野驴与家驴杂交效果的调查

<正> 原贺兰山军马场为”培育耐粗饲抗病力强、爬山性能好、适应性好、步法轻快等特点的优良军骡”,1966年从北京动物园引进野公驴1头与家驴、马杂交,繁育出一代驴8头、骡1头。一野公驴1965年生于北京动物园。母系为青海野驴,父系来源不详。1966年8月入场。图1)     

肉用驴的类型及品种介绍

一、小型驴 作为肉用驴饲养容易育肥,也很经济。 (一)新疆驴 主要产于新疆,分布于甘肃、河南、青海等省。 体型外貌特征:体型矮小,头略偏大,耳直立,额宽,鼻短,耳壳内有毛;鬐甲低平,背平腰短,尻短斜,四肢较短,蹄小质坚,毛多为灰色或黑色。其平均体尺,公驴体高     

驴精液冷冻试验

我国的关中驴,体格高大,结构匀称,中外驰名,是改良小型驴种、作为种间杂交(公驴×母马)的一个理想品种。因此,近年来我省不少县份相继引进关中驴与本地马杂交,旨在获得马骡,用以提供农耕和运输能力。为了提高驴的配种效能,我们作了驴精液冷冻试验。一、试验步骤及方法本试验首先筛选稀释液,并用不同的冷冻方法进行颗粒冻结。1.供试种公驴:用山西广岭驴种三头和陕西关中驴二头,在一般饲养管理条     

肉用驴的饲养技术(上)

一、种驴的饲养管理 (一)种公驴的饲养管理 饲养种公驴的目的是用来繁殖配种,饲养管理和利用情况直接影响到配种数量、利用年限、母驴的受胎率、驴群的数量等经济指标。所以,养好种公驴十分重要。     

温州的奶马业

温州饲养奶马已有200多年历史,瓯海县慧湖乡慈二大队詹育光家,已四代饲养奶马。温州奶马体型短小,性情温顺,体型外貌属我国西南小型马。由于它在温州市郊、城镇附近的平川地区,经过长期驯化饲养,加上当地气候温和、饲养管理条件优越,形成了目前以挤奶为主的独特的“温州奶马”。     

肉驴养殖的饲养要点

<正>肉驴是山东省特养业新发展的一个致富项目,肉驴具有适应性强、食性广、生长快、喜食草、抗病力强、成活率高、饲养容易、经济效益好等特点,现将肉驴的饲养要点介绍如下。(一)选种我国的驴按体格大小分三类:大型驴有陕西关中驴、山东德州驴(渤海驴),体重在250公斤~290公斤之间,种公驴亦有在350公斤以上的;中型驴有山西晋南驴、广灵驴、河南淮阳驴、甘肃庆阳驴,体重在220公斤~250公斤之间,种公驴亦有在300公斤以上的;小型驴有河南毛驴、陕西滚沙驴、内蒙古库伦驴、宁夏西吉驴、甘肃凉州驴、四川     

肉驴的饲养及育肥

驴肉属典型的高蛋白、低脂肪肉食品。驴肉还具有补血、益气补虚等保健功能。对驴进行饲养及育肥,要实施以下四项措施。(一)选好驴种我国的驴按体格大小分三类:大型驴有陕西关中驴、山东德州驴(渤海驴),体重250～290千克,种公驴也有在350千克以上的;中型驴有山西晋南驴、广灵驴,河南淮阳驴、甘肃庆阳驴,体重220～250千克,种公驴也有300千克以上的;小型驴有河南毛驴、陕西滚沙驴、内蒙古库伦驴、宁夏西吉驴、甘肃凉州驴、四川驴、云南驴、西藏驴、辽宁驴,体重160～220千克,种公驴也有250千克以上的。肉驴的品种选择要求有三:一是生长发育迅速,…     

驴骡繁殖三关技术

马与驴杂交产生的后代称骡。一般专指马骡。公驴配母马所生的种间杂种。公母一般均无生殖能力,但个别母骡能够生驹。骡子体格高大,体质结实,力气大,能耐劳吃苦,耐粗饲,抗病力强,适应性广,寿命比马、驴都长。     

