATP含量与综合抗旱能力D值呈显著正相关,这些指标均可作为萌发期抗旱性鉴定指标;供试18个向日葵材料中株系88抗旱性最强,D值为1.49,可以作为下一步寻找抗旱基因的基础材料。本研究完善了向日葵种子萌发期抗旱性的鉴定方法,对向日葵育种有一定的实践意义与参考价值。     

Estimating the potential development of Diaporthe helianthi epidemics in Italy*

Diaporthe helianthi is the causal agent of a severe sunflower disease but, in Italy, disease outbreaks are sporadic with no significant losses. The present work investigates the role of meteorological conditions on the potential development of D. helianthi epidemics in Italy, using the French model Asphodel, which simulates the effect of air temperature, relative humidity and rainfall on ascospore maturation and dispersal, infection establishment, disease onset and severity during the period of host susceptibility. Meteorological data measured in eight stations distributed from north to south Italy, over a 5‐year period (1995–99), was used as model input. Results showed that meteorological conditions in Italy are frequently favourable for D. helianthi infections on sunflower, and severe epidemics are possible. Therefore, climatic conditions are not a limiting factor for disease development in the Italian sunflower‐growing areas. The lack of disease epidemics in Italy may be related to differences in the pathogen populations compared with the French ones.     

我国向日葵列当发生危害现状调查

向日葵列当是危害我国向日葵最严重的杂草。为明确我国向日葵田列当的发生危害情况及防治现状,采用对角线5点取样法对新疆、内蒙古、吉林和河北等主要向日葵种植区进行调查,对向日葵列当的寄生率和寄生强度等数据进行分析。结果表明,向日葵列当在向日葵产区广泛分布,严重危害向日葵的生产,其对食葵的寄生率高于油葵,对抗性品种的寄生率较低。在所有调查地区中内蒙古地区向日葵列当发生最严重,寄生率高达100%,寄生强度达到38.5,单株寄生数量最高,达118株;新疆地区的向日葵列当寄生率居中,吉林、河北向日葵列当发生相对较轻。通过实地调研结合文献报道,对目前国内外向日葵列当的研究进展进行了综述,研究结果为指导向日葵列当防治提供参考。     

向日葵黑斑病研究进展及其综合防治

向日葵黑斑病是一种重要的真菌病害,我国于20世纪60年代首次报道,目前对向日葵生产仍存在巨大威胁。本文综述了向日葵黑斑病的病原和寄主范围、向日葵黑斑病的症状和危害、国外种传黑斑病菌的检测、种传Alternaria helianthi对种子萌发和种苗活力的影响以及国内外有关黑斑病菌A. helianthi和A. alternata毒素的相关研究和向日葵黑斑病的综合防治。     

花蓟马与向日葵籽粒锈斑发生的关系

向日葵是我国重要的油料经济作物,籽粒锈斑近几年在向日葵籽粒上发生,严重影响向日葵籽粒的品质,然而关于向日葵籽粒锈斑的成因目前并不清楚。本文在内蒙古向日葵主产区,选择向日葵籽粒锈斑发生严重的区域,通过大田套袋技术并结合室内接虫试验,对向日葵籽粒锈斑的成因进行初步探索。结果表明,2020年五原县、乌拉特前旗及2021年五原县向日葵经套袋处理后,花蓟马Frankliniella intonsa Trybom的数量分别比对照降低了13.23、1.33头和191.53头,向日葵籽粒锈斑的发病率比对照(未套袋)相应降低了28.19%、12.07%和60.02%,与对照有极显著差异(P<0.01),花蓟马数量与向日葵籽粒锈斑的发病率呈现出显著的正相关关系。同时,室内在向日葵花盘上接种花蓟马后向日葵籽粒锈斑的发病率为22.67%,而未接虫的向日葵籽粒锈斑没有发病。另外,统计显示向日葵花盘外侧花蓟马数量显著大于中间和内层,向日葵籽粒锈斑发病率也呈现相同的规律。由此推测,向日葵籽粒锈斑的发生主要与花蓟马的活动有关,花蓟马可能是造成向日葵籽粒锈斑的主要成因。     

