葡萄糖代谢与利用对奶牛生产的影响

葡萄糖是脑细胞等中枢神经系统和胚胎的主要供能物质,也是泌乳奶牛合成乳糖的前体物质,并且与乳脂、乳蛋白合成密切相关,对泌乳奶牛具有重要的营养生理功能。为了提高奶牛泌乳性能以及生理健康,有必要深入研究奶牛葡萄糖的营养与生理功能。本文从葡萄糖的生成、乳腺中葡萄糖代谢与调节、葡萄糖代谢对奶牛生产影响等几个方面对泌乳奶牛葡萄糖的代谢与利用进行综述,为进一步揭示奶牛葡萄糖的代谢机制、提高奶牛对葡萄糖利用、促进奶牛生产提供参考依据。     

泌乳奶牛氨基酸营养

给产奶牛补加过瘤胃蛋白质如鱼粉和保护的大豆饼粕对提高乳蛋白含量和乳产量并不是最好的方法。奶牛在乳蛋白合成上也需要多肽或短肽,它们在乳腺中可能作为前体直接参与乳蛋白合成。奶牛通过注射补充混合氨基酸(必需AA+ 非必需AA)或只注射必需AA 都可提高奶产量并明显提高乳蛋白含量和产量,但乳糖含量有所下降。进而,向奶牛日粮中添加经保护处理的氨基酸,如赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸和组氨酸,也能明显提高产奶量和乳蛋白含量。     

脾源性酪氨酸激酶基因在奶牛乳腺中的表达研究

为探讨脾源性酪氨酸激酶(spleen tyrosine kinase,SYK)的表达与奶牛乳腺发育和泌乳功能之间的关系,试验采用Western blotting和激光共聚焦显微技术对泌乳期高乳品质、低乳品质及干乳期的中国荷斯坦奶牛乳腺组织中SYK的表达含量和表达部位的变化进行研究。结果表明,干乳期奶牛乳腺组织中SYK的表达显著高于泌乳期奶牛乳腺组织(P<0.05),泌乳期高乳品质、低乳品质奶牛乳腺组织中SYK的表达差异不显著(P>0.05);在干乳期SYK主要在乳腺导管上皮细胞的胞质中表达,而在泌乳期SYK在腺泡上皮细胞中表达。结果提示SYK是乳腺上皮细胞增殖与分化的调节因子,主要参与干乳期乳腺组织的重建过程。     

Study on Expression of SYK in Dairy Cow Mammary Gland

To investigate the relationship between the expression of SYK and dairy cow mammary gland development and lactation, the expression of SYK in lactating dairy cow mammary gland with high or low quality milk and dry period Holstein dairy cow mammary gland was detected by Western blotting and laser confocal microscope.The results showed that SYK expression in dry period mammary gland was significant higher than that in lactating mammary gland (P<0.05).There was no SYK differential expression detected between lactating mammary gland with high quality milk and low quality milk (P>0.05).SYK was mainly located in the cytoplasm of ductal epithelial cells in dry period mammary gland.In lactating mammary gland, SYK was existed in acinar epithelial cells.All these results revealed that SYK was a regulator in mammary epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation.It participated in mammary gland reconstitution in dry period.     

王不留行对奶牛乳蛋白合成信号转导通路的影响

为确定王不留行对奶牛乳蛋白合成信号转导通路的影响,本试验通过水浸提方法制备王不留行提取液,采用Western blotting方法分别检测经王不留行水浸提液、雌激素及催乳素处理的泌乳期奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中乳蛋白合成信号分子的表达变化。结果显示,王不留行水浸提液、雌激素及催乳素都可以促进p-STAT5、p100、GAS、S6K1及p-mTOR的表达,进而促进乳蛋白合成,且添加蛋氨酸可以促进这一作用。提示,王不留行具有和雌激素、催乳素相似的作用,并在转录和翻译水平调节泌乳基因表达。     