驴骡繁殖闯三关

马与驴杂交产生的后代称骡,一般专指马骡。公驴配母马所生的种间杂种,公母一般均无生殖能力,但个别母骡能够生驹。骡子体格高大,体质结实,力气大,能耐劳吃苦,耐粗饲,抗病力强,适应性广,寿命比马、驴都长。     

夏洛来杂交未去势公牛直接放牧育肥试验

<正> 新疆生产建设兵团农九师一六五团于1972年,引进法国夏洛来肉牛品种改良当地黄牛以来,其杂种牛在牧区草原放牧饲养条件下,无论在体型外貌、生长发育,产肉性能,胴体品质及饲料报酬等方面均比本地黄牛有较大的提高,几年来经多次重复放牧饲养和屠宰试验测定结果:夏洛来杂种牛18月龄阉牛活重比土种黄牛提高40.7％,胴体重提高61.7％,净肉重提高99.3％。且肉质细嫩,多汁鲜美。     

野生鸭茅杂交后代农艺性状的初步研究

以我国西部野生二倍体化学诱导所获同源四倍体鸭茅为母本,与野生四倍体鸭茅杂交,获得杂交四倍体。对比观测杂交后代形态、发育及重要农艺性状与亲本的差异。结果表明,1)杂交F1代的全生育期平均为208 d,比父本短39d,比母本长29 d;2)杂交F1种子萌芽后第4周的平均株高为15.1cm,比母本高65.9%,比父本高13.5%,F2的苗期生长与F1相似;3)杂交F2代播种当年干物质产量平均为12.12g/株,显著低于父本但高于母本(P<0.01);4)杂交F1代个体间在苗期生长、分蘖、再生、干物质产量、繁殖及抗病性等方面均存在较大差异,部分杂交后代的干物质产量与父本差异不显著(P>0.05),但苗期生长速度、繁殖特性、抗病性均强于双亲,有较大的育种选择价值;5)杂交F1代具有双亲的形态学特征,分蘖特性和物候发育介于双亲之间,易于识别,育种实践中可以通过自然杂交方式成功获得杂交后代。     

Evaluation of reciprocal differences in Bos indicus x Bos taurus backcross calves produced through embryo transfer: I. Birth and weaning traits

Angus (A) and Bos indicus (B; Brahman or Nellore) reciprocal backcross, embryo transfer calves, belonging to 28 full-sib families, were evaluated for differences in birth weight, gestation length, and weaning weight. Two methods were investigated; method I made no distinction between how the F(1) parents were produced, whereas method II distinguished between the 2 types of F(1) parents (AB vs. BA corresponding to A x B vs. B x A, respectively). Bos indicus backcross calves had a 4.3 d longer (P < 0.05) gestation length but did not differ in their average birth weight from A backcrosses. Among B backcrosses, B x F(1) calves had a 5.2 d longer (P = 0.01) gestation length than F(1) x B calves (290.5 vs. 285.3, respectively). Under method II analysis, there was a consistent trend for gestation length, in which BA F(1) parents produced calves that ranked greater than calves from AB F(1) parents, as sires and dams. Crosses with a greater proportion of B in the sire in relation to the amount in the dam had a heavier (P < 0.05) birth weight (F(1) x A and B x F(1); 38.1 and 38.4 kg, respectively) than their respective reciprocal crosses (A x F(1) and F(1) x B; 34.3 and 33.5 kg, respectively). The F(1) x A and B x F(1) crosses showed a large difference in birth weight between males and females (5.3 and 4.1 kg, respectively), whereas A x F(1) and F(1) x B crosses showed a small difference (P > 0.10) in birth weight between males and females (1.5 and 1.1 kg, respectively). Further examination within each sex showed a difference between male reciprocals that was generally much larger than that between female reciprocals. Calves with a greater percentage of B in the sire compared with the proportion in the dam ranked heavier for weaning weight as for birth weight, though these differences were not significant. In breeding systems involving B x Bos taurus crosses, even when using embryo transfer, not only does the breed composition of the calves affect their preweaning performance, but the particular cross that produces the calves also should be considered in making breeding decisions.     

