迟熟沙糖橘落花落果规律的观察研究

2015-2016年，在广西桂林对3－4年生的迟熟沙糖橘落蕾落花落果情况及环割对生理落果的影响进行了观察。结果表明，在桂林气候条件下，迟熟沙糖橘没有出现落蕾和正常落花现象，开花期、第一次生理落果期和第二次生理落果期出现时间及两次生理落果持续时间因年份不同而异，第一次生理落果出现在4月下旬初期至5月下旬末6月上旬初期，历时40d左右，落果占总果量的67.58%-70.86%；第二次生理落果出现在5月中下旬至7月中旬初期，历时49-58d，落果占总果量的21.78%--26.16%。两次生理落果占总果量的92.68%-93.74%，坐果率6.26%-7.36%。第一次生理落果末期与第二次生理落果前期约有10d重叠，在生理落果高峰期遇日最高气温超过31.0℃时会引起当日或次日异常落果。在两次生理落果前或第二次生理落果前进行环割，能显著减少生理落果从而提高坐果率。     

环剥与不同环割方法对糯米糍荔枝增产效应的研究

对糯米糍荔枝进行螺旋环剥与不同方法环割研究螺旋环剥与不同的环割方法对糍米糯荔枝冬梢的控制促花、保果增产效应的影响。研究结果表明螺旋环剥和不同环割方法在控稍促花方面能有效的控制糯米糍荔枝冬梢的萌发与促进花和花穗的生成；在保果增产方面，螺旋环剥、环割2处与同株50%主干枝条环割2处都能增加糯米糍荔枝的果穗枝条数与株产量，但环割1处反而降低了糯米糍荔枝的果穗枝条数与株产量。     

柚树两次环割环剥促花技术

对适龄不结果的旺长柚树 ,一些果农采用环割、环剥、环扎或倒贴皮等促花措施后 ,效果仍不理想。因此 ,如何正确使用这一技术促花非常重要。一是改进环割、环剥技术 ,简称两次环割 (或环剥 )法。 5月上中旬进行第一次环割或环剥 ,作用是抑制春梢旺长 ,形成中庸枝条 ,为花芽分化打基础 ,同时对初挂果树有保果作用。第二次从 8月上旬开始至中旬在上次处理部位相距 4～ 6ｃｍ处 ,再次进行环割或环剥 ,可减少秋梢抽发和控制晚秋梢 ,促进花芽生理分化。两次处理的时间必须掌握好 ,这是成功关键。具体操作方法是 :利用晴天 ,环割选择主侧枝离分枝部…     

月柿环割(环剥)保果技术

环割（环剥）是月柿生产上常用的保果措施之一,但应用不当会造成树体衰弱,甚至枯枝死树。１环割（环剥）技术要点环割（环剥）保果最适期在恭城县是４月中旬至５月上旬,一般初结果树、旺长树为盛花期至谢花期,成年树、中庸树为谢花期至谢花后１０天内。宜选晴天露水于后进行,雨前、雨后及潮湿天气条件下操作伤口易染病。环割（环剥）部位主要是主枝或主枝上一级分枝,一般情况下不割（剥）主干。初结果树宜用环割,并间隔２０～２５天重复环割一次。成年树可用环剥。环割或环剥要用专门工具,操作时选择枝干平整部位进行。环割深度以刚…     

适龄妃子笑荔枝控梢促花和花期管理

1　控梢促花　放好末次秋梢。采果前按株产果2 5kg计 ,施复合肥 1kg +尿素 0 5kg ,挂果少的树可少施 ,施肥要结合灌水。采果后疏除病虫枝和下垂枝等 ,并集中烧毁。 8月中旬的末次秋梢为理想结果母枝 ,若遇干旱 ,末次秋梢在 8月下旬或 9月初抽出 ,应及时灌水和施薄肥 ,结合喷施叶面肥 ,每两周用 0 0 3%核苷酸和 0 0 2 %磷酸二氢钾喷施一次。适时控梢。妃子笑荔枝末次秋梢老熟的最佳时间是 10月初 ,若末次秋梢推迟到 11月老熟 ,则成花难、花量少 ,甚至不成花。末次秋梢老熟后 ,依树势强弱一般要环割一次。用环割刀在一级分枝上选光滑部位环…     

