测定土壤pH的新混合指示剂及其使用

土壤酸碱性是影响植物生长的重要因素之一。在林业生产中,往往根据土壤的pH值决定树种适生的土壤类型。在测定土壤pH的方法中,电位法的精度较高。混合指示剂比色法的精度较差,一般认为其误差在0.5个pH单位左右。关于我国常用的几种混合指示剂在使用上的问题和优缺点,袁可能和朱祖祥(1956)已作了研究。     

生物质炭对土壤理化性状及氮素转化的研究进展

生物质炭因其具有的特殊理化性质施入到农田中能够改良土壤、提高土壤肥力及促进作物生长,已经成为农业减排和土壤微生态系统生物氮素地球化学循环领域的研究热点。生物质炭作为土壤的外来物质,直接或间接地参与到土壤氮素的周转过程中,进而对土壤中氮素的存在状态和供应能力等产生长远的影响。本文综述了土壤中施入生物质炭后,氮素循环的变化及响应机制,重点分析了生物质炭施入农田引起土壤理化性质变化后由土壤微生物驱动的固氮反应、氨化反应、硝化反应及反硝化反应等生物化学反应过程的响应及相关机理。在此基础上,对今后生物质炭的研究方向进行展望。     

基于137Cs的土壤沉积速率的定量模型

在假设137Cs在耕层中得到充分混合而变得均一的基础上,根据质量平衡原理建立了一个根据农业耕作土壤剖面中137Cs的沉积量和土壤沉积量之间关系的定量模型.在建立模型的过程中,充分考虑了137Cs的衰变常数,年沉降分量,耕层厚度和采样年份等因素.模型的模拟结果表明,137Cs的沉积量与年平均土壤沉积量之间的关系是一种复杂的曲线关系.     

土壤中稀有碱金属的研究

稀有碱金属是指K、Na以外的Li、Rb、Cs三个元素。它们在自然界含量低,如地壳中含Li平均为30ppm,Rb为90ppm,Cs为6ppm,三者的比值为5:15:1。目前,在地质科学中,以稀有元素作为地球化学指示剂应用越来越广。关于土壤中稀有碱金属的研究报告至今不多。研究土壤中稀有碱金属的含量和分布特征对于探索风化和成土过程是有益的。本文根据近年来土壤环境背景值研究积累的一些资料作一初步探讨。     

土壤酶对土壤环境质量指示作用的研究进展

土壤环境质量是土壤容纳、吸收和降解各种环境污染的能力。各种污染物(农业、工业)进入土壤后,都会对土壤的环境质量造成一定的影响。土壤酶作为土壤中的重要组成部分,是土壤中产生专一生物化学反应的生物催化剂,对土壤环境质量的变化反应迅速,常被用来作为指示土壤环境质量的生物学指标。因此本文综述土壤酶对化肥、农药、污水污泥、城市垃圾和重金属的指示作用,为污染土壤的修复提供理论依据。     

电导法测定土壤中硫酸根的含量

采用氯化钡标准溶液电导滴定法确定终点，测定土壤硫酸根含量。土样引水分散后，用氯化钡标准溶液滴定，不受溶液颜色，浊度的影响，不需指示剂：碱性土壤测定时要将水溶液调至ｐＨ＝５．０－７．０；测定时间仅需数分钟；测定的准确度与硫酸负重量法接近。     

免耕对农田土壤生物学特性的影响

农业管理对土壤群落水平下各种生物之间复杂的相互作用的影响是土壤生态学研究的一个热点。土壤生物和酶活性在改善土壤结构、养分循环、有机质分解和保持中起重要作用。与常规耕作系统比,免耕系统中作物残体和土壤矿物质的机械混合要少得多,因此免耕系统更接近于未受扰动的自然生态系统,可能更加依赖于土壤生物体的固有作用。综合有关文献讨论了耕作实践对一些土壤生物学特性的影响。总体看来,土壤线虫总量及功能类群对免耕既可能是正响应也可能是负响应,与常规耕作相比免耕系统中土壤微生物的丰富度或生物量增加,土壤酶活性增强,土壤呼吸作用减弱。最后还对免耕系统中有关土壤生物学特性研究的重要性和需要解决的问题进行了小结。     