氨基酸影响奶牛乳腺内乳脂合成的机理

乳蛋白前体物主要有游离氨基酸和小肽等。氨基酸不仅能影响乳腺内乳蛋白的合成,而且对乳脂的合成起一定的调控作用。本文主要阐述了氨基酸在乳脂合成过程中的调节作用,并从乳腺对乳脂前体物的摄取规律、乳脂合成相关基因表达、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白和腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶信号通路的角度综述了氨基酸对乳脂合成的可能机理,为进一步研究乳脂合成机理及改进牛奶营养品质提供理论依据。     

Effect of feed restriction on dairy cow milk production: a review

In the dairy cow, negative energy balance affects milk yield and composition as well as animal health. Studying the effects of negative energy balance on dairy cow milk production is thus essential. Feed restriction (FR) experiments attempting to reproduce negative energy balance by reducing the quantity or quality of the diet were conducted in order to better describe the animal physiology changes. The study of FR is also of interest since with climate change issues, cows may be increasingly faced with periods of drought leading to a shortage of forages. The aim of this article is to review the effects of FR during lactation in dairy cows to obtain a better understanding of metabolism changes and how it affects mammary gland activity and milk production and composition. A total of 41 papers studying FR in lactating cows were used to investigate physiological changes induced by these protocols. FR protocols affect the entire animal metabolism as indicated by changes in blood metabolites such as a decrease in glucose concentration and an increase in non-esterified fatty acid or β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations; hormonal regulations such as a decrease in insulin and insulin-like growth factor I or an increase in growth hormone concentrations. These variations indicated a mobilization of body reserve in most studies. FR also affects mammary gland activity through changes in gene expression and could affect mammary cell turnover through cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, and exfoliation of mammary epithelial cells into milk. Because of modifications of the mammary gland and general metabolism, FR decreases milk production and can affect milk composition with decreased lactose and protein concentrations and increased fat concentration. These effects, however, can vary widely depending on the type of restriction, its duration and intensity, or the stage of lactation in which it takes place. Finally, to avoid yield loss and metabolic disorders, it is important to identify reliable biomarkers to monitor energy balance.     

复合酵母培养物对奶牛产奶性能、氮排放及血液生化指标的影响

为研究饲料中添加复合酵母培养物对奶牛产奶性能、氮排放及血液生化指标的影响,选取年龄、体重、产奶量及泌乳期相近(135±15) d的荷斯坦奶牛24头,随机分为4组,每个处理6个重复,对照组和3个试验组的复合酵母培养物添加量分别为精料浓度的0,0.8%,1.0%,1.2%,随精料饲喂,测定产奶量、乳成分、氮排放及血液生化指标,结果表明,1)试验2组日均产奶量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),各试验组分别比对照组提高8.48%,10.05%,8.97%。2)复合酵母培养物能显著提高乳脂和乳蛋白率(P<0.05),显著降低牛奶体细胞数(P<0.05),以试验2组最低。3)在氮排放量上,试验2组显著低于对照组(P<0.05),各试验组比对照组分别降低8.47%,12.01%,9.36%。4)在血液生化指标方面,复合酵母培养物能提高血清中总蛋白、球蛋白、血糖、胰岛素水平(P<0.05),降低尿素氮水平(P<0.05)。由此可见,本试验条件下,综合考虑产奶量、乳成分、氮排放及血液生化指标,复合酵母培养物的最佳添加量为精料浓度的1.0%。     

