不同干燥方法下红枣蜜饯水分状态变化研究

基于低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)技术研究热风干燥与真空微波干燥下红枣蜜饯内部水分分布及干燥过程中水分迁移规律、水分状态及含量的变化,为其干制提供理论依据.结果表明:MRI图像可以清晰反映水分分布情况,枣中含有3种状态的水,分别是结合水、不易流动水和自由水,成熟鲜枣中94％以上的水都是自由水,红枣蜜饯热风干燥最初2 h自由水含量显著降低,干燥后期自由水向组织内迁移减弱,最终不易流动水含量增加至43.9％,自由水含量散失降至55.99％;红枣蜜饯真空微波干燥过程中自由水快速向不易流动水迁移,6 min时自由水含量为0,结合水含量降低,不易流动水含量高达99.94％,因此真空微波干燥较热风干燥具有时间短、效率高的优势.     

铁棍山药等温吸附特性研究

分别采用热风、真空、微波3种干燥方式处理铁棍山药,用静态称质量法测定铁棍山药在10,20,30,40℃下,水分活度为0.2～1.0的平衡含水率,并绘制等温吸附曲线。选用6种吸附模型对铁棍山药的吸湿数据进行拟合比较,以模型的均方差、残差平方和、相关系数、相关系数的平方为评价指标。结果表明,不同干燥方式处理后的铁棍山药,其平衡含水率均随水分活度的升高而升高,在相同水分活度时平衡含水率均随温度升高而升高。在相同水分活度下,热风干燥与真空干燥铁棍山药的平衡含水率均高于微波干燥铁棍山药的平衡含水率。GAB和Peleg模型适用于模拟热风干燥和真空干燥处理后铁棍山药的等温吸湿规律;Peleg模型适用于模拟微波干燥处理后铁棍山药的等温吸湿规律。     

热风干燥对黑木耳品质的影响

为探索黑木耳的热风干燥工艺技术，比较不同热风温度对黑木耳干燥特性的影响，以自然晾晒干燥和冷冻干燥为对照，对热风干燥黑木耳的水分分布、复水性能和抗氧化活性进行分析。结果表明：黑木耳在85 ℃下的热风干燥速率高于55 ℃和70 ℃，干燥过程由升速阶段和降速阶段组成。对干燥动力学模型进行拟合，发现Page模型为最佳干燥动力学模型。低场核磁共振横向弛豫时间曲线显示，热风干燥前黑木耳中的水分以自由水为主；85 ℃热风干燥黑木耳的复水性能略高于55 ℃和70 ℃，显著高于自然晾晒样品（P＜0.05）。热风干燥黑木耳的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基清除能力和β-胡萝卜素保护能力均显著高于自然晾晒样品（P＜0.05），85 ℃热风干燥黑木耳的DPPH自由基清除能力和β-胡萝卜素保护能力分别为150.6、138.9 μg Trolox/g md。综上所述，85 ℃热风干燥工艺操作简单，可以较好地保持黑木耳干制品的品质，该研究为黑木耳干燥干燥过程中的品质调控提供了理论依据。     

微波干燥过程中的土豆组织温度变化及水分迁移特性

为探索淀粉类果蔬多孔介质在微波干燥过程中的热质传递特性,以土豆为研究对象,测量其不同功率下微波干燥过程中土豆组织的温度和质量以及水分状态变化。结果表明,微波干燥过程中土豆组织的温度可以分为快速升温、恒温及降温段3个阶段,土豆质量减少主要发生在恒温段,且该阶段物料的失重率占总失重率的90%以上。微波干燥过程中自由水短暂升高至93.21%后逐渐降低至15.61%,而不易流动水和结合水均先降低后升高。淀粉对于微波干燥中的水分迁移有重要影响,淀粉失去薄膜水后固化,使得土豆片的骨架硬度增加,从而增大水分迁移阻力。     

不同干燥条件对山富士苹果总多酚及多酚氧化酶活性的影响

利用热风干燥,在40,50,60,70℃的干燥条件下,将日本山富士苹果片干燥至干基含水率分别为50%,20%。对其总多酚含量以及多酚氧化酶活性进行分析。结果表明,在2种含水率下,总多酚含量均在70℃干燥条件下呈现最大;在含水率为50%时,多酚氧化酶活性在60℃最小;在含水率为20%时,50℃干燥条件下多酚氧化酶活性最大。     

山核桃吸附-解吸等温线及平衡水分研究

以带壳山核桃和山核桃仁为试材,采用静态称量法测定带壳山核桃和山核桃仁在25、35、45℃的吸附-解吸等温线,并采用等温线数学模型进行拟合,测定其热力学参数。采用低场核磁研究不同水分活度下带壳山核桃和山核桃仁中的水分结合状态。结果表明:带壳山核桃和山核桃仁的吸附与解吸等温线属于Ⅱ型,GAB模型拟合精度最高。带壳山核桃和山核桃仁的净等量吸附热、微分熵和积分焓均随含水率的增加而降低,积分熵随含水率的增加而上升,扩张压力随水分活度的增大而上升,并随温度的上升而下降。带壳山核桃的净等量吸附热、微分熵和积分焓均大于山核桃仁,而积分熵则相反。因此,带壳山核桃的贮藏稳定性较高,而山核桃仁易于干燥。根据安全水分活度可以得出带壳山核桃和山核桃仁的安全贮藏含水率分别为7.38%和5.61%。此外,根据解吸过程净等量吸附热可以得出,带壳山核桃和山核桃仁含水率分别低于14%和12%时需提供更多的热量以维持脱水速率。低场核磁结果表明,在高水分活度下,水分子主要以自由水和不易流动水状态存在,在低水分活度下,水分子主要以结合水状态存在。     

