农杆菌介导法将高赖氨酸蛋白基因sb401导入水稻

培育高赖氨酸的水稻品种是提高稻米营养品质的重要途径。本研究利用农杆菌介导法将水稻胚乳特异表达启动子PGlu驱动的马铃薯花粉特异水溶性蛋白基因sb401导入粳稻品种日本晴和籼稻恢复系501R的幼胚愈伤组织中,以期提高水稻胚乳中赖氨酸的含量。经PCR检测,从70株T0再生植株中筛选出18株转基因植株(日本晴13株,501R5株)。对转基因植株的Southern blotting分析表明,sb401基因已经转入并整合进了水稻基因组中。测定10株T0代转基因植株成熟种子的总蛋白含量和赖氨酸含量,结果表明,有8株的总蛋白含量,5株的赖氨酸含量皆提高了20％以上;其中,8号样品(日本晴转基因植株)的种子总蛋白含量和赖氨酸含量分别为10．5％和0．383％,与对照相比分别提高了32．74％和35．34％,表明sb401基因在大部分转基因植株中的翻译水平上得到了比较有效的表达。     

反义外壳蛋白基因介导的抗SCMV转基因玉米研究

玉米矮花叶病（MDM）是一种世界性病害，在我国主要由甘蔗花叶病毒(SCMV)所致。为探索一条高效、安全的抗SCMV转基因途径，构建了无标记基因的SCMV反义外壳蛋白基因（cp）表达载体pACP。通过冻融法将该载体与抗除草剂标记基因(bar)载体分别导入农杆菌LBA4404,然后共转化玉米自交系综3的幼胚。通过除草剂梯度筛选，从抗性愈伤组织分化获得了35株再生苗。PCR检测证明，其中26株带有抗除草剂标记基因（bar），14株带有SCMV反义cp基因。这14株带有目的基因的玉米植株自交，其种子在田间种植成株行（T₁代）。玉米T₁代幼苗人工接种SCMV，筛选出2个抗病株率高于70%的株行。ELISA检测表明，抗病株SCMV含量极低，抗性达高抗水平。PCR检测表明，抗病性是反义cp基因作用的结果，并且获得了2株cp基因阳性而标记基因阴性的抗病株。     

水稻转高赖氨酸蛋白质基因(sb401)植株的获得及种子中蛋白质和氨基酸的含量分析

用来源于马铃薯花粉的高赖氨酸蛋白质基因和玉米醇溶蛋白基因启动子构建了一个植物表达载体。采用农杆菌法导入籼稻品种龙特甫B,PCR和Southern blot结果表明外源基因己整合到水稻基因组中,Western blot分析表明高赖氨酸蛋白质基因已在转基因水稻种子中表达。对7株转基因水稻种子的分析表明,蛋白质的含量（10.87%～13.16%）     

农杆菌介导的玉米合子基因转化

本研究建立了农杆菌介导的玉米合子转化方法。用农杆菌介导合子转化方法,以含有bar基因的标准双元载体PTF102和含有bar基因和双价抗虫基因Cry1A（a）或Cry1A（c）、PTA（半夏凝集素）的载体p3300-Bt-pta转化玉米自交系吉8902、丹340、吉4112、吉853、铁7922及PA91,直接从受体植株得到转化种子,用除草剂PPT筛选和PCR鉴定,获得转基因植株及后代。实验分析了2002年、2003年和2004年的3批转化操作的结实率、转化率及转基因的遗传情况：经农杆菌侵染的雌穗平均结实率为39％,合子转化频率达1％以上,转基因可以遗传下去。农杆菌介导玉米合子转化方法可以重复获得成功,表明我们成功建立起一个新的不依赖组织培养的玉米转基因技术体系。     

Insect-mediated seed-set evaluation of 21 soybean lines segregating for male sterility at 10 different loci

The cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene (CpTI) and neomycin phosphotransferase gene (nptII) were introduced into the embryonic callus cells of immature embryos of wheat elite line Shannong 995604 using Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. Independent plantlets were regenerated from kanamycin-resistant calli. PCR and real time PCR analysis, PCR-Southern and Southern blot hybridization indicated that there were three independently-dervied transgenic plants viz. transformed-I, II and III (T-I, T-II and T-III). The segregation of CpTI in the transgenic wheat progenies of T-Iand T-III were consistent with Mendelian inheritance. Resistance to the storage insect pest of wheat viz. the grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella Olivier) was improved significantly in seeds of the three transgenic wheat T₂ lines obtained from T₁ PCR-positive plants. The frequency of moth-eaten seed from T-I, T-IIand T-III was reduced 66.76%, 62.48% and 43.59% respectively. The investigation of agronomic traits of the three transgenic wheat T₁ PCR-positive plants revealed that the three transgenic lines had excellent agronomic traits. They provide good germplasm resource for wheat genetic improvement.     

