滇龙胆开花物候与交配系统研究

通过对滇龙胆的开花物候与交配系统进行观测,统计不同处理的结实率和结籽率,分析滇龙胆开花物候与交配系统等繁育特征。结果表明：滇龙胆花期在10月中旬至12月中旬,单花花期持续17~19 d,单个花序花期可持续33~37 d,单株水平花期可持续8周,群体水平开花期持续时间为60 d以上,具有雌雄异位和雌雄异熟特征。滇龙胆杂交指数（OCI）值为5,花粉-胚珠比（P/O）值集中于(582.8±441.2)~(140 5.8±550.8)之间,结合人工授粉套袋试验结果,证实滇龙胆的繁育系统类型为兼性异交型,部分自交亲和,需要传粉者,不存在无融合生殖。自然状态下结实率较高,通过人工补充授粉,可显著提高滇龙胆结实率。     

澳洲坚果开花与座果习性的调查

对澳洲坚果开花及座果习性的调查研究结果表明∶澳洲坚果花日开放率与开花进程呈极显著直线正相关关系;品种间花序的开放天数差异显著,花序花朵数差异极显著;澳洲坚果座果率与开花进程呈极显著直线的负相关关系;澳洲坚果落果量最大的是花后20~50d,落果占总座果数的76%;其次是花后60~100d,落果占总座果数的14.5%。     

通北野燕麦的开花规律及其与小麦杂交的授粉技术研究

本研究通过在昆明和长沙两地的定株观察,探明了通北野燕麦的开花时间集中在15:00～18:00,其它时间不开花。同一穗或同一分枝,小花开放顺序从上至下;同一小穗的不同小花,开花顺序从下至上。整穗开花时间(从始花至终花)延续,10～12d。开花期内逐日开放的小花数的频数基本呈正态分布,其中以始花后4～7d开花频数最高。开花时的天气条件对开花起止时间、开花数均有一定影响,因而在杂交时应采用不同的采用不同的采粉方法。还研究了四种不同采粉授粉方法对小麦×通北野燕麦杂交结实率的影响,表明在野燕麦非开花时段内采取的鲜黄花药不能自然膨大散粉,强行夹破药壁授粉不能使小麦结实。点药法对交结实率的影响与集粉法和剪颖法的效果相当。     

不同遮光胁迫对大豆产量性状及产量的影响

通过遮光处理，研究不同遮光强度及遮光持续时间对大豆的产量性状及产量的影响，结果表明，播种后遮光20%时间持续到始粒以后，播种后遮光30％和50％时间持续到开花以后，单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重显著或极显著减少；遮光胁迫强度相同时，这些性状有随着接受遮光胁迫时间的延长受影响程度加大的趋势；同一遮光胁迫期间，这些性状有随着遮光胁迫强度的加强受影响程度加大的趋势。遮光胁迫对底荚高、单株有效分枝数、结实率有一定影响。同一遮光胁迫强度，遮光胁迫持续时间与小区产量呈显著或极显著负相关；同一遮光胁迫期间，遮光胁迫强度与小区产量呈显著或极显著负相关。     

茶树的开花习性与茶树花产量

对茶树的开花习性与茶树花产量进行了总结和分析.不同产地茶树的全花期长短不一,低纬度温暖地区,茶树的全花期较长:不同年份、不同茶树品种的全花期长短差异显著.茶树的始花期品种间和年份间的差异都达到极显著水平,终花期品种间的差异达到显著水平,年份间的差异未达到显著水平.在同一地区,茶树盛花期的起讫日和盛花期日数品种间的差异都达到极显著水平,但盛花期日数年份间的差异不显著.茶树的开花量集中在10月中旬11月中旬,这一时期的开花量占年开花量的85.7%～93.4%.茶树的开花数不同品种之间、同一品种不同单株之间差异很大,而且自然生长的茶树开花数显著多于生产茶园的茶树.可将茶树品种的花型分为大花品种和小花品种,茶树干花产量一般可达100-150kg/667m2,品种间花产量差异显著.     