核盘菌对油菜、向日葵和大豆的侵染及其致病性分化研究

 通过对从陕西大荔采集的油菜及其后茬向日葵上的核盘菌和从新疆阿勒泰的向日葵上采集的核盘菌样品进行单菌核分离、培养和纯化,比较其菌丝生长速度、菌丝干重、菌落形态、致病力强弱及菌株的草酸累积等,将两地的核盘菌分成A、B、C三种类型,其中A类来源于陕西大荔的油菜和向日葵,B、C类来源于新疆阿勒泰的向日葵。不同类型核盘菌对于不同寄主的致病力存在着分化现象,A、B类菌株生长正常、菌落均匀旺盛,B类对油菜、向日葵和大豆的致病力较强,草酸产量较高;而A类仅对油菜和向日葵的致病力较强对大豆的致病力很弱,但草酸产量最高。C类菌株生长异常,菌落稀疏不均匀,对3种作物的致病力均弱,草酸产量较低。2001年田问调查亦表明:A类菌株可导致油菜、向日葵菌核病的发生,但未见其使大豆致病,由此提出油菜茬后,不宜种植向日葵,二者应与小麦、玉米等实行较长周期的轮作。本文也同时对各菌株进行了RAPD分析和菌丝体亲和性研究,结果表明,菌株间的遗传多样性表现丰富但未发现与其致病性分化相关。     

室内条件下向日葵列当和弯管列当在三种不同寄主上寄生能力的比较

以向日葵列当Orobanche cumana Wallr.和弯管列当O.cernua Loefl.为研究对象,利用已有的室内寄生体系来研究两种列当在向日葵、烟草、番茄3种寄主上的寄生能力。结果表明,向日葵列当在室内条件下不仅能够寄生在向日葵上,同时也可以在烟草与番茄上寄生;但其寄生效率在上述不同的寄主之间存在显著差异,而在相同寄主的不同品系间没有差异。交互侵染的结果表明,在寄主番茄上,弯管列当平均每株寄生的瘤结数量为16.3个,向日葵列当只有2.5个;在寄主向日葵上,向日葵列当的平均寄生瘤结数量为25.2个,弯管列当为27.6个,预示着弯管列当在番茄上寄生效率均显著高于向日葵列当,而在寄主向日葵上,二者寄生效率差异不显著,均能高效寄生在向日葵根系上。上述研究结果将为向日葵列当和弯管列当发生严重地区作物轮作对象的选择提供理论依据。     

Simulation study of the competitive ability of erect, semi-erect and prostrate cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes

Ecophysiological simulation models provide a quantitative method to predict the effects of management practices, plant characteristics and environmental factors on crop and weed growth and competition. The INTERCOM interplant competition model was parameterised, calibrated by monoculture data for three cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes that differed in growth habit, common sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea), and used to simulate competition of cowpea cover crops with sunflower or purslane. The simulation results were compared with observations from field competition experiments in 2003 and 2004. INTERCOM more accurately simulated actual field data for the competition of cowpea genotypes and sunflower than companion field experiments for the competition of cowpea and purslane. The validated simulation model of cowpea and sunflower at two densities was used to study the effects of cowpea growth habit on final biomass production of cowpea and sunflower. The model suggested that erect growth habit was more competitive than semi‐erect and prostrate growth habit, when cowpea genotypes were grown with sunflower. Cowpea leaf area distribution was important to higher cowpea biomass production, while cowpea height growth was important to reduce sunflower biomass. Our simulation approach is suggested as a method for crop breeders to gauge the likely success of selection for competitive crops before undertaking expensive long‐term breeding experiments.     

