酶解法评定反刍动物饲料干物质和蛋白质降解率的研究

本实验探讨用酶解法测定反刍动物饲料干物质和蛋白质降解率。结果表明,酶解法具有易标准化、重复性高、操作方便和不用实验动物等优点,本实验3次重复,干物质和蛋白质降解率平均变异系数为0.43％和0.87％。通过对一系列培养条件的实验研究,测定出纤维素酶和胃蛋白酶的培养适宜条件。同时用酶解法和尼龙袋法测定了6种饲料的干物质和蛋白质降解率,统计表明两种方法测定值相关显著 (r干物质=0.89,r蛋白质=0.82),并由此而求出用酶解法来估测尼龙袋法测定降解率的回归公式: 干物质降解率:Y=1.31X-16.93 蛋白质降解率:Y=0.92X-0.34     

酶水解法评定鹿饲料蛋白质、有机物降解率的研究

本试验采用纤维素酶——胃蛋白酶复合处理法和胃蛋白酶——纤维素酶复合处理法,分别测定了鹿的12种常用饲料的蛋白质降解率和9种常用饲料的有机物消化率:并与尼龙袋法进行了比较,肯定了酶水解法估测尼龙袋法评定鹿饲料营养价值的可行性。试验结果表明,纤维素酶——胃蛋白酶法测定的饲料蛋白质降解率也符合数学模型p=a+b(1-e~(-ct)),但与尼龙袋法相比,a值偏高,二者在2小时短时间点相关不显著,但在24小时点相关显著(P<0.05):尼龙袋法(x)与酶水解法(y)的回归方程为y=23.08+0.7774x(n=9,r=0.9055,RSD=2.43)。在k=0.02～0.12范围内,酶水解法与尼龙袋法相关显著(P<0.05),其中酶水解法(y)在k=0.08时,与尼龙袋法(x)在k=0.02时相关极显著,其回归方程为y=24.59+0.77x(n=12,r=0.7306,RSD=6.78)。胃蛋白酶——纤维素酶法测得的有机物消化率(x)与尼龙袋法(y)相关显著(P<0.05),其回归方程为y=12.25+0.7088x(n=9,r=0.9350,RSD=0.97)。     

玉米秸秆及其青贮饲料干物质降解率相关分析

本研究利用安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔杂种阉公牛,应用尼龙袋技术,测定了玉米尊秆及其相应青贮饲料的干物质瘤胃降解变化,并进行相关分析。试验结果表明：秸秆干物质瘤胃降解率（X）与秸秆青贮干物质瘤胃降解率（Y）二者间存在强正相关关系（P〈0．01）,回归方程为：Y=0.4718＋1．1620X（r2=0．9835,n=5）。     

胃蛋白酶法评定反刍动物饲料蛋白质降解率的研究

实验研究了用单一胃蛋白酶法评定反刍动物饲料蛋白质降解率及其主要因素,并研究了三种不同分离方法的稳定性,建立了体外胃蛋白酶法评定饲料蛋白质降解率的方法,用该法研究了六种饲料蛋白质降解的动态规律。同时对酶解法测得的饲料蛋白质降解率进行瘤胃动态消化模型处理,并将处理结果以及酶解法不同时间点蛋白质降解率分别与体内法和尼龙袋法进行比较。     

邻菲咯啉浓度对瘤胃微生物体外发酵的影响

邻菲咯啉是一种二肽酶抑制剂。本试验用体外法测定了不同浓度邻菲咯啉对瘤胃微生物发酵产气量、氨氮浓度、真蛋白含量及饲料干物质降解率的影响。结果表明 ,邻菲咯啉浓度与产气量呈直线负相关(Y=-16.75X +29.52 ,r=0.7976,P<0.05);与发酵液氨氮浓度呈直线负相关(Y= -0.5757X +3.3036,r=0.8384,P<0.05) ;与发酵管内容物真蛋白含量呈直线正相关(Y=1.35X +11.45,r=0.8423,P<0.05) ;与内容物饲料干物质降解率呈直线负相关(Y= -10.14X +55.08,r=0.9275,P<0.01)。     