崇明东滩湿地土壤生物活性差异性及环境效应分析

为了解不同类型滩涂湿地土壤生物活性和生态环境效应,以及不同农业利用模式对围垦滩涂士壤肥力和生物活性的影响,在崇明东滩选取堤内为不同农业利用模式、堤外为不同类型湿地的3个实验样区。分别采取湿地士壤样品。测定士壤中微生物量、有机质含量、土壤酶活性,分析不同类型土壤的生物活性和生态环境效应。结果表明。3类堤外湿地士壤中,沙质型的芦苇漫地士壤（A区）有利于微生物的呼吸、代谢与繁殖,具有较高的有机污染物净化能力。而粘土型的芦苇／米草混合湿地±壤通过微生物呼吸作用降解有机物的能力较弱,但是具有较高的碳积累能力以及氮磷等农业污染物的转化、吸收能力。堤内通过框围养鱼、水稻耕种以及果蔬种植等程序式农业利用模式,围垦滩涂土壤肥力和生物活性可以得到逐步提高,同时在上述各农业利用阶段可分别获得经济效益,是一种值得提倡的湿地利用方式。     

玛纳斯河流域表层土壤盐分空间变异特征研究

<正>玛纳斯河流域作为新疆开垦面积最大的人工绿洲,是自治区重要的粮、棉糖生产基地。该流域受区域母质、气候、地形、水文等因素影响,分布着不同类型的盐渍土[1],加之不完善的农业基础设施以及传统的灌溉方式使各灌区地下水位日益升高,造成土壤严重次生盐渍化,严重影响着该区农业的     

利用137Cs示踪农业耕作土壤侵蚀速率的定量模型

建立了一个根据农业耕作土壤剖面中^137Cs的损失量与土壤侵蚀量之间关系的定量模型,在假设^137Cs在耕层中得到充分的混合而变得均一的基础上,根据质量平衡模型推导而成,模型显示^137Cs的衰变常数,年沉降分量,耕层厚和采样年份对年平均土壤侵蚀速率都有重大影响,模型结果还说明,^137Cs的损失量与年平均土壤侵蚀量之间的关系既非线性关系亦非指数关系,而是一种复杂的曲线关系。     

晋西黄土区土壤水分有效性分析的克立格法

以山西吉县蔡家川小流域土壤水分有效性分级为基础，通过对291个土壤水分监测点在旱季的土壤水分监测（TDR土壤水分测定法），以变异函数为主要工具，以普通克里格法和指示克立格法为基本方法，研究土壤水分空间分布及土壤水分有效性水平在空间上的概率分布。研究结果表明：试验区土壤有效水和无效水的分界为13．46％（0～30cm）、12．48％（30～60cm），速效水和迟效水的分界为15．20％（0～30cm）、14．20％（30～60cm）；通过克立格插值估计整个研究区坡面0～30cm、30～60cm土壤水分平均值为10．94％、11．88％，处于土壤无效水含量范围内的面积占总面积的75．7％、55．7％；土壤水分有效性的概率分布与坡向关系密切，土壤有效水的概率自东北向西南递减。30～60cm土层出现有效水区域及相对应的概率远大于0～30cm土层。     

基于最小数据集沂蒙山区不同治理模式下的土壤质量评价

沂蒙山区是北方土石山区水土流失治理重点区域,定量评价不同治理模式下的土壤质量,进而优选适宜的生态恢复措施,是推进沂蒙山区生态环境建设的关键。以沂蒙山区4种治理模式(乔草混交、土坎梯田+果树种植、撂荒、封禁植草)为研究对象,基于主成分分析、相关性分析和Norm值计算,对土壤养分、孔隙、水分、容重4类9项土壤属性指标进行筛选,构建土壤质量评价最小数据集。结果表明：(1)治理模式对土壤理化性质具有明显影响,硝态氮属于极敏感指标,全氮为高度敏感指标,而有机质、全磷、无机磷、田间持水量与饱和含水量属中度敏感指标,土壤容重为低度敏感指标;(2)影响沂蒙山区土壤质量的最小数据集指标包括全氮、土壤孔隙度、容重,经总数据集验证所构建的最小数据集可体现沂蒙山区土壤质量有效信息、准确性较高;(3)沂蒙山区不同治理模式下土壤质量指数介于0.41～0.53,土壤质量属于中等水平,且0—5 cm和5—10 cm土层的土壤质量指数较10—20 cm分别增加136.20%和37.60%。土壤质量表现为乔草混交>土坎梯田+果树种植>撂荒>封禁植草。综上,在水土流失严重、土壤较为贫瘠的沂蒙山区,生态恢复...     