糯玉米opaque2基因近等基因系的创制

opaque2基因能够提高糯玉米赖氨酸、色氨酸等必需氨基酸的含量。用2种优质蛋白玉米(QPM)CA339和鲁2548自交系作为opaque2基因供体,25个品质较好的糯玉米自交系作为受体,利用回交技术和SSR分子标记辅助选择育种,创制糯玉米opaque2近等基因系。分子标记结果表明,不同受体以及两种供体间都存在多态性。5套创制成功的opaque2近等基因系的赖氨酸含量比其轮回亲本分别提高了59.0%、52.7%、48.5%、46.3%和61.9%,分别由0.308%、0.313%、0.309%、0.341%、0.323%提高到0.489%、0.478%、0.458%、0.498%、0.522%。本研究表明,可以利用此方法通过向不同遗传背景的多种受体导入opaque2,选取赖氨酸含量提高较大、透明表型的近等基因系,提高糯玉米的营养价值和经济价值。     

Molecular identification of Pm12-carrying introgression lines in wheat using genomic and EST-SSR markers

The traditional process of obtaining maize hybrids involves the generation of inbred lines through successive generations of selfing and subsequent testcrosses in order to identify the best combining ability by allelic complementation. A fast alternative to obtain inbred lines is to induce the formation of haploids followed by chromosome doubling. However, even with the aid of haploid-inducing genetic sources, this strategy has not been widely used in maize breeding programs, partly due to difficulties inherent to haploid generation and identification. In order to evaluate the possibility of using dihaploids to generate homozygous maize tropical lines, we used the androgenetic haploid inducer line W23 as a female parent in crosses with the tropical single-cross hybrid BRS1010. Within the progeny of these crosses, 462 seeds were phenotypically selected as putative haploids by the purple-colored endosperm and colorless embryo conditioned by the R1-nj gene. Among these, only four individuals were confirmed as being haploids using SSR markers, chromosome counting and flow cytometry, showing that the phenotypic marker was not efficient in detecting haploids in the tropical maize genotype used. All four haploids as well as some diploid plants presented reduced size, corroborating the difficulties for haploid identification by phenotypic evaluation. Genetic diversity analysis revealed by SSR markers divided the haploids in two groups represented by flint and dent maize inbred lines, which could be helpful in identifying complementary dihaploid lines. The present article demonstrates that a combination of haploid production and SSR fingerprinting is a feasible strategy for maize hybrid development in tropical germplasm.     

Genetic control of kernel modification found in South African quality protein maize inbred lines

Summary The genetic control of endosperm modification in 12 opaque-2 maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines was investigated by means of a diallel cross experiment conducted across two environments. Kernel vitreousness and kernel hardness were determined by partially dominant genes. Additive gene action was largely responsible for kernel modification. A favourable general combining ability for kernel vitreousness and kernel hardness was positively correlated with an accumulation of dominant kernel modifying genes. South African sources of endosperm modifiers have been found to be similar to those used in other quality protein maize breeding programmes. Certain inbred lines displayed sufficient genetic potential for use in a quality protein maize hybrid breeding programme.     

可去除选择标记的转Bt基因抗虫玉米研究

将组成型表达的玉米泛素启动子与苏云金杆菌杀虫蛋白基因Bt连接，插入根瘤农杆菌双T-DNA质粒，构建一个T-DNA结构域含有抗潮霉素选择标记基因hyg，另一个T-DNA结构域含有抗虫基因的双T-DNA单子叶植物表达载体，用以转化农杆菌菌株，再通过共培养转化玉米胚性愈伤组织。通过潮霉素培养基抗性筛选，用特异PCR扩增和Southern杂交检测，从分化再生的T0代植株中，鉴定出4个转化Bt基因的阳性植株。目前，正结合进行田间分离纯合和DNA分子鉴定，培育去除选择标记基因的转基因抗虫玉米自交系。     