瘤胃尼龙袋法测定饼粕饲料总氨基酸降解率

以3头带瘤胃瘘管肉牛用尼龙袋法对大豆、向日葵粕、花生粕、豆粕、棉仁粕、菜籽粕、鱼粉等7种饲料的瘤胃总氨基酸降解率进行了比较研究 ,其总氨基酸的瘤胃降解率分别为74.55 % ,81.99 % ,40.69 % ,32.87 % ,41.08 % ,35.73 % ,30.60 % ;粗蛋白降解率(X)与总氨基酸降解率(Y)显著相关(Y= -1.90+1.01X(r=0.996,n=7,P<0.01)。不同时间点瘤胃降解残渣中氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例与饲料原样中氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例 ,在瘤胃降解初期相关性较好 ,随瘤胃降解时间延长相关性下降。     

羊常用饲料原料瘤胃有效降解率与各时间点降解率相关关系的研究

为简化饲料瘤胃有效降解率的测定过程,本试验采用尼龙袋法测定了25种羊常用饲料原料(15种精饲料、10种粗饲料)干物质(DM)和粗蛋白质(CP)的瘤胃有效降解率和各时间点降解率,通过分析各时间点降解率和有效降解率之间的相对误差,筛选出可以直接代替有效降解率的单一时间点降解率,并拟合该时间点降解率与有效降解率之间的回归方程。结果表明:1)25种饲料原料DM和CP的16 h降解率与有效降解率之间的平均相对误差最小,分别为9.54%、8.61%;2)25种饲料原料的DM有效降解率(Y)与其16 h降解率(X)呈显著线性相关(Y=0.793 1X+10.767,R2=0.682 1,P0.01,n=25);25种饲料原料的CP有效降解率(Y)与其16 h降解率(X)呈显著线性相关(Y=0.761 8X+13.535,R2=0.821 0,P0.01,n=25)。因此,16 h的瘤胃预培养可以反映饲料到达小肠前的瘤胃降解情况,饲料原料的16 h瘤胃降解率和线性回归方程均可以作为简化饲料瘤胃有效降解率的测定方法。     

绵羊常用蛋白质饲料在瘤胃的降解特性

通过尼龙袋法测定了１０ 种蛋白质饲料在绵羊瘤胃内的干物质和蛋白质降解率。结果表明：在所测的１０ 种饲料中,豆粕、花生饼和苜蓿干草的干物质和蛋白质降解率最高,菜籽饼、棉籽饼、芝麻饼和胡麻饼居中,葵花饼、鱼粉和玉米蛋白粉的干物质和蛋白质降解率最低。饲料的蛋白质降解率（Ｙ） 与其干物质降解率（Ｘ）表现出密切相关：Ｙ＝ ０－８１Ｘ＋ １２ ．２５（ｒ＝ ０．８５ ,Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 根据降解特性,对降解率高的饼粕类应考虑进行理化保护以减少其在瘤胃内的降解     

两步酶解法评定豆粕粗蛋白质降解率的研究

虽然尼龙袋法是国际公认的评定饲料蛋白质瘤胃降解率的常规方法,但是尼龙袋法耗时、复杂,受瘘管动物的限制,不能满足大规模评定饲料蛋白质降解率的要求。为了寻求能在一般实验室条件下即可完成的体外评定饲料蛋白质降解率的方法,国内外做了大量的研究,提出了体外发酵法、动物模型法、酶解法等典型的体外法。其中以酶解法的操作最为简便,费用最低,结果也与体内法和尼龙袋法具有较强的相关性。试验的目的是研究用胃蛋白酶—胰蛋白酶两步酶解法评定保护处理豆粕中粗蛋白质降解率的最适反应条件,包括最适酶浓度、底物浓度、缓冲液pH值、水浴温…     

粗饲料及肉牛日粮的降解规律研究

使用3只瘤胃瘘管山羊,以尼龙袋法对花生壳、麦秸和内牛日粮的干物质和粗蛋白质的降解情况进行了测定。结果表明：花生壳和麦秸的粗蛋白质降解效果差;干物质的降解效果好,麦秸优于花生壳;由花生壳和麦秸等原料所组成的日粮,其干物质和粗蛋白质的降解率高且持续稳定。     