应用生物法研究土壤含钾矿物与土壤供钾能力间关系

本文主要通过矿物鉴定，生物试验方法，辅以电超滤（ＥＵＦ）法及常规化学分析研究了黄潮土，黄棕壤，灰潮土和红壤的含钾矿物类型，含钾量及其不同粒级中分布与土壤供钾能力间关系。研究表明，四种壤的含钾矿物，全钾量主要分布于土壤０－５０μｍ部，并以０－２μｍ部分的最丰富。随着土壤粒径增大，土壤含钾矿物组成逐渐简单化，含量逐渐降低。通过生物试验证明，土壤中三个粒级的供钾能力亦是０－２μｍ＞２－１０μｍ＞１０－５     

土壤质量评价中文文献分析

基于中国知网(CNKI,http://www.cnki.net)1950~2016年关于土壤质量方面的中文文献查阅结果,概述了我国关于土壤质量的内涵认知、评价指标体系选择和权重确定方法以及土壤质量评价方法,旨在为今后的土壤质量评价提供参考。关于土壤质量的内涵,中国科研人员更接受土壤肥力和土壤质量这两个概念,进入21世纪后,中国开始更为关注基于"污染"的土壤环境质量;评价指标体系大致可以分为土壤物理指标、土壤养分和常规化学指标、土壤生物指标和污染物指标四类,土壤物理指标中,质地、含水量和耕层厚度使用频数最多,土壤养分与常规化学指标中,有机碳和pH使用频数最多,土壤生物指标中酶活性、细菌数量和真菌数量使用频数最多,但相比于物理指标和土壤养分和常规化学指标,生物指标的应用较少,污染物指标中重金属指标的使用频数最多;指标权重的确定方法中主观法的层次分析法和客观法的主成分分析占主导地位;土壤质量评价方法中综合指数法和内梅罗指数法应用的最多。土壤质量评价指标体系,因评价者、评价区域、评价对象和评价目的的不同而不同,随着我国经济、土壤微生物的研究技术的迅猛发展,预计微生物指标在土壤质量评价中将会得到越来越广泛和深入的应用。     

STUDIES ON SOIL COPPER I. THE FRACTIONATION OF COPPER IN SOILS

A method for fractionating soil copper was developed and applied to 24 soils representing a range of British soil types. The scheme distinguishes five fractions:

• (a) soil solution and exchangeable copper;
• (b) copper weakly bound to specific sites;
• (c) organically bound copper;
• (d) copper occluded by oxide material; and
• (e) residual copper mainly in clay lattice structures.

Correlation and regression analyses confirmed the general validity of the scheme and indicated an association between free manganese oxides and copper which considerably influences the distribution of copper between the main soil constituents. It is suggested that the concentration of copper in the soil solution is controlled by equilibria involving specifically adsorbed copper and that the bulk of the‘available’soil copper reserves reside in the organically bound fraction.     

PRIORITISING SOIL QUALITY ASSESSMENT THROUGH THE SCREENING OF SITES: THE USE OF PUBLICLY COLLECTED DATA

Emergence of policies dealing with concern over soil degradation and anthropogenic impacts to soil is likely to increase the requirement for assessment of soil quality and identification of soils at risk from degradation. An example is the proposed EU Soil Framework Directive, which features the identification of areas requiring protection from soil degradation. There have been some serious objections to such requirements on the grounds of resource and capital demands. To help to address these concerns, this work proposes a strategic set of indicators based on measured soil quality indicators. These can be used in screening locations to assess the likelihood of degradation and indicate areas for further detailed assessment. This will allow further emphasis to be placed on a smaller number of locations, which could lead to cost and resource efficiencies. Indicators have been used in the past in assessment of soil quality; they are parameters which can be measured and correspond to assessment criteria to measure and help monitor the status and changes. The study reviews the current state of soil quality assessment including methods and indicators that are used to collect data and approaches used to assess data to determine areas subject to soil degradation. Methods and practicalities for data collection and screening are discussed, including the need for further pilot testing and protocol development. Use of public data collection could allow more resource efficient protection of soils, in addition to benefits of public engagement, and raising awareness of the importance of soils and soil biodiversity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