Transfer of resistance to Verticillium dahliae Kleb. from Solanum torvum S.W. into potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) by protoplast electrofusion

Summary Interspecific somatic hybrid plants were regenerated after electrofusion of mesophyll protoplasts with the objective of transferring resistance to Verticillium dahliae from Solanum torvum into potato. Early selection of the putative hybrids was based on differences in cultural behaviour of the parental and hybrid calli (particularly the ability of the latter to regenerate early) in combination with morphological markers. Four putative hybrids were recovered from hundreds of calli, probably resulting from complementation of the two parental genomes. The regenerates were tetraploids (2n=4×=48 chromosomes) and exhibited intermediate traits including leaf form, plant morphology and the presence of anthocyanin. The hybrid nature of the four selected plants was confirmed by examining isoenzyme patterns for isocitrate dehydrogenase (Idh), malate dehydrogenase (Mdh), phosphoglucoisomerase (Pgi) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-Pgd). While the hybrid plants rooted readily and grew vigorously under in vitro conditions, in the greenhouse their development and growth were retarded by difficulties in rooting. When grafted on potato or S. torvum rootstocks, the hybrid plants recovered normal development and growth. Again, they exhibited intermediate morphological traits. Tests for resistance realized in vitro with medium containing 50% Verticillium wilt filtrate showed that all the somatic hybrids were resistant to the fungus filtrate.     

Coat protein-mediated protection against plum pox virus in herbaceous model plants and transformation of apricot and plum

Summary The expression of the viral coat protein gene in transgenic plants has been shown to induce tolerance against virus infection (Beachy et al., 1990). Transgenic plants ofNicotiana clevelandii andNicotiana benthamiana- herbaceous host plants for PPV - transformed withAgrobacterium strain LBA 4404 containing the plasmid pBinPPVm, regenerated on selection media containing kanamycin were tested for the expression of the PPV coat protein gene by ELISA and immuno western blot. After rooting and acclimatisation plants were tested for the protection against PPV Following the inoculation plants were investigated for symptom development and virus accumulation. Different lines were identified, according to the different reaction to the mechanical inoculation, ranging from a complete absence to a strong reduction of symptoms. There have not been many reports on transformation of trees in general, and in fruit trees particularly. It is obvious that the major obstacle is the regeneration of transformed plantlets. Attempts to improve crop plants by genetic engineering techniques will always depend very strongly on the availability of reliable protocols for transformation, selection and regeneration (Laimer et al., 1989, 1990). Different systems involving juvenile and adult plant material have been developed allowing the transfer of foreign genes into apricot and plum cultivars. We report the transformation and regeneration ofPrunus armeniaca andPrunus domestica plants withAgrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA 4404 containing various binary plasmids, pBinGUSint, carrying the marker geneβ-glucuronidase (GUS) and pBinPPVm, carrying the coat protein gene of Plum Pox Virus (PPV), the causal agent of Sharka disease. The marker geneGUS was used for the optical evaluation of the efficiency of different transformation systems involving cotyledons of immature embryos as well as somatic embryos and leaf discs. The coat protein gene of PPV was used to introduce the coat protein mediated resistance against one of the most important pathogens of stone fruit trees in Europe and the whole Mediterranean area.     

Genetic transformation of Eustoma grandiflorum Griseb. by microprojectile bombardment

Summary Foreign DNA was introduced into cell suspension cultures and leaf tissue of Eustoma grandiflorum Griseb. (lisianthus) by microprojectile bombardment. For this purpose a low-cost bombardment device that uses a helium flux to accelerate microprojectiles was built. When cell suspensions were used, an average of 4.1 Kan resistant calli were recovered per shot after 4 months' cultivation on selective medium. Most of the Kan resistant plants regenerated from calli were positive to GUS assay. Both the nptII and gus genes were successfully amplified from alkali-treated leaves of putative transgenic plants by PCR analysis. Transgenic plants were not recovered from bombarded leaves. Considering the host range specificity of Agrobacterium, and the response of the species to plant regeneration from suspension culture, microprojectile bombardment is, at present, the most efficient procedure for genetic transformation of lisianthus.Abbreviations BA 6-benzyladenine - Cx cefotaxime - 2,4 D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid - FDA fluorescein diacetate - gus -glucuronidase - IAA indole-3-acetic acid - IBA indole-3-butyric acid - 2iP (2-isopentenyl) adenine - Kan kanamycin - nptII neomycin phosphotransferase II - PCR polymerase chain reaction     