常用精料干物质和脂肪在瘤胃中降解规律的研究

本试验用尼龙袋技术测定了肉牛常用精料玉米、芝麻饼、菜籽粕、豆粕、棉籽粕、油葵粕、棉籽饼、大豆和鸡杂的干物质和脂肪在瘤胃中的降解率。结果表明,４８小时的大豆干物质降解率最高,达９６．８％,其次是大豆粕、玉米和芝麻饼,分别为８９．３％,８９．０％、８８．４％,再次是菜籽粕、棉籽粕和棉籽饼,分别为７９．２％、７８．４％和７７．６％。鸡杂的干物质降解率为６６．５％,在所测定的样品中最低。４８小时的棉籽粕、菜籽粕、大豆和大豆粕的脂肪降解率最高,分别为９８．９％、９８．７％、９８．５％、９６．９％。其次是棉籽饼、芝麻饼、鸡杂、油葵饼和玉米,分别为９３．７％、８９．７％、８８．６％、８８．３％、８３．６％。尽管鸡杂是动物性饲料,但４８小时的脂肪降解率与其它植物性饲料的脂肪降解率差别并不大。     

日粮中紫苏饼、菜籽粕代替豆粕对肉牛养分表观消化率及氮代谢的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中紫苏饼、菜籽粕代替豆粕对肉牛养分表观消化率及氮代谢的影响。选择20头体重相近、健康状况良好的12月龄左右的秦川肉牛（母牛）为试验动物,按照单因素随机区组设计,将20头试验牛分为5组,每组4头牛。不同试验组日粮中分别添加以31%豆粕（对照）、36%菜籽粕、14%紫苏饼+24%菜籽粕、28%紫苏饼+12%菜籽粕和42%紫苏饼为蛋白质原料配制的5种不同的精饲料。试验持续120 d,其中预饲期15 d,正试期105 d。试验期间,测定每头试验牛每天的摄入氮、尿氮及粪氮,测定日粮中干物质（DM）、有机物（OM）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）的表观消化率。结果表明：① 42%紫苏饼组摄入氮含量最高,36%菜籽粕组最低,但各组间氮含量差异不显著（P>0.05）;36%菜籽粕组的粪氮显著高于28%和42%紫苏饼组（P<0.05）,且与31%豆粕组和14%紫苏饼组差异不显著（P>0.05）;② 42%紫苏饼组的沉积氮最高,与其他各组均差异显著（P<0.05）,其中31%豆粕组显著高于36%菜籽粕组（P<0.05）;③ 42%紫苏饼组的DM、ADF表观消化率显著高于31%豆粕组和36%菜籽粕组（P<0.05）,14%和28%紫苏饼组的DM、OM和NDF的表观消化率均差异不显著（P>0.05）;④ 14%紫苏饼组尿液中尿素氮含量显著高于31%豆粕组和42%紫苏饼组（P<0.05）,且与36%菜籽粕组和28%紫苏饼组差异不显著（P>0.05）;31%豆粕组尿液中马尿酸氮含量显著高于36%菜籽粕组和42%紫苏饼组（P<0.05）,而这3组均显著高于14%和28%紫苏饼组（P<0.05）;31%豆粕组的尿囊素氮含量显著高于42%紫苏饼组（P<0.05）,与其他3组差异不显著（P>0.05）;各组的肌酸氮、微生物氮预测值、尿素氮/尿氮、肌酸氮/尿氮和嘌呤衍生物氮/尿氮均没有显著差异（P>0.05）。综上,本试验条件下,精料中用42%紫苏饼代替31%豆粕,肉牛氮沉积最高,比对照组高3.65 g/d;DM、OM、NDF、ADF的表观消化率分别比对照组高3.45%、2.22%、6.56%、10.98%。     

Effects of Perilla Cake and Rapeseed Meal Instead of Soybean Meal in Diet on Apparent Digestibility and Nitrogen Metabolism of Beef Cattle

