体细胞克隆的小鼠胚胎在附植前后发育的研究

采用成年小鼠的卵丘细胞核、胎儿成纤维细胞作核供体细胞来进行核移植,研究小鼠卵母细胞的去核程序和影响重构胚附植前发育的激活条件;随后将重构胚与供体细胞系共培养后获得囊胚阶段的小鼠重构胚,并将其移植到受体鼠体内后获得了24%克隆胚胎。结果表明,小鼠卵母细胞质能够进行重编程来支持早期的胚胎发育。     

Vero细胞共培养体系对猪胚胎早期发育的影响

本研究旨在探讨Vero细胞共培养体系对猪胚胎早期发育的影响。收集屠宰场废弃卵巢,抽取卵母细胞。采用电激活联合化学激活的方法得到孤雌胚胎,同时用所得的卵母细胞与卵丘细胞构建猪体细胞核移植重构胚;并将所得的孤雌胚、核移植重构胚移入NCSU-23(培养液)中与Vero细胞共培养。结果,Vero细胞共培养组的囊胚率显著高于对照组(P0.05),各组囊胚细胞数无显著差异(P0.05)。结果表明,Vero细胞作为共培养体系中的滋养层细胞有利于猪胚胎的早期发育。     

胰岛素和白血病抑制因子对猪卵母细胞体外成熟和孤雌激活胚胎的影响

为探讨胰岛素(Insulin)和白血病抑制因子(Leukemia inhibit factor,LIF)对猪卵母细胞体外成熟(IVM)和猪孤雌激活胚胎(PAEs)的影响,在卵母细胞体外成熟或者胚胎培养基中添加Insulin和LIF,研究卵裂率和囊胚率的变化。结果:添加了5μg/mL Insulin后猪卵母细胞体外成熟效果显著提高,但成熟后孤雌激活发育能力与非添加组相近;而胚胎培养基中添加Insulin对孤雌胚的卵裂和囊胚的形成也没有明显促进作用;添加1 000 U/mL的LIF后,卵母细胞核成熟率没有明显提高,反而孤雌激活后囊胚率急剧下降,但对卵裂率以及囊胚总细胞数影响不大;在胚胎培养基中添加LIF后,孤雌胚的卵裂和囊胚形成并没有明显的提高。表明:Insulin对卵母细胞体外成熟有益,但是对孤雌胚胎的最佳处理程序还需要摸索;本文所采用的LIF处理对猪卵体外成熟以及孤雌胚胎体外发育没有帮助,还需要进一步研究其他浓度和处理程序对猪卵母细胞体外成熟和孤雌激活胚胎发育能力的影响。     

水牛体细胞连续核移植的效果

为探讨水牛体细胞连续核移植的效果,以水牛胎儿成纤维细胞为核供体,进行了水牛体细胞连续核移植。结果显示,连续核移植的融合率显著高于原代核移植(87.9%vs76.2%,P<0.05),但两者之间的分裂率和囊胚率没有显著差异(P>0.05);这说明水牛体细胞核移植胚胎可被再次克隆而不降低其发育能力,水牛体细胞连续核移植是可行的。     

hTERT永生化牛乳腺上皮细胞核移植胚胎的早期发育

为了研究供核细胞端粒酶基因的激活是否影响核移植胚胎的早期发育,试验采用转染端粒酶基因的牛乳腺上皮细胞与正常乳腺上皮细胞分别作为供核细胞进行核移植,检测重构胚卵裂率、囊胚发育率和孵化胚发育率及囊胚细胞数的差异。结果表明:2种细胞都可被牛卵母细胞重编程,各项指标差异均不显著。说明供核细胞人端粒酶催化亚基水平的高低对植入前阶段的核移植胚胎发育无显著影响,推测牛早期核移植胚胎可以调节端粒酶基因的表达和端粒的延伸,无需外源人端粒酶催化亚基活性。     