Triennial Lactation Symposium: Mammary metabolism of amino acids in dairy cows

Although in dairy cows the mammary gland (MG) is the major net user of essential AA (EAA) supply, milk protein synthesis from absorbed EAA is not a straightforward process. Early studies identified 2 groups of EAA based on different pattern of mammary utilization: group 1 [Met, Phe (+Tyr), Trp], where MG uptake was similar to secretion in milk protein, and group 2 (Arg, Ile, Leu, Lys, Thr, and Val), where uptake exceeded milk protein output. This review examines the validity of this classification under variable protein supply through a meta-analysis, with the outcomes then explained with studies in which the fates of individual EAA were monitored using isotope approaches. For the meta-analysis, the Fick principle, based on stoichiometric transfer of Phe+Tyr uptake to milk protein, was used to estimate mammary plasma flow across all studies. This approach was judged acceptable because doubling Phe supply did not result in mammary oxidation of Phe+Tyr and either limited or no contribution of peptides to Phe and Tyr mammary supply could be detected. The AA content of proteins synthesized by the MG was estimated from milk protein composition, and the uptake-to-output ratio (U:O) for individual AA was re-calculated based on these assumptions. Analysis of individual samples by isotopic dilution resulted in reduced variance compared with analysis on pooled samples performed with an AA analyzer. Globally, the U:O of His and Met is maintained close to unity under variable protein supply. The group 2 AA could be subdivided. First, the U:O for group "2v" AA (Ile, Leu, Val, and Lys) is greater than 1 and varied with protein supply. Accordingly, the increased U:O of Leu, induced by duodenal casein infusion, led to extra-mammary Leu oxidation. Decreasing Lys supply decreased Lys U:O and the associated transfer of N to non-EAA, mainly to Glx, Asx, Ser, and Ala. Second, the U:O of group "2nv" AA, Arg and Thr, does not vary with protein supply. The Arg U:O averages 2.5, whereas the Thr U:O, albeit averaging 1.2, does not differ from unity. Excess of both these AA is probably directed toward the synthesis of non-EAA rather than energy supply. Overall, the ability of the MG to use excess EAA-N supply offers alternative sources of N and C for energy provision, lactose synthesis and non-EAA synthesis. The latter function spares dietary non-EAA for other necessary processes, such as gluconeogenesis and energy supply, in other tissues to support lactation.     

激素对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳脂肪合成的调控作用

乳脂肪是高质量的天然脂肪，其可为人类提供营养和能量，在各种膳食脂肪和油类中，是最容易被消化吸收的。乳脂肪是在乳腺中由从头合成或外源摄取的脂肪酸与甘油酯化形成的一种脂类物质，其含量的高低关系着牛奶品质的优劣和乳制品的加工特性。在奶牛的泌乳周期中，乳腺泌乳功能受多种因素影响，其中内分泌腺分泌的多种激素对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞（BMECs）乳脂的合成具有积极的调控作用。综上所述，作者介绍了氢化可的松、催乳素、胰岛素和生长激素4种泌乳相关激素对BMECs乳脂肪合成的调控机理，即从乳脂合成适宜的激素添加量、激素对乳脂球形态的影响方面初步阐释其调控作用，并从乳脂合成的关键酶及转录因子、激素对乳脂合成相关基因表达量方面深入阐释其作用机理，旨在为研究泌乳相关激素对奶牛乳腺内乳脂肪合成的调控机理提供参考。     

奶牛SP1基因结构及对乳脂合成功能的初步分析

旨在探讨中国荷斯坦奶牛的特异性蛋白1（specificity protein，SP1）基因结构特征及其对奶牛乳脂合成的影响。根据NCBI已经公布的奶牛SP1基因序列（NM_001078027.1），利用生物信息学分析其序列保守性、理化性质、蛋白亲水性、蛋白质结构及互作蛋白；采用PCR技术扩增并克隆SP1基因CDS序列。然后，选取6头健康的中国荷斯坦奶牛，分别取泌乳期和干奶期奶牛乳腺组织，运用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot方法检测SP1基因在不同时期奶牛乳腺组织中的表达情况。分离并纯化泌乳期奶牛乳腺上皮细胞，通过SP1过表达及干扰检测其对乳脂合成的影响，分别进行3次独立试验。结果显示，SP1基因序列在不同物种间高度保守，与山羊相似度最高（98.94%）。奶牛SP1基因CDS区序列长2 361 bp，编码786个氨基酸，蛋白分子质量为80 902.17 u，理论等电点为6.94。平均疏水指数为-0.438，为不稳定的亲水性蛋白。SP1序列包含3个锌指结构，SP1蛋白二级结构以无规则卷曲（52.29%）为主。STRING蛋白互作分析结果显示，SP1与转录因子AP-1（JUN）、雌激素受体α（ERα）、MYC原癌基因蛋白（MYC）、TATA盒结合蛋白（TBP）等蛋白存在相互作用。实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot结果显示，SP1的mRNA和蛋白在泌乳期的表达量显著高于干奶期（P<0.01）。在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中过表达SP1显著增加细胞甘油三酯的合成（P<0.01），而干扰SP1的表达，甘油三酯合成显著降低（P<0.01）。以上结果提示，SP1正向调控乳脂合成，分析SP1基因结构和功能为深入研究SP1对泌乳奶牛乳脂合成调控机制提供理论依据。     