沙糖桔在两次生理落果前环割保果效果较佳

据《果树学报》2019年第2期《丰产期沙糖桔落果规律及环割(剥)保果效果研究》(作者张社南等)报道,以丰产期沙糖桔为试材,研究其落果规律及环割(剥)对其生理落果、秋梢萌发与成花的影响。结果表明,沙糖桔开花期在4月上旬,开花期间无落蕾、落花现象;第一次生理落果出现在4月21日至5月23日。     

不同处理对红肉蜜柚成花与坐果的影响

针对广西红肉蜜柚存在的花少、产量低等问题，本试验在广西容县比较了叶面喷施多效唑、2，4－D与GA3、环割、环扎等处理对红肉蜜柚成花与坐果的影响。结果表明，施用多效唑、环割、环扎均可以显著或者极显著地促进红肉蜜柚的成花。在第一次生理落果结束后叶面喷施20 mg/L GA3+12 mg/L 2，4－D 1次或在第一次生理落果结束后叶面喷施20 mg/L GA3一次可极显著提高红肉蜜柚保果率。     

适龄荔枝花而不实的克服途径

１　施肥　增施有机肥,加强土壤管理,给根系创造一个疏松、肥沃的土壤环境,培养发达根群。收获前１５～２０天及收获后１５～２０天,根据树势,施好攻梢肥,培养两次健壮的秋梢作来年结果母枝。第二次秋梢最好控制在９月下旬至１０月上旬抽出,过早易萌发冬梢,过晚养分积累少,不利成花。２　控制各梢促成花　秋梢老熟后,深耕松土,切断细根,制水制肥（１１～１２月进行）。也可用乙烯利等药剂控制冬梢萌发。３　环割　１１月在骨干枝上环割１～２圈深至木质部,谢花后再环割一圈,以利保花保果。４　调节花期　在再抽侧穗临界期前,…     

柑桔的夏季管理

1　及时抹除夏梢　柑桔结果树在 5月上旬至 7月中旬将陆继抽发夏梢 ,导致梢果矛盾 ,加剧生理落果。应及时彻底抹除夏梢 ,当陆续抽发的夏梢长到3～ 5ｃｍ时 ,从其基部抹除 (或留 1片叶摘心处理 ) ,在 7月底统一放出秋梢前 ,剪除因多次抹夏梢而形成的残枝 ,配合肥水管理和病虫防治 ,培育健壮的秋梢结果母枝。2　及时保果壮果　柑桔的生理落果要在 6月下旬后才结束 ,因此 ,在 5～ 6月 ,及时使用植物生长调节剂和根外追肥保果壮果。在第一次生理落果快结束的 5月中下旬 ,树冠喷施 0 15 %鄂Ｔ 2柑桔保果剂 1～ 2次 ,或 2 ,4 Ｄ15× 10 - 6 ～ 2…     

果实大小与留树保鲜时间对沙糖橘果实浮皮和糖酸变化的影响

以树冠覆膜留树保鲜的沙糖橘为研究对象,研究了果实大小、留树保鲜时间对沙糖橘浮皮程度和果肉品质的影响。结果表明,果实大小和留树保鲜时间与浮皮程度显著正相关,即果实越大、留树保鲜时间越长,浮皮率越高、浮皮指数越大、浮皮程度越重；同一时期,不同大小级别果实的可溶性固形物含量差异不显著,小果的可滴定酸含量高于或显著高于大果,固酸比低于或显著低于大果；随留树保鲜时间的延长,2S、S、M级果实的可溶性固形物含量呈小幅上升趋势,L级果实的可溶性固形物含量小幅波动,无明显增减趋势,2L级大果达到最高值后呈小幅下降趋势；不同大小等级果实的可滴定酸含量变化趋势一致,总体呈波动下降趋势。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.