Responses of Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) to pirimiphos-methyl, spinosad, and combinations of pirimiphos-methyl and synergized pyrethrins

Field control failures with pirimiphos-methyl against the rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton), in Weslaco, Texas, USA, led us to investigate the susceptibility of this particular strain to pirimiphos-methyl, spinosad, pyrethrins synergized with piperonyl butoxide, and pirimiphos-methyl combined with synergized pyrethrins. In laboratory bioassays, 50 eggs of C cephalonica were exposed to untreated and insecticide-treated corn and sunflower seeds to determine larval survival after 21 days, egg-to-adult emergence after 49 days, and larval damage to seeds at both exposure periods. Pirimiphos-methyl at both 4 and 8 mg kg(-1) did not prevent larval survival or egg-to-adult emergence of C cephalonica on either corn or sunflower seeds, and seed damage was evident at both rates. The C cephalonica strain was highly susceptible to spinosad at 0.5 and 1 mg kg(-1). At both spinosad rates, reduction in larval survival, egg-to-adult emergence, and seed damage relative to the control treatment was > or = 93% on both corn and sunflower seeds. Pirimiphos-methyl and spinosad were generally more effective against C cephalonica on corn than sunflower seeds. The C cephalonica strain was completely controlled on corn treated with 1.5 mg kg(-1) of pyrethrins synergized with 15 mg kg(-1) of piperonyl butoxide. Many larvae survived and became adults on corn treated with synergized pyrethrins at < or = 0.75 mg kg(-1). Corn treated with pirimiphos-methyl at 4, 6 or 8 mg kg(-1) in combination with 0.38 to 1.5 mg kg(-1) of synergized pyrethrins reduced larval survival by > or = 95%, egg-to-adult emergence by > or = 97%, and seed damage by > or = 94%. Our results suggest that the C cephalonica strain can be controlled on corn by combining pirimiphos-methyl with synergized pyrethrins or with synergized pyrethrins at the labeled rate. Although spinosad is not currently labeled for use on stored corn and sunflower seeds, it appears to be effective against C cephalonica on both commodities at very low rates.     

向日葵菌核病生防菌株的筛选及防效分析

为了从内生菌资源中筛选出对向日葵菌核病有防效的生防菌株,本研究从12个向日葵品种籽粒中分离获得不同菌落形态的33株内生菌株,在此基础上,利用纸杯法进行初筛,从中选出两株对菌核病具有良好防效的菌株,进而采用离体叶片接种试验进行复筛,筛选出一株对菌核病离体防效达100%的内生菌菌株KB3(Bacillus subtilis)。温室盆栽条件下KB3能够显著降低向日葵苗期菌核病的病情指数,防治效果达79.47%。含菌培养基接菌试验表明菌株KB3发酵滤液对核盘菌的抑菌率为68.46%,分皿试验发现KB3能够抑制核盘菌黑色菌核的形成。通过全基因组测序,分析预测到KB3中有7个次级代谢产物合成基因簇。本研究所采取的纸杯法和离体叶片接种相结合的筛菌方法将对菌核病生防菌株的筛选具有参考意义,所获KB3菌株对于向日葵菌核病的防治具有一定的应用前景。     

向日葵螟生物学研究进展

向日葵螟是向日葵上的重要害虫。近年来,欧洲向日葵螟在我国造成的经济损失越来越大。本文综述了向日葵螟的两个种—欧洲向日葵螟和美洲向日葵螟的生物学研究进展。最后对向日葵螟的综合防治进行了展望。     

碱化土壤油用向日葵养分吸收、运转特点的研究

为探明在盐碱胁迫条件下氮磷钾养分在油用向日葵植株体内的动态变化特点、各器官中运转与分布等,采用土壤测试与大田试验相结合的方法,研究了宁夏前进农场碱化土壤油用向日葵氮磷钾养分吸收、运转特点。研究结果表明,无论施肥与否,油用向日葵地上部氮磷钾含量变化随着生育期的推移变化呈现反"S"曲线降低趋势。碱化土壤油用向日葵各器官氮磷钾含量动态变化因施肥水平和生育期不同表现出不同的变化趋势。无论施肥与否油用葵整个生育期各器官中总吸氮量依次为:叶>盘>茎>根>籽;吸磷量依次为:盘>茎>叶>籽>根;吸钾量依次为:茎>盘>叶>根>籽。     