An overview of aflatoxin B1 biotransformation and aflatoxin M1 secretion in lactating dairy cows

Milk is considered a perfect natural food for humans and animals. However, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminating the feeds fed to lactating dairy cows can introduce aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), the main toxic metabolite of aflatoxins into the milk, consequently posing a risk to human health. As a result of AFM1 monitoring in raw milk worldwide, it is evident that high AFM1 concentrations exist in raw milk in many countries. Thus, the incidence of AFM1 in milk from dairy cows should not be underestimated. To further optimize the intervention strategies, it is necessary to better understand the metabolism of AFB1 and its biotransformation into AFM1 and the specific secretion pathways in lactating dairy cows. The metabolism of AFB1 and its biotransformation into AFM1 in lactating dairy cows are drawn in this review. Furthermore, recent data provide evidence that in the mammary tissue of lactating dairy cows, aflatoxins significantly increase the activity of a protein, ATP-binding cassette super-family G member 2 (ABCG2), an efflux transporter known to facilitate the excretion of various xenobiotics and veterinary drugs into milk. Further research should focus on identifying and understanding the factors that affect the expression of ABCG2 in the mammary gland of cows.     

采用四引物ARMS-PCR方法检测奶牛乳腺组织DGAT1基因单核苷酸多态性

试验旨在快速有效地检测泌乳奶牛的二酰甘油转酰基酶1（diacylgycerol acyltransferase 1,DGAT1）乳脂量性状的优势等位基因K232A单核苷酸多态性,确定DGAT1基因型进而确定泌乳性状,为中国荷斯坦奶牛分子标记辅助选择提供技术支持。选取6头泌乳初期（3头为高乳产量牛,3头为低乳产量牛）中国北方荷斯坦奶牛为研究对象,提取乳腺组织基因组DNA,分别设计1对外引物和1对内引物,建立一种四引物ARMS-PCR体系快速检测奶牛乳腺组织DGAT1基因单核苷酸多态性。结果发现,外引物扩增片段长度为512 bp,为PCR反应的阳性对照,基因型为232K扩增片段长度为369 bp,基因型为232A扩增片段长度为181 bp。PCR结果显示,6头牛的乳腺组织样本均由外部引物扩增出长度为512 bp的片段,泌乳期高乳产量奶牛和泌乳期低乳产量奶牛乳腺组织的特异性扩增片段长度均为181 bp。表明本研究选取的6头奶牛样本DGAT1基因K232A多态性均为232A型。提示该PCR鉴定方法能够快速有效地鉴定奶牛DGAT1基因型,可用于中国荷斯坦奶牛分子标记辅助选择。     

油酸和硬脂酸对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中脂肪酸结合蛋白3表达和脂滴分泌的影响

为确定外源添加长链脂肪酸油酸和硬脂酸对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中脂肪酸结合蛋白3（FABP3）表达的影响,本试验采用荧光定量RT-PCR检测乳脂合成相关基因的表达情况,确定油酸和硬脂酸的最佳浓度和培养时间分别为75 μmol/L 12 h和100 μmol/L 36 h。采用Western blotting和免疫荧光法检测添加油酸和硬脂酸后FABP3表达和脂滴分泌的情况,为进一步揭示FABP3在乳脂合成信号转导通路中的作用提供理论依据。     

Detection of Dairy Cow Mammary Tissue DGAT1 Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Using Tetra-primers ARMS-PCR Method