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of perilla cake and rapeseed meal instead of soybean meal on the apparent digestibility and nitrogen metabolism of beef cattle.20 Qinchuan beef cattle of about 12 months old with similar weight and good health were selected and divided into 5 groups with 4 cattle in each group according to the univariate randomized block design.Five different protein feeds treatments were 31% soybean meal,36% rapeseed meal,14% perilla cake+24% rapeseed meal,28% perilla cake+12% rapeseed meal and 42% perilla cake,respectively.The experiment lasted 120 days,of which the pre-feeding period was 15 days and the trial period was 105 days.During the test,the daily intake of nitrogen,urine nitrogen and fecal nitrogen,the apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM),organic matter (OM),neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of each test cow were determined.The results showed that:① The 42% perilla cake group had the highest nitrogen intake,and the 36% rapeseed meal group had the lowest nitrogen content,and the differences between the groups were not significant (P>0.05).The manure nitrogen in 36% rapeseed meal group was significantly higher than 28% and 42% perilla cake groups (P<0.05),and there was no significant difference with 31% soybean meal group and 14% perilla cake group (P>0.05).② The 42% perilla cake group had the highest sedimentary nitrogen,which was significantly different from other groups (P<0.05),and the 31% soybean meal group was significantly higher than 36% rapeseed meal group (P<0.05).③ The apparent digestibility of DM and ADF in 42% perilla cake group were significantly higher than those in 31% soybean meal group and 36% rapeseed meal group (P<0.05).There was no significant difference in apparent digestibility of DM,OM and NDF between 14% and 28% perilla cake groups (P>0.05).④ The content of urea nitrogen in 14% perilla cake group was significantly higher than 31% soybean meal group and 42% perilla cake group (P<0.05),and it was not significantly different from the 36% rapeseed meal group and 28% perilla cake group (P>0.05).The 31% soybean meal group had significantly higher nitrosate nitrogen content than 36% rapeseed meal group and 42% perilla cake group (P<0.05),and these three groups were significantly higher than 14% and 28% perilla cake groups (P<0.05).Allantoin nitrogen in 31% soybean meal group was significantly higher than 42% perilla cake group (P<0.05),and there was no significant difference from the other three groups (P>0.05).There was no significant differences in creatine nitrogen,microbial nitrogen predicted value,urea nitrogen/urine nitrogen,creatine nitrogen/urine nitrogen,and purine derivative nitrogen/urine nitrogen among all groups (P>0.05).In summary,in this test,when 42% perilla cake was used instead of 31% soybean meal in the concentrate,the beef cattle had the highest nitrogen deposition,which was 3.65 g/d higher than 31% soybean meal group.The apparent digestibility of DM,OM,NDF and ADF were 3.45%,2.22%,6.56%,and 10.98% higher than 31% soybean meal group,respectively.     

棉粕与豆粕在反刍动物瘤胃内降解动力学的评定分析

本试验旨在评定棉粕与豆粕的干物质（DM）、有机物（OM）、粗蛋白质（CP）在绵羊瘤胃内的降解动力学参数变化及瘤胃降解前后有效赖氨酸的含量变化。选用3只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的体重为（28.0±2.97）kg的育肥哈萨克公羊,代谢笼内单笼饲喂,每天饲喂棉籽壳200 g、精料500 g、小麦秸500 g,余料不超过10%。采用尼龙袋技术评定棉粕与豆粕DM、OM及CP的降解动力学参数,计算有效降解率（ED）及瘤胃停留时间（RRT）,染料结合法（DBL）测定有效赖氨酸的含量。结果表明,在瘤胃固相食糜的平均外流速度为1.84%/h条件下,豆粕DM、OM及CP的瘤胃降解率及有效降解率均高于棉粕,而瘤胃停留时间均短于棉粕。豆粕经瘤胃内培养16 h后有效赖氨酸含量略有升高,而棉粕无明显变化。该试验结果为进一步评定棉粕及豆粕养分的小肠消化率提供参考。     

饼粕类饲料蛋白质降解率的研究

５头带瘤胃和真胃瘘管的绵羊饲喂由基础饲料和蛋白质补充料豆饼、芝麻粕、大豆粕、花生粕、处理豆饼、黄豆粉组成的日粮，用体内法测得７种日粮的蛋白质瘤胃降解率（％）分别为６７．８９、６９．８２、６６．５６、７０．７０、６３．０３、７２．１７、８０．０５；相应蛋白质补充料的降解率（％）为４８．３３、４９．１８、５１．２６、６０．７７、３１．７０、６８．２２。用尼龙袋法估测上述蛋白质补充料的蛋白质降解率（Ｋ＝     

Substitution of corn and soybean with green banana fruits and Gliricidia sepium forage in sheep fed hay‐based diets: effects on intake,digestion and growth