Leptin对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及孤雌激活后早期胚胎发育的影响

为了探讨瘦素(Leptin)对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及孤雌激活后胚胎早期发育的影响,研究选择在Earle's盐缓冲的TCM199中添加10IU/mLeCG,10IU/mLhCG,10ng/mLEGF配制成化学限定的基础液,以添加不同浓度Leptin设定各试验组,对猪卵母细胞进行体外成熟培养。以未添加Leptin的基础液为对照组1,而添加5%的胎牛血清(FBS)、10%猪卵泡液为对照组2。比较分析各组卵母细胞核成熟效率,孤雌激活后胚胎的卵裂率,囊胚发育率。结果表明:各添加组卵母细胞成熟率与对照组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);孤雌激活后,各组间的卵裂率和囊胚发育率也无明显差异。同时,在化学限定的猪卵母细胞体外成熟液中添加Leptin对猪卵母细胞体外成熟和孤雌激活后早期胚胎的发育无显著效果。     

不同浓度雌二醇对猪卵母细胞体外成熟和孤雌激活胚胎的影响

为了探讨雌二醇（17β-estrodiol,E2）对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及孤雌激活后胚胎早期发育的影响,在卵母细胞体外成熟培养基中添加不同浓度雌二醇,研究卵裂率和囊胚率的变化。以未添加雌二醇的基础液为对照组,比较分析各组卵母细胞核成熟效率、孤雌激活后胚胎的卵裂率、囊胚发育率。结果表明,成熟液中添加1μg／mL雌二醇（E2）对猪卵母细胞的体外成熟具有明显的促进作用,而添加100μg／mL雌二醇（E2）对猪卵母细胞体外成熟具有明显的抑制作用。     

反向核移植在水牛体细胞核移植中的初步研究

探讨了反向核移植技术应用在水牛体细胞核移植中的效果.结果显示,反向核移植可支持重构胚发育到囊胚,但其构建重构胚的效率极显著低于电融合法(54.0% vs 75.1%,P<0.01),囊胚发育率也显著低于电融合法(6.9% vs 15.9%,P<0.05).     

换液培养对猪卵母细胞的成熟及胚胎体外发育的影响

通过后期去除激素培养比较了卵丘卵母细胞成熟及构建克隆胚后的发育情况,同时孤雌胚胎和体外受精胚胎体外培养48 h后全量换液,比较了其卵裂率和囊胚率之间的差异。结果显示,卵丘卵母细胞培养22h后换成不含激素的成熟培养液继续培养至44 h,其成熟率与对照组无显著差异(P0.05);后期克隆胚胎卵裂率和囊胚率与对照组均无显著差异(P0.05)。孤雌胚胎换液培养卵裂率高于未换液组,囊胚率低于未换液组,但差异均不显著(P0.05)。体外受精胚胎换液培养卵裂率以及囊胚率和未换液组差异不显著(P0.05)。本实验结果说明换液培养对卵母细胞的成熟及后续的体细胞克隆胚发育无显著影响,孤雌和体外受精胚胎换液培养对后期发育也无显著影响。     

Ghrelin对水牛体外受精和孤雌激活胚胎体外发育的影响

本研究的目的是探讨Ghrelin对水牛体外受精和孤雌激活胚胎体外发育的影响.体外成熟的水牛卵母细胞经体外受精或离子霉素孤雌激活后.分别在舍0,0.5,5,50和500 μg/L Ghrelin的培养液中进行体外培养,观察各组胚胎的卵裂率和囊胚率.结果显示,在培养液中添加不同浓度的Ghrelin对体外受精和孤雌激活胚胎的卵裂率均无显著影响(P>0.05),但添加500 μg/L的Ghrelin显著提高体外受精胚胎的囊胚发育率(33.5% vs 13.7%,P<0.05),50 μg/L或500 μg/L的Ghrelin均显著提高孤雌激活胚胎的囊胚发育率(32.4%和34.6% vs 14.5%,P<0.05).结果表明,培养液中添加Ghrelin对胚胎的早期卵裂没有影响,但可促进水牛体外受精和孤雌激活胚胎囊胚的形成.     