Mapping QTLs for kernel oil content in a tropical maize population

Maize cultivars often have low kernel oil content. To increase the oil content, efficient maize breeding programs have to be developed, which require the knowledge of the inheritance of this trait. Thus, the objective of this research was to map quantitative trait locus (QTLs) and estimate their effects for kernel oil content in a tropical maize population. Two maize inbred lines, contrasting for kernel oil content, were used to develop an F₂ population. Four hundred and eight F₂ plants were self-pollinated, and their kernels (F_2:3 progenies) were used for kernel oil evaluation. A genetic map with 75 microsatellites was developed, and the QTLs were mapped using the composite interval map (CIM); also, estimates of genetic and phenotypic variances, and heritability coefficient were computed. The map presented 10 linkage groups, spanned 1,438.6 cM in length with an average interval of 19.18 cM between adjacent markers. The kernel oil content averaged 58.40 g kg^–1, and the broad-sense heritability was high (h²= 0.98). Thirteen QTLs were mapped, which were distributed into eight chromosomes, and explained 26.64% of the genetic variation. QTLs in chromosomes 1, 5, and 6 contributed the most for kernel oil content. Nine out of 13 QTLs with favorable alleles were from the parental inbred with the highest kernel oil content. The average level of dominance was partial, but gene action of the QTLs ranged from additive to overdominance. Eight out of 13 mapped QTLs were already reported for temperate maize populations.     

Callus induction and plant regeneration from anther and inflorescence culture of Sorghum

Summary Twenty-five inbred lines, including grain and forage types from the USA and China, two hybrids, one Sorghum almum, and one Parasorghum (S. versicolor) were tested for their response to anther culture. Three nutrient media were effective in inducing anther calli from six cultivars (Xin White, TX 403-TSB, DDY Sommer Milo, TX 2779, Brawley, and Spur Federal) and one was effective for plant regeneration for one cultivar, Xin White. Averaged over media, callus induction frequency (number of calli per 100 anthers) was highest in cultivars Xin White and TX 403-TSB (6.7 and 3.9%, respectively). The means of cultivars for media C17-2 and Ms-t-z-2, 4.3 and 3.2%, respectively, were superior to that for medium 85D3-2 (0.1%). Expressed as an average of the six cultivars and three media the mean calli induction frequency was 2.6%; however, differential responses of genotype and medium were noted. Among the 10 regeneration media tested, medium MS-d-4 containing Murashige and Skoog basal components plus 2.0 mg/l indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2.5 mg/l kinetin was the most effective for plant regeneration. Numbers of albino plants and calli developing only roots increased directly with callus-induction time, whereas the frequency of plant regeneration decreased. Regenerated plants had varied numbers of chromosomes in root tip cells: 10, 15, 20, 40, and 60. The 29 regenerated plants that reached maturity, however, were highly fertile and contained only 10 bivalents in pollen mother cells. Normal chromosome number and behavior for the regenerated plants suggest that induced calli originated from cells other than microspores. However, spontaneous chromosome doubling in microspore-derived haploids may occur. The appearance of albinos also implies that haploids may have been produced from anther culture.Joint contribution of the Dept. of Agronomy and USDA-ARS, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, KS 66506-5501, USA. Contribution no. 88-566-J.     

外源脱水应答转录因子CBF4基因转化玉米的获得

用PCR方法克隆了拟南芥脱水应答转录因子CBF4基因,以逆境诱导表达基因rd29A的启动子为驱动,构建了逆境诱导表达载体pBAC146。用基因枪转化法转化玉米优良自交系的幼胚和胚性愈伤组织,轰击后的愈伤组织经过筛选、分化和植株再生过程,共获得36棵转基因植株。经PCR、PCR-Southern和Southern检测表明,外源目的基因已成功整合到部分转基因玉米株系的基因组中。人工干旱处理下,抗旱生理指标测定显示,一个转基因株系的脯氨酸含量和叶绿素含量比野生型对照提高一倍,间接表明转基因株系的抗旱能力在某种程度上有所提高。     