中国家驴mtDNA D-loop 遗传多样性与起源研究

对我国12个家驴品种126个个体（包括引用26个个体）的mtDNA D-loop区399 bp进行分析,共检测到36种单倍型37个多态位点,其单倍型多样度为0.466 7-0.977 8,核苷酸多样度为0.001 2-0.028 5,表明我国家驴的遗传多态性丰富。与3条努比亚野驴、3条索马里野驴和6条亚洲野驴的序列构建NJ系统发育树,首次证明我国家驴的母系起源为非洲野驴中的索马里驴和努比亚驴,亚洲野驴不是中国家驴的祖先。本文还讨论了我国家驴可能的迁徙路线。     

Lamb production and its components in pure breeds and composite lines. II. Breed effects and heterosis

Ewe performance was compared for five pure breeds of sheep (Finnsheep, F; Rambouillet, R; Dorset, D; Targhee, T; Suffolk, S) and the crosses in development of two maternal composite lines (C1 = 1/2F1/4R1/4D and C2 = 1/2F1/4T1/4S). The data involved 10,959 breeding season records of 4,219 ewes by 412 sires. Ewe production and the components (fertility, litter size, neonatal and preweaning lamb survival and mean lamb weaning weight) were adjusted for age and standardized across season of lambing and years. The D and F ewes produced more weight of lamb/ewe exposed than R, S and T ewes because of higher D and F fertility, higher D lamb survival and larger F litters. First cross and inter se generations of C1 and C2 ewes averaged 17 to 27% higher fertility than the parental mean. Litter size averaged about one lamb higher for F than for other pure breeds, but only slightly higher for C1 and C2 than for the mean of F and other breeds. Lower neonatal survival for F than for other breeds and crosses was associated with the larger F litters and with 2 to 8% positive heterosis in the crosses. Preweaning survival of suckled and nursery lambs was low for F and S and positive heterosis ranged from 9 to 19% in crosses. Mean lamb weaning weights were highest for S, lowest for F, with little heterosis in crosses. Crossbred ewes reared .3 to .4 more lambs than mean for parental pure breeds. Heterosis in C1 and C2 ranged from 11 to 28% for lambs born, 27 to 43% for lambs weaned and 29 to 44% for weight of lamb weaned/ewe exposed. Decline in heterosis with inter se mating of crosses was no greater than expected from the reduction in predicted heterozygosity.     

中国9个家驴品种mtDNA D-loop部分序列分析与系统进化研究

本研究利用Dnasp4.10软件对中国9个家驴品种162个个体的mtDNA D-loop区385bp进行遗传多样性分析,共检测到32种单倍型35个核苷酸多态位点,其单倍型多样度为0.8137～0.9722,核苷酸多样度为0.0182～0.0270,表明我国家驴的遗传多态性丰富;利用MEGA3.1软件采用邻接法与3个努比亚野驴、3个索马里野驴和6个亚洲野驴的序列构建NJ系统发育树,并进行系统进化分析。结果表明:我国家驴的母系起源是非洲野驴中的努比亚野驴和索马里野驴,亚洲野驴不是中国家驴的母系祖先。     

野血牦牛和本地牦牛舍饲育肥试验

家牦牛是半野生畜种,终年放牧,为验证野牦牛家养和育肥的可行性,本研究以野血牦牛为试验组,家牦牛为对照组,做了舍饲育肥试验,结果表明:2.5岁1/2野血牦牛、1/4野血牦牛比家牦牛多增重8.82 kg和6.21 kg,差异显著(P＜0.05);1.5岁1/2野血牦牛、1/4野血牦牛比家牦牛多增重9.71 kg和5.13 kg,差异显著(P＜0.05),结果表明野牦牛可以进行舍饲育肥.     