Study on Oocyte Nuclear Factor Promotes the Early Development of Tetraploid Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos

The study was aimed to investigate the role of porcine oocyte nuclear factors during reprogramming. Somatic cell nuclei was introduced into intact MⅡ oocytes to establish tetraploid somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos containing both somatic nuclei and oocyte nuclei. And then the influence of the oocyte nucleus on tetraploid SCNT embryo development was examined by assessing characteristics including cleavage rate and blastocyst rate. The results showed that the cleavage rate of tetraploid SCNT embryos,diploid parthenogenetic embryos and haploid parthenogenetic embryos was extremely significantly higher than that of standard diploid SCNT embryos (P<0.01). The blastocyst rate and the total number of cells in tetraploid SCNT embryos were extremely significantly higher than that of standard diploid SCNT embryos (P<0.01).Overall,tetraploid SCNT embryos had a higher developmental competence than standard diploid SCNT embryos. In conclusion, the embryonic model was established in which a fetal fibroblast nucleus and an oocyte M Ⅱ plate coexist. Tetraploid SCNT represented a new research platform that was potentially useful for examining interactions between donor nuclei and oocyte nuclei. This platform should facilitate further understanding of the roles played by nuclear factors during reprogramming.     

Cellular Composition and Viability of Cloned Bovine Embryos Using Exogene-Transfected Somatic Cells

The present study compared the efficiency of transgenic (TG) cloned embryo production by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) with fetal-derived fibroblast cells (FFCs) which were transfected with pEGFP-N1 to in vitro-fertilized (IVF), parthenogenetic and SCNT counterparts by evaluating the rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation, apoptosis rate at different developmental stages, cell number, ploidy and gene expression in blastocysts. In SCNT and TG embryos, the rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of IVF controls, but it did not differ between SCNT and TG embryos. In IVF control, 86.7% embryos displayed diploid chromosomal complements and the rates were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of SCNT and TG embryos. Most TG embryos (79%) with FFCs expressed the gene by both PCR and under fluorescence microscopy. The expression of apoptosis by TUNEL was first detected at six to eight cell stages in all embryos of IVF, SCNT and TG groups, but the expression rate at each developmental stages was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in SCNT and TG embryos than in IVF counterparts. The expression rate in inner cell mass (ICM) of TG embryos was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in SCNT and IVF embryos. These results indicate that the high occurrence of apoptosis observed in SCNT and TG embryos compared with IVF counterparts might influence the developmental competence. Moreover, the SCNT embryos derived using non-transfected donor cells exhibited a lower apoptosis expression in ICM cells than in TG embryos derived using pEGP-N1-transfected donor cells suggesting a possible role of negative gene effect in TG embryos.     

Low expression of mitofusin 1 is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos

Mitochondria are necessary for the transition from oocyte to embryo and for early embryonic development. Mitofusin 1 is the main mediator of mitochondrial fusion and homeostasis. We investigated Mitofusin 1 expression levels in porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. The rate of blastocyst formation in SCNT embryos was reduced significantly compared with that of parthenogenetic activation embryos. SCNT embryos showed significantly decreased Mitofusin 1 expression and mitochondrial membrane potential, while exhibiting increased reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. Mitochondrial functional changes were observed in the SCNT embryos and may be correlated with low levels of Mitofusin 1 to negatively affect development.     