利用分子标记辅助选择优质蛋白玉米近等基因系

为了扩增优质蛋白玉米育种新种质,用普通玉米种质转育创制优质蛋白玉米(QPM)近等基因系;利用SSR标记phi057进行辅助选择,以优质蛋白玉米种质为o2基因供体,转导、构建来自不同遗传背景普通玉米种质为受体的QPM近等基因系。结果表明：利用共显性SSR标记引物phi057在o2基因供体自交系与普通玉米受体自交系间表现多态性,能区分O2O2、O2o2和o2o2等3种基因型,来自不同遗传背景种质所构建获得的QPM近等基因系赖氨酸含量有不同程度提高,赖氨酸含量达到0.36%~0.42%,不同遗传背景受体自交系赖氨酸增加幅度9.1%~64.0%。普通玉米种质导入供体o2基因后能够提高种质赖氨酸含量。     

转BADH基因玉米植株的获得及其耐盐性分析

采用超声波辅助花粉介导植物转基因方法, 将甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因导入玉米自交系郑58, 获得了耐盐性强的转基因玉米植株。经卡那霉素抗性初筛、PCR扩增、Southern blot杂交分析, 证明BADH基因已导入转化植株并整合到其基因组中。用不同浓度的NaCl溶液对T₂代转基因玉米植株与对照进行盐胁迫处理, 结果表明, 转BADH基因玉米植株表现出一定的抗逆性, 生长状况明显优于对照; 根据非转化苗对NaCl的反应以及生长状况, 确定250 mmol L^-1 NaCl溶液为玉米幼苗耐盐性筛选的适宜浓度; 依据此临界浓度下形态指标和生理生化指标的测定结果, 与对照相比, 转基因植株的株高提高10.94%~25.7%, 鲜重增加8.62%~18.2%, 干重增加9%~18.18%, 相对电导率降低37.21%~58.14%, 叶绿素含量增加15.89%~90.65%, 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性提高64.92%~148.29%, 丙二醛(MDA)含量减少26.97%~48.05%。综上所述, 转入甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因提高了玉米的耐盐性。这是首例将BADH基因导入优良玉米自交系郑58的报道。超声波辅助花粉介导法是一种经济、高效、实用和无基因型依赖性的植物基因转化方法。     

opaque-2玉米近等基因系的构建与赖氨酸含量快速检测

我国高赖氨酸玉米种质资源狭窄,opaque-2(o2)突变基因能大幅提高玉米赖氨酸含量,通过分子标记辅助选择构建o2玉米近等基因系并检测其赖氨酸含量具有重要意义。其中,要解决的两个关键问题是如何准确地将不同供体的o2突变基因导入受体系和如何快速地检测导入系的赖氨酸含量。本研究利用O2基因内紧密连锁的SSR共显性标记引物phi057检测玉米供体和受体自交系的多态性,利用其特异性和共显性构建o2近等基因系;参考已有研究,改进染料结合(DBL)法,测定18组构建成功的o2近等基因系的赖氨酸含量。结果表明,不仅在不同供体(CA339和山东2548)之间存在多态性,而且在不同受体系间也存在多态性,利用phi057能够成功地将不同供体的o2突变基因导入受体系,构建o2近等基因系;改进的DBL法分析表明,不同受体系赖氨酸含量变化较大,不同背景的受体系导入o2突变基因后赖氨酸含量增加的幅度差异也较大;普通玉米自交系间赖氨酸含量为0.223%~0.368%,构建成功的不同o2近等基因系间,赖氨酸含量为0.373%~0.527%,与受体亲本相比,赖氨酸增加幅度最低为13%,最高为74%。分析表明,phi057能准确筛选导入o2突变基因的受体系,结合改进的DBL法能快速地选择赖氨酸含量高的玉米。     

N6培养基添加钙和烯效唑对玉米幼胚培养的作用

通过浓度筛选和比较试验,将以N6培养基为基础的诱导培养基和继代培养基的钙浓度,从1.13 mmol/L提高到5 mmol/L,并分别添加1.00 mg/L和0.50 mg/L 烯效唑（S-3307）,对玉米幼胚胚性愈伤组织的诱导和继代具有促进作用,而不影响胚性愈伤组织的分化再生。在分化培养基中添加低浓度（0.25 mg/L）S-3307,能显著提高分化再生率