T优7889亲本T78A和早恢89的生育特性和开花习性研究

对T优7889亲本生育特性和开花习性研究表明:早恢89、T78A的播始历期(有效积温>10℃)和主茎叶片数存在极显著负相关;早恢89花时较早,开花集中,颖花开颖角度大,而T78A高峰期花时比早恢89晚1h,盛花期晚3 d;T78A的柱头外露率、柱头活力高,包茎率低。     

花时性状在籼粳交后代中的表现及其对外部环境的响应

以籼稻、粳稻和典型籼粳稻杂交衍生的重组自交系群体为试材,研究花时性状在籼粳稻杂交后代中的表现及其对外部环境的响应规律.结果表明,:花时性状在籼粳稻杂交后代中均呈连续变异,表现出数量性状的遗传特点.始花时、盛花时和终花时之间存在极显著的正相关,始花时与开花持续时间呈极显著的负相关.籼粳交后代中,花时与程氏指数相关不显著.籼稻与粳稻的花时性状对外部环境的敏感性不同,与粳稻相比,籼稻更容易受外部环境的影响.07:01 -08:00的平均气温与籼稻的始花时、盛花时显著负相关,对粳稻影响不显著,14:01-15:00的平均气温与典型粳稻的盛花时呈显著的负相关,日最高气温与籼稻的始花时和终花时呈显著的负相关.无论籼稻还是粳稻,气温高低仅影响花时的早晚,对开花持续时间的长短影响不大.籼稻对空气湿度较粳稻敏感,07:01-08:00.08:01-09:00,10:01-11:00及07:01-15:00的平均湿度与籼稻的终花时呈显著至极显著的正相关,空气湿度对粳稻花时的影响末达显著水平,无论籼稻还是粳稻,空气湿度对开花持续时间均无显著影响.太阳辐射强度对花时性状的影响未达显著水平.     

氮肥和磷肥用量对油菜开花性状的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同施氮量(0、75、150、225kg/hm^2)与施磷量(0、30、60、90、120kg/hm^2)对油菜花期、阶段性开花数、单花大小、单花开花持续时间的影响,为合理施肥推动油菜花经济提供依据。结果表明,增施氮肥能使油菜始花期提前和延长终花期,各施氮比不施氮处理延长花期23.2%～31.8%,且随着氮肥用量的提高有花期延长的趋势。施氮增加单株油菜整个生育期开花数131.6%～276.4%;增加花瓣长9.53%～15.96%,提高单花重1.07%～5.87%;延长单花开花持续时间1.96%～4.79%;除油菜整个生育期开花数在施氮225kg/hm^2时达到最大值外,以上开花性状均在施氮150kg/hm^2效果最好。增施磷肥能使油菜初花期提前并延长油菜终花期,随着磷肥用量的提高,各施磷比不施磷处理延长花期27.8%～50.4%;施磷增加单株油菜整个生育期开花数377.4%～736.7%;增加花瓣长8.01%～17.05%,提高单花重11.15%～31.82%;延长单花开花持续时间0.23%～2.15%;除施磷120kg/hm^2处理花期最长,整个生育期开花数最多外,以上开花性状均以施磷90kg/hm^2处理效果最好。在本试验条件下,施氮150kg/hm^2对延长油菜花期,提高单花性状效果最佳;施磷90kg/hm^2对增加油菜开花数,提高单花性状效果最佳。     

温度对花生出苗、幼苗生长及开花的影响

大田错期播种试验结果表明,温度升高,花生出苗期和幼苗期缩短,干物质积累加快。温度与花生出苗速度的关系可用指数方程y=aebx描述,在14～23℃范围内,日均气温每升高1℃,花生出苗期约缩短1.5 d。温度与花生幼苗期长短的关系可用直线方程y=a+bx来描述,在19～23℃范围内,日均气温每升高1℃,花生幼苗期缩短2.0～2.5 d。花生开花适宜的温度为24～25℃。当日均气温>25℃或<24℃时,开花量明显下降。温度高,花生开花相对集中,开花后很快达到高峰,高峰期花量多,花期短;温度低,花生开花进程放慢,花量相对分散,花期拉长。在日均气温22～27℃范围内,温度每升高1℃,花期缩短3～4 d。     

豫南旱地花生开花及干物质积累规律研究

通过对豫南旱地花生开花及干物质积累规律的研究,结果表明:豫南地区旱地花生苗期短,有效花期短,前期生长发育快,产量形成分配系数高。旱地花生出苗后25 d左右始花,花期45 d左右,花后20d进入盛花期,单株平均开花量为120.1朵,初花期结果数占总果数的26.5%,盛花期结果数占总结果数的73.5%,末期开的花为无效花。干物质积累出现苗期和开花下针期增长慢、结荚期增产快,饱果成熟期又下降的趋势,干物质积累的高峰出现在苗后68 d,日增重量达0.92 g/株。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.