Rabbit oocyte cytoplasm supports development of nuclear transfer embryos derived from the somatic cells of the camel and Tibetan antelope

This study was designed to examine the ability of rabbit metaphase II oocyte cytoplasm to support the development of interspecies nuclear transfer embryos reconstructed using donor nuclei from different species. Skin fibroblast cells from a camel and Tibetan antelope were used as donor nuclei. As a first step, we investigated the efficiency of different activation protocols by comparing the parthenogenetic development of rabbit oocytes. The protocol that yielded the highest blastocyst rate was used to activate the reconstructed embryos in nuclear transfer experiments. In addition, the effect of donor cell serum starvation on the development of the reconstructed embryo was also examined. More than half of the karyoplast-cytoplast couplets could be fused, and about one third of the reconstructed embryos were capable of completing first cleavage, regardless of the species of donor nuclei. Some of the cleaving reconstructed embryos were even capable of progressing further and developing to the blastocyst stage (1.4-8.7% for the Tibetan antelope and 0-7.5% for the camel, respectively). Our results suggest that the mechanisms regulating early embryo development may be conserved among mammalian species and some factors existing in rabbit oocyte cytoplasm for somatic nucleus reprogramming and dedifferentiation may not be species-specific. Rabbit oocyte cytoplasm can reprogram donor nuclei regardless of the origin of the nucleus and support in vitro development to an advanced stage.     

BCB和Zebularine对绵羊体细胞核移植胚胎发育效果的影响

为探究亮甲酚蓝(BCB)染色选择的卵母细胞是否有利于体细胞核移植胚胎的体外发育,本实验将卵丘-卵母细胞复合体(COCs)放入含有BCB的PBS中染色,根据细胞质颜色可将卵母细胞分成BCB~+组和BCB~-组,并以未经BCB处理的COCs作为对照组,然后将卵母细胞进行体外成熟,统计卵母细胞的成熟率。将成熟后的卵母细胞进行体细胞核移植,其中,部分BCB~+组卵母细胞所需的供体细胞利用Zebularine处理,统计体细胞核移植的卵裂率、桑椹胚率和囊胚率。结果表明:BCB~+组卵母细胞的成熟率显著高于对照组和BCB~-组(71.15%vs 65.38%,53.52%,P0.05);BCB~+组核移植胚胎的卵裂率(87.91%vs 56.83%)、桑椹胚率(37.41%vs 21.73%)和囊胚率(21.48%vs6.82%)均显著高于BCB~-组(P0.05);与对照组相比,BCB~+组卵裂率(87.91%vs 83.23%)和囊胚率(21.48%vs14.89%)也显著升高(P0.05)。BCB~+组供体细胞经Zebularine处理后,胚胎发育能力进一步提高,其中囊胚率显著高于BCB~+组、对照组和BCB~-组(29.25%vs 21.48%,14.89%,6.82%,P0.05)。     

咖啡因和Scriptaid对绵羊核移植重构胚发育的影响

为提高绵羊体细胞核移植效率,以绵羊卵丘细胞为核供体,在融合后的核质互作期间加入咖啡因,在激活后对重构胚进行培养的过程中,加入组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂Scriptaid。结果表明:咖啡因浓度以2.5 mmol/L或5 mmol/L为宜,尽管卵裂率、桑椹胚率以及囊胚发育率与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),但囊胚细胞数显著高于对照组(P<0.05);以0.2μmol/L Scriptaid处理组囊胚发育率最高,达24.31%,显著高于对照组和0.8μmol/L Scriptaid处理组(P<0.05),但与0.4μmol/L Scriptaid处理组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);囊胚细胞总数以0.2μmol/L Scriptaid处理组最高,显著高于0.8μmol/L Scriptaid处理组(P<0.05),但是与对照组和0.4μmol/L Scriptaid处理组差异不显著(P>0.05)。以上结果表明,咖啡因处理对绵羊核移植重构胚的囊胚发育率无显著影响,但可以显著提高囊胚细胞总数;Scriptaid可以显著提高绵羊核移植重构胚的囊胚发育率。     