阴山北麓地区向日葵列当生理小种的鉴定及种子的单株纯化

向日葵列当是一种全寄生的种子植物,对向日葵生产造成严重的影响,而选育抗列当品种是目前防控向日葵列当最为有效的防控措施。由于向日葵列当种群存在生理小种分化现象,因此明确不同地区的向日葵列当生理小种的类型以及分布对于抗列当品种的布局非常重要。本研究利用国际通用的向日葵列当生理小种鉴别寄主,对阴山北麓地区的武川县和四子王旗共计7个向日葵地块中采集的列当种子的生理小种进行了鉴定,结果表明除了呼和浩特市武川县头号村采集的向日葵列当样本为E小种外,其他6个不同地点采集到的向日葵列当样本均鉴定为G小种。为了更好地对向日葵品种抗列当水平进行准确的评价,本研究选择了已经鉴定为E、F和G三个小种类型的向日葵列当的样本进行了单株纯化以及扩繁。扩繁得到的列当的种子将用于准确评价向日葵不同的育种材料和品种对列当不同生理小种的抗性水平。     

引起向日葵盘腐和瘦果花皮的根霉种类及其生物学特性

 根霉(Rhizopus spp.)引起的盘腐病是向日葵生产中的毁灭性病害。近年甘肃酒泉的食用向日葵制种田和生产田,向日葵根霉盘腐和瘦果“花皮”发生严重,重病田盘腐病的发病率达100%,给该地区食用向日葵制种和生产造成了巨大损失。2017年和2018年从酒泉食用向日葵罹病花盘和“花皮”瘦果样本上分离得到34株根霉属真菌,样本检出率达100%。依据菌株的形态学和分子生物学特征,将其鉴定为葡枝根霉(Rhizopus stolonifer)和少根根霉(R. arrhizus)。致病性测定结果表明,葡枝根霉可侵染向日葵的舌状花和花托,引起褐色盘腐;少根根霉和葡枝根霉在人工接种条件下还可侵染向日葵叶片和胚根。葡枝根霉引起向日葵盘腐病在我国系首次报道。     

Allelopathic activity of Mexican sunflower [Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray] in soil under natural field conditions and different moisture conditions

The allelopathic activity of Mexican sunflower [ Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray] in soil under natural field conditions and the effect of water stress on the growth and allelopathic activity of this plant were investigated. Seed germination, shoot growth and root growth of tested plant species in soil collected from a field where Mexican sunflower had been grown for 5 years were less than those in soil from an area without the plant. Growth of young leaves, mature leaves, senescent leaves, stem and roots of Mexican sunflower was reduced with decrease in soil moisture level. The allelopathic activity of water extracts (per dry weight of starting material) from each part of the plants grown at low soil moisture levels was greater than that of the water extracts from the same part of the plants grown at high soil moisture levels. The allelopathic activity was found in the soil from the pots previously planted with Mexican sunflower to a similar extent (per plant) at different soil moisture levels. These results suggested that, in the field, under water stress conditions, the growth of Mexican sunflower was reduced but the plants contained a greater amount of allelopathic substance(s) per dry weight than in the absence of water stress. It was considered that allelopathic activity of Mexican sunflower in soil was maintained to a similar extent under various soil moisture conditions in natural fields.     

烟草及向日葵上列当Orobanche cumana的发生及其生物防治

 近年,在河北省部分烟草和向日葵种植地发现大量寄生性杂草列当发生并造成严重为害。经鉴定为向日葵列当Orobanche cumana Wallr.。向日葵、烟草、番茄和黄瓜等作物的根分泌物能够刺激向日葵列当O. cumana种子萌发,而油葵根的分泌物则不能刺激向日葵列当种子萌发。利用列当致病镰刀菌L2菌株进行田间生物防治,防治效果达到92.4%。L2菌株对小麦、玉米、棉花、烟草和向日葵等作物生长无影响,L2菌株粗毒素能够抑制列当种子萌发,并造成列当种子萌芽管损伤。     

Common ragweed: An emerging threat for sunflower production and human health in Turkey