甘蓝型与白菜型冬油菜杂交F1代植物学性状及自交亲和性分析

通过甘蓝型冬油菜与北方白菜型冬油菜及其正反交杂种F₁植物学形态,生长习性,自交亲和性的比较,分析杂种抗寒性,植物学形态,生长习性,自交亲和性的变化.选择白菜型冬油菜陇油9号与甘蓝型冬油菜Vision组配的(陇油9号×Vision),(Vision×陇油9号)甘白杂交正反交组合,通过亲本与杂种形态比较,越冬率统计,套袋自交以及花粉-柱头互作等,对杂种抗寒性,植物学形态,生长习性,自交亲和性作出评价.陇油9号与Vision杂交,杂种F₁植物学形态,干物质积累特性为中间型,生长习性和生长点下凹程度均偏白菜型.F₁正,反交越冬率分别为68.75%和65.00%,根长为14.83和14.30 cm,根颈直径为6.08 和5.67 mm.自交亲和性为:Vision>F₁ (Vision×陇油9号)>F₁ (陇油9号×Vision)>陇油9号,其相应的自交亲和指数为20.83,1.09,1.06,0.87;杂种及其亲本的自交亲和性的大小与其花粉在柱头上的萌发数量与萌发速度相一致.陇油9号与Vision杂交,杂种F₁抗寒性强于甘蓝型冬油菜,但较白菜型冬油菜弱.同时,白菜型冬油菜与甘蓝型冬油菜杂交,杂种F₁代自交亲和,但杂种的自交亲和程度远远低于甘蓝型冬油菜,而且F₁杂种的自交亲和性因杂交组合方式而有差异.     

家蚕产卵量的基因效应参数估计

用产卵量差异较大的两个近交系782和Ekp作亲本,配制了F1、F2正反交及F1与两亲本的回交B1和B2,加上两亲本P1和P2共8个世代,采用多世代平均值的多元回归分析方法对产卵量的基因效应参数进行了估计,得到了如下结果：（1）建立了分析家蚕产卵量的常染色体基因加性、显性和性染色体基因加性效应的非二体遗传模型,并通过实际数据检验表明产卵量遗传符合这个模式;（2）产卵量的遗传主要取决于常染色体上基因加性效应,其次是性染色体基因加性效应,显性效应很小。     

藏野驴与家驴血清同工酶的比较研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对藏野驴与家驴４种血清同工酶进行比较研究。结果发现，除ＬＤＨ同工酶以外，藏野驴与家驴的酯酶、淀粉酶和碱性磷酸酶酶谱都有颇大的差异。     

Genetic evaluation of Ethiopian Boran cattle and their crosses with Holstein Friesian for growth performance in central Ethiopia

Breed additive and non-additive effects, and heritabilities of birth weight (BWT), weaning weight (WWT), 6 months weight (SMWT), yearling weight (YWT), eighteen months weight (EWT), 2 years weight (TWT) and average daily weight gain from birth to 6 months (ADG1) and from 6 months to 2 years (ADG2) were estimated in Ethiopian Boran (B) cattle and their crosses with Holstein Friesian (F) in central Ethiopia. The data analysed were spread over 15 years. Ethiopian Boran were consistently lighter (p < 0.01) than the B-F crosses at all ages. Ethiopian Boran also gained lower weight than all the crosses. At birth, 50% F crosses were significantly (p < 0.01) lighter than all the other crosses. However, the differences in SMWT, YWT, EWT, TWT, ADG1 and ADG2 were all non-significant among the crosses. The individual additive breed differences between B and F breeds were positive and significant (p < 0.01) for all traits. The individual heterosis effects were significant (p < 0.05) for all traits except WWT for which the effect was non-significant. The maternal heterosis effects were significant (p < 0.01) for BWT (2.5 kg) and WWT (-3.0 kg). The heritability estimates for all traits in B and crosses were generally moderate to high indicating that there is scope for genetic improvement through selection. Selection within B and crossbreeding should be the strategy to enhance the growth performance under such production systems.