This study was aimed to detect the single nucleotide polymorphisms of diacylgycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) K232A, and determine the DGAT1 genotype and milk traits of dairy cow, which would provide a new technique for marker-assisted selection in China Holstein dairy cows. In the present study, six Northern China Holstein dairy cows (three were lactating cows with high quatity milk and three were lactating cows with low quatity milk) were used to detect mammary tissue DGAT1 gene K232A polymorphisms. Genome DNA was extracted from each cow, a pair of external primers and a pair of internal primers were designed to amplify DGAT1 gene. The results showed that PCR-amplified fragments were 512 bp (external band), 369 bp (232K allele) and 181 bp (232A allele), respectively. The exterenal band functions as the internal PCR-positive control. The tetra-primer ARMS-PCR amplifications yielded a 512 bp fragment and a 181 bp fragment, indicating that the six dairy cows were all homozygous 232A. The results indicated that the tetra-primers ARMS-PCR was a quick and convenient method to identify dairy cow DGAT1 gene K232A polymorphisms, which was suitable for marker-assisted selection in China Holstein dairy cows.     

蛋氨酸对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞亚细胞蛋白质组的影响研究

为寻找奶牛乳腺上皮细胞亚细胞结构中与泌乳相关的重要蛋白质、从蛋白质水平揭示乳蛋白合成的调控机制,应用双向凝胶电泳技术分离体外培养的蛋氨酸处理组与正常组奶牛乳腺上皮细胞蛋白质,利用Image Maser 2D软件对图谱进行对比分析,基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)和数据库检索鉴定,并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术在mRNA水平上验证2-DE结果。质谱鉴定出8个表达上调的差异蛋白质,大多数差异蛋白质的功能涉及细胞骨架构成、能量代谢等过程。这些差异点的发现为研究奶牛泌乳机理提供了有益的线索。     

奶牛乳腺中4F2hc基因的表达模式及亮氨酸对其表达的调控研究

为了研究4F2hc在奶牛乳腺中的表达模式及调控方式，进一步明确氨基酸在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中的跨膜转运过程，本研究采用Western blotting和实时荧光定量PCR技术检测了4F2hc在泌乳期和干奶期奶牛乳腺组织中的表达变化；在体外培养的泌乳期奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中添加亮氨酸，采用Western blotting和实时荧光定量PCR技术检测其对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中4F2hc表达的影响；采用雷帕霉素抑制剂抑制mTOR信号通路，使用Western blotting方法检测mTOR信号抑制后奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中4F2hc表达以及乳蛋白合成的变化。结果显示，在泌乳期的奶牛乳腺组织中4F2hc的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均显著或极显著高于干奶期（P<0.05，P<0.01）；在体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中添加亮氨酸可以极显著提高乳腺上皮细胞中4F2hc的mRNA和蛋白质表达水平（P<0.01）；亮氨酸刺激可以激活细胞内的mTOR信号通路（P<0.05），而雷帕霉素处理则可以显著抑制mTOR信号分子的磷酸化并极显著抑制亮氨酸诱导的4F2hc的表达（P<0.05，P<0.01），进而极显著抑制β-Casein的合成（P<0.01）。以上研究结果表明，4F2hc基因的表达与奶牛乳腺的泌乳活性之间呈正相关，亮氨酸可以通过激活mTOR信号通路来调节4F2hc基因的表达，进而影响乳蛋白的合成。     

L型氨基酸转运载体1对奶牛乳腺中β-酪蛋白表达的影响

为研究L型氨基酸转运载体1（L type amino acid transporter 1,LAT1）对奶牛乳腺中β-酪蛋白表达的作用,本试验采用PCR技术体外扩增奶牛LAT1基因并构建LAT1真核表达载体,采用脂质体转染技术将LAT1真核表达载体转染奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,并于转染48 h后采用Western blotting技术检测LAT1过表达后乳腺上皮细胞中LAT1、4F2hc和β-酪蛋白的表达变化。荧光显微镜检测结果显示,LAT1真核表达载体成功转染奶牛乳腺上皮细胞;Western blotting检测结果显示,LAT1过表达的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中LAT1极显著增加（P<0.01）,β-酪蛋白的表达显著升高（P<0.05）,4F2hc表达变化不显著（P>0.05）。这些结果提示LAT1对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳蛋白合成具有促进作用。