THE ORIGIN OF THE PENTOSE FRACTION OF SOIL POLYSACCHARIDE

Incubation of soil with monosaccharide for 224 days resulted in the evolution of about 80 per cent of the substrate carbon as CO₂ and the transformation of 3 per cent to soil sugars whether the substrate was ¹⁴C-glucose or xylose and whether the soil was pH 7.4 or pH 5.0. There was no detectable change in the total amounts of individual sugars in the soil during incubation. ¹⁴C-glucose and xylose gave the same distribution of radioactivity among the soil sugars : hexoses and 6-deoxy-hexoses were initially well labelled, with glucose having twice the specific activity of the other sugars. As the incubation progressed some activity appeared in the pentoses (the activity in xylose became very low within the first 14 days of the ¹⁴C-xylose incubation) and that in the hexoses slowly declined, with glucose no longer predominant. Nevertheless after 448 days the hexoses were still 3–4 times more radioactive than the pentoses. The activity in rhamnose did not decline with time so that eventually it became the most strongly labelled sugar. Incubation of soil with glucose and ¹⁴C-acetate showed very little transformation of the acetate to sugars indicating that glucose is not metabolized to C₂ compounds before it is transformed to other sugars. Ammo-acids in soil incubated for 7 days with ¹⁴C-glucose had much lower levels of radioactivity than hexoses or 6-deoxy-hexoses. It is concluded that if soil pentose originates by microbial synthesis it must accumulate slowly by a long process of selective decomposition of a mixture of polysaccharides.     

氮锌复合作用对单播和混播牧草氮素来源的影响

在亚热带中山草地黄棕壤上研究了氮锌复合作用对单播和混播牧草氮素来源的影响 ,结果表明 :施氮降低了白三叶前期固氮百分数 ,但低水平施氮显著提高了白三叶后期固氮百分数。在各种施氮水平下 ,施锌 6mg kg之处理 %Ndfa最高。施氮显著降低了氮转移的数量 ,低量施锌促进了氮转移 ;施氮促进了牧草对肥料氮的吸收 ,所有施氮水平下 ,单播黑麦草 %Ndff以施锌 6～ 2 0mg kg较高。在施氮 3 0～ 90mg kg,混播黑麦草和混播白三叶 %Ndff以施锌 6～ 2 0mg kg较低 ;单播和混播黑麦草 %Ndfs随施氮水平增加显著下降 ,施锌对单播黑麦草的 %Ndfs影响不明显。在所有施氮水平下 ,施锌 6～ 2 0mg kg减少了混播白三叶和混播黑麦草对土壤氮的吸收     

Assessment of Horizantal and Vertical Variabilities of Soil Quality using Multivariate Statistics and Geostatistical Methods

The aim of this study is to examine the horizantal and vertical spatial changes of soil quality (SQ) in rice-cultivated soils located on the Bafra Deltaic Plain—one of the most important alluvial deltaic plains and production centers of Turkey. The study examines these spacial changes by calculating the soil quality index (SQI) for soils 0–30 cm and 30–60 cm deep. For SQI calculations, seventeen potential physicochemical SQ indicators of eighty-three soil samples were assessed. Quality indicators to be used in these calculations were selected by considering the clay content, correlation relationship, and principal components analysis (PCA) of potential quality indicators. Clay, silt, sand, electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable calcium (Ca_exc), and exchangeable magnesium (Mg_exc) were selected as quality indicators, and silt was found to be the most important quality indicator for both soil depths. The SQ of researched soils changed from low to high for both soil depths.     

Biofumigation effects of brassicaceous cover crops on soil health in cucurbit agroecosystems in Hawaii, USA

Brassicaceous cover crops, such as brown mustard (Brassica juncea) and oil radish (Raphanus sativus), are commonly used for biofumigation, a process that utilizes isothiocyanates (ITCs) generated from the hydrolysis of glucosinolates in Brassica plants to suppress soil-borne pathogens, including plant-parasitic nematodes. Given the biocidal nature of ITCs, limited information is available on the non-target effects of biofumigation on free-living nematodes, which are reliable soil health indicators. The objectives of this study were to determine if biofumigation methods effective against plant-parasitic nematodes would have non-target effects on free-living nematodes, and to examine the relationships between biofumigation indicators and nematode communities. Three field trials were conducted to examine whether different biofumigation methods would affect free-living nematodes. Tissue maceration of biofumigant crops, soil tillage, and black plastic mulching were adopted singly or in combination to generate different regimes of biofumigation efficacy. Termination of biofumigant crops by tissue maceration and soil tillage followed by black plastic mulching for one week was most effective in suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes and enhancing bacterial decomposition. However, these effects did not last through the subsequent zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) crop cycle. When comparing changes in soil glucose and sulfate concentrations as indicators of biofumigation efficacy, we found that soil sulfate was a better indicator of biofumigation efficacy than soil glucose, owing to the more stable state of sulfate in soil. Canonical correspondence analysis between soil sulfate as a biofumigation indicator and nematode soil health indicators revealed strong positive correlations of sulfate level with the abundances of bacterivorous and carnivorous nematodes, enrichment index, brown mustard biomass, and soil temperature. However, biofumigation did not affect the nematode community structure. This study demonstrated that biofumigation can suppress plant-parasitic nematodes without compromising soil health.