水牛体细胞核移植方法比较及激活前的时间间隔对全细胞胞质内注射法核移植效果的影响

本研究旨在比较水牛2种体细胞核移植(Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer,SCNT)方法的效果以及激活前的时间间隔对全细胞胞质内注射法(Whole-Cell Intracytoplasmic Microinjection,WCICSI)核移植效果的影响.采用水牛胎儿成纤维细胞作为供核,比较了透明带下注核法(Perivitelline Microinjection,PM)和WCICSI核移植效果.另外,试验了不同类型的供体细胞进行全细胞胞质内注射后与激活前的受体胞质的最适宜作用时间.结果,WCICSI构建核移植重构胚的成功率显著高于PM(87.1%vs 81.1%,P＜0.05),虽然其重构胚的分裂率极显著低于PM(49.5%vs 71.8%,P＜0.01),但囊胚率、核移植的效率无显著差异(P＞0.05).卵丘细胞和胎儿成纤维细胞在注射后3 h激活,重构胚的囊胚发育率最高;颗粒细胞注射后与激活前的最佳时间间隔可在1.5～3 h,但3 h是最佳的作用时间.结果表明,(1)WCICSI可用于水牛体细胞核移植的研究;(2)水牛胞质内注射供体细胞后3 h进行激活,核移植重构胚的发育效果最好.     

An intracytoplasmic injection of deionized bovine serum albumin immediately after somatic cell nuclear transfer enhances full-term development of cloned mouse embryos

In mouse somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is typically included in the nuclear donor injection medium. However, the cytotoxicity of PVP, which is injected into the cytoplasm of oocytes, has recently become a cause of concern. In the present study, we determined whether bovine serum albumin deionized with an ion-exchange resin treatment (d-BSA) was applicable to the nuclear donor injection medium in SCNT as an alternative to PVP. The results obtained showed that d-BSA introduced into the cytoplasm of an enucleated oocyte together with a donor nucleus significantly enhanced the rate of in vitro development of cloned embryos to the blastocyst stage compared with that of a conventional nuclear injection with PVP in SCNT. We also defined the enhancing effects of d-BSA on the blastocyst formation rate when d-BSA was injected into the cytoplasm of oocytes reconstructed using the fusion method with a hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope before oocyte activation. Furthermore, immunofluorescence experiments revealed that the injected d-BSA increased the acetylation levels of histone H3 lysine 9 and histone H4 lysine 12 in cloned pronuclear (PN) and 2-cell embryos. The injection of d-BSA before oocyte activation also increased the production of cloned mouse offspring. These results suggested that intracytoplasmic injection of d-BSA into SCNT oocytes before oocyte activation was beneficial for enhancing the in vitro and in vivo development of mouse cloned embryos through epigenetic modifications to nuclear reprogramming.     

Supplement of autologous ooplasm into porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos does not alter embryo development

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is considered as the technique in which a somatic cell is introduced into an enucleated oocyte to make a cloned animal. However, it is unavoidable to lose a small amount of the ooplasm during enucleation step during SCNT procedure. The present study was aimed to uncover whether the supplement of autologous ooplasm could ameliorate the oocyte competence so as to improve low efficiency of embryo development in porcine SCNT. Autologous ooplasm‐transferred (AOT) embryos were generated by the supplementation with autologous ooplasm into SCNT embryos. They were comparatively evaluated with respect to embryo developmental potential, the number of apoptotic body formation and gene expression including embryonic lineage differentiation, apoptosis, epigenetics and mitochondrial activity in comparison with parthenogenetic, in vitro‐fertilized (IVF) and SCNT embryos. Although AOT embryos showed perfect fusion of autologous donor ooplasm with recipient SCNT embryos, the supplement of autologous ooplasm could not ameliorate embryo developmental potential in regard to the rate of blastocyst formation, total cell number and the number of apoptotic body. Furthermore, overall gene expression of AOT embryos was presented with no significant alterations in comparison with that of SCNT embryos. Taken together, the results of AOT demonstrated inability to make relevant values improved from the level of SCNT embryos to their IVF counterparts.