Common ragweed invasion poses serious risks to human health, biodiversity and agricultural production throughout the world. Although ragweed has an enormous potential to expand its range in Turkey, studies on ragweed have only concentrated on the Black Sea region. An exploratory survey was conducted to observe the level of ragweed occurrence on the nodes of predecided 10 × 10 km grids in the Thrace region of Turkey. Ragweed populations were observed in 44 out of 129 sites in a wide range of habitats, including roadsides, pastures, agricultural fields and non‐agricultural areas. The highest levels of ragweed infestation were recorded in the agricultural fields, followed by the roadsides. The most‐invaded crop was sunflower. The sunflower fields had the highest ragweed coverage as well and invasion even resulted in crop failure alongside the field borders. A spatial analysis of the data indicated that ragweed exhibited an aggregated pattern over the Thrace region. Ragweed distribution was not associated with the characteristics of the soils, which had a varying range of pH, electrical conductivity and texture. The results revealed that ragweed invasion can arise as a serious weed problem, interfering with the sustainability of sunflower production in Thrace and other sunflower‐producing regions of the country. A high degree of ragweed infestation also will contribute to the pollen level counts for the most crowded cities in the region, posing a serious danger to human health.     

Cross-pathogenicity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Verticillium dahliae</Emphasis> between potato and sunflower

This study examined cross-pathogenicity of the soilborne pathogen Verticillium dahliae between potato and sunflower. Four week-old potato and sunflower seedlings were inoculated with ten isolates from each of the two host species. Potato cultivars (Kennebec, susceptible, and Ranger Russet, moderately resistant) and sunflower hybrids (IS8048, susceptible, and 6946, moderately resistant) were assessed for disease severity and percent infection at 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, and 6 weeks after inoculation (w.a.i), and for vascular discolouration at 6 w.a.i., using visual scales developed for each host species. The experiments were conducted in 2006 and repeated in 2007. Based on percent infection and disease severity, most V. dahliae isolates were highly aggressive on both host species. The tested isolates caused higher disease levels in the susceptible than in the moderately resistant phenotypes. They also caused more vascular discolouration in their original than in the alternative host. However, the isolates originating from sunflower caused less infection and disease severity on both hosts, compared to their potato counterparts. Cluster analysis based on all of the criteria used to assess pathogenicity led to three groups of isolates: (i) most V. dahliae potato isolates, which ranged with the highly aggressive control isolates, (ii) one V. dahliae sunflower isolate, which showed a similar pathogenicity level to the weakly-aggressive V. albo-atrum sub-group II control isolate, with no more symptoms than in the non-inoculated plants, and (iii) most V. dahliae sunflower isolates with mildly- to weakly-aggressive levels. Based on these results, V. dahliae cross-pathogenicity is very effective between potato and sunflower. Therefore, rotations involving these species should be avoided, especially where sunflower follows potato.     

Gray mold of yacon and sunflower caused by Botrytis cinerea

Severe wilt and blight of entire plants of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) grafts on sunflower (Helianthus annuus) were found in greenhouses in Kagawa Prefecture in the southwest region of Japan from April to May between 1997 and 1999. A mitosporic fungus, isolated repeatedly from the diseased plants and identified as Botrytis cinerea, was demonstrated to be virulent to both yacon and sunflower. The new disease on yacon was named gray mold of yacon. The disease on sunflower, gray mold of sunflower, is new to Japan.     

An optimized duplex real-time PCR tool for sensitive detection of the quarantine oomycete Plasmopara halstedii in sunflower seeds

Plasmopara halstedii, the causal agent of downy mildew of sunflower, is an oomycete listed as a quarantine pathogen. This obligate parasite resides in a quiescent state in seeds of sunflower and can be spread from seed production areas to areas of crop production by international seed trade. To prevent the spread or the introduction of potentially new genotypes or fungicide-tolerant strains, an efficient method to detect P. halstedii in sunflower seed is required. This work reports the optimization of a real-time detection tool that targets the pathogen within sunflower seeds, and provides statistically validated data for that tool. The tool proved to be specific and inclusive, based on computer simulation and in vitro assessments, and could detect as few as 45 copies of target DNA. A fully optimized DNA extraction protocol was also developed starting from a sample of 1,000 sunflower seeds, and enabled the detection of <1 infected seed/1,000 seeds. To ensure reliability of the results, a set of controls was used systematically during the assays, including a plant-specific probe used in a duplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction that enabled the assessment of the quality of each DNA extract.