This study aimed to evaluate the substitution of imported corn and soybean by local feed resources from tropical production settings such as entire green banana and Gliricidia sepium forage as energy and protein sources, respectively, in sheep diets. Two experiments were conducted: first, a ‘growth trial’ and second, an in vivo digestion study. In the ‘growth trial’, 40 Martinik lambs [body weight (BW): 29.4 ± 3.6 kg; 6 months old) were used and distributed into four groups of 10 lambs each according to treatment: HBGl (banana + gliricidia at low level; 1500 g/day; 119 g/kg BW^0.75), HBGh (banana + gliricidia at high level; 3000 g/day; 238 g/kg BW^0.75), HBS (banana + soybean cake) and Control (corn + soybean cake). In digestion trial, four Martinik rams (BW: 57.2 ± 3.45 kg) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used; treatments (HBG, HBS and Control) were similar but adjusted to metabolic body weight (MW) and just one level of gliricidia was used. Intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed intake to gain index (F:G), apparent total and ruminal digestibilities as well as nitrogen balance, microbial efficiency and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile were monitored. Lambs fed HBGh had greater dry matter (DM) intake based on MW and ADG (173 g/day vs. 141 g/day; p < 0.001), whereas HBGl lambs showed the lowest ADG (71.5 g/day) and the worst F:G (14.4; p < 0.001). The DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibilities were not influenced by treatment, whereas crude protein digestibility was higher (p = 0.024) in diets offered banana or corn + soybean cake (687 g/kg DM and 658 g/kg DM, respectively). Ruminal DM and OM digestibilities did not differ among treatments. Total or individual VFA concentrations were also not influenced by the diet. Higher (p = 0.006) ruminal fluid pH values were recorded for diets combining banana and gliricidia (6.54) or banana and soybean (6.39) until 3 h after a meal. As all animals on gliricidia‐ and banana‐supplemented diets gained weight and maintained a positive N balance, it is concluded that green banana and gliricidia forage may be a viable alternative to replace conventional energy and protein supplements in sheep diets.     

肉牛常见饲料干物质和蛋白质瘤胃降解特性和小肠消化率研究

[方法]选用装有瘤胃瘘管和小肠瘘管的肉牛作为试验动物,尼龙袋法测定肉牛常见饲料干物质(DM)和粗蛋白(CP)的瘤胃降解特性和小肠消化率。[结果]结果表明,DM瘤胃有效降解率由高到低为玉米粉、麦麸、苜蓿干草、豆粕、菜籽粕、玉米青贮、醋糟、白酒糟;CP瘤胃有效降解率由高到低为苜蓿干草、麦麸、豆粕、醋糟、玉米粉、玉米青贮、菜籽粕、白酒糟;DM小肠消化率由高到低为豆粕、菜籽粕、玉米粉、白酒糟、醋糟、麦麸、苜蓿干草、玉米青贮;CP小肠消化率由高到低为豆粕、菜籽粕、玉米粉、苜蓿干草、麦麸、白酒糟、玉米青贮、醋糟。[结论]试验表明,不同饲料瘤胃降解特性不同,为小肠提供过瘤胃可消化蛋白的能力不同,且饲料的DM小肠消化率小于CP小肠消化率。     

新尼龙袋使用前瘤胃浸泡处理对饲料瘤胃降解特性的影响

本试验旨在研究瘤胃尼龙袋法中新尼龙袋使用前瘤胃浸泡处理对饲料瘤胃降解特性的影响.以8只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的云南半细毛羊公羊为试验动物,随机分为2组(每组4只),分别采用预浸泡的尼龙袋(试验组)和未浸泡的尼龙袋(对照组)对玉米、豆粕、麦秸、黑麦干草4种常用饲料干物质(DM)和粗蛋白质(CP)的瘤胃降解特性进行研究.结果显...     

葡萄糖处理豆粕对蛋白质保护效果的研究

以3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法研究分别添加0、1%、3%、5%、7%、9%葡萄糖保护豆粕,对奶牛瘤胃内不同时间点DM、CP消失率及其动态降解率的作用效果。结果表明:在不同时间点下,提高葡萄糖添加量可使DM、CP消失率逐渐降低,所有试验组与未处理组差异均极显著(P<0.01),DM、CP有效降解率降低最高分别达28.78%和24.82%,不同添加量下,添加量为7%、9%的2组组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。本试验结果证明,葡萄糖加热处理是一种有效保护豆粕蛋白质的方法,且葡萄糖的适宜添加水平为7%。