切片厚度对苦瓜片热风干燥特性及相关品质的影响研究

以新鲜苦瓜为原料,研究切片厚度分别为2,4,6 mm的苦瓜片在65℃热风干燥后,其热风干燥特性及理化品质的变化。结果表明,切片厚度对苦瓜片干燥特性和理化品质具有重要影响。在65℃热风干燥下,切片厚度从6 mm减至2 mm,干基含水量和水分比下降增快,干燥速率增快,有效扩散速率减小。同时,随着切片厚度减小,干制苦瓜片复水比越大,收缩比越小,干制品色泽越好。因此,结合苦瓜片热风干燥特性及品质变化,切片厚度为4 mm是进行苦瓜片热风干燥的适宜厚度。     

玉米降水与容重的关系

1水分和容重的关系 1．1粮油水分是指粮食和油料中所含水分的量。一般用所含水分的重量占粮食油料总重量的百分率来表示。按水分在籽粒中的分布状态,有自由水和结合水。自由水也称游离水,它存在于粮油籽粒的细胞间隙和毛细管中。它具有普通水的性质,在粮油籽粒中很不稳定,随着环境温、湿度的变化而增减,参与粮油籽粒的生理生化反应。结合水也称束缚水,它存在于籽粒的细胞内,与淀粉、蛋白质等亲水胶体牢固地结合在一起。结合水的性质稳定,在0℃时不结冰,不易随环境的变化而增减。     

不同干燥工艺对稻谷导热系数影响的研究

采用自然干燥(15℃)、热风干燥(45℃、55℃、65℃)、流化床干燥(45℃、55℃、65℃)对初始湿基含水率21.2%的稻谷进行降水处理,选取适当水分间隔测量稻谷导热系数和爆腰率,得到不同干燥工艺条件下的导热系数与含水率的拟合曲线、导热系数与爆腰率的拟合曲线,并对降水速率与爆腰增率、导热系数与爆腰率做相关分析。结果表明,降水速率与爆腰增率,导热系数与爆腰率都存在极显著相关性。干燥工艺影响稻谷降水速率,产生不同爆腰率,改变内部结构进而影响导热系数测量值。随爆腰率增大,导热系数呈非线性递增。流化床干燥对稻谷导热系数测量造成的影响大于薄层热风干燥。低温薄层热风干燥稻谷的导热系数最接近自然干燥处理值。     

太阳能辅助热泵干燥粮食的数值模拟研究

粮食的干燥过程实质上是多孔介质热湿耦合传递的过程.基于多孔介质热质传递理论,通过数值模拟的方法,针对利用太阳能辅助热泵干燥粮食时热风随时间变化的情况,采用综合温度和空气绝对湿度作为瞬态边界条件来对干燥过程中粮食内部温度和水分的变化进行模拟研究.模拟结果显示小麦水分在干燥150 h后达到安全水分13.6％(干基),而实验结果显示小麦水分在干燥135 h后达到安全水分13.6％(干基),二者对比相差不大,并且模拟温度与试验温度吻合较好.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Breeding forage grasses for organic conditions

Herbage yield trials are necessary to test if candidate varieties are well suited for organic conditions. In order to elucidate a particular suitability for organic conditions, we run such trials in parallel under both organic and conventional conditions. Here, we report on second and third year results of the sowings 2004 and 2005. These trials are part of a targeted breeding programme for organic conditions. Irregular colonisation of pure grass plots with adventitious plants, in particular white clover, was recognized as a major constraint to the quality of the results obtained under organic conditions. The coefficients of variance in dry matter yield almost doubled when compared to conventional trials, and significant differences in annual yield among varieties were rare. However, when herbage yield was corrected for the estimated fraction of adventitious plant colonization at each cut, the number of instances with statistically significant differences for annual yield among varieties increased more than fourfold. Dry matter yields under organic and conventional conditions were significantly and positively correlated. However, analysis of variance showed a significant culture type by variety interaction for annual dry matter yield in 12 out of 24 trials. When diploid and tetraploid varieties of the same Lolium species were tested in one common trial, only tetraploid varieties were identified as being particularly well suited for organic conditions, while in these trials, the great majority of apparently poorly suited varieties were diploid. This suggests that breeding tetraploid Lolium varieties is promising when aiming at a favourable response to organic agriculture.     

The performance of double or mixed pollinations with compatible and self-incompatible or incongruous pollen of pear and apple

Summary Six pear and five apple trials were carried out to ascertain the outcome of combinations of compatible pollen (C) with self (S) or incongruous pollen (I) as to the pollination index (PI=seeds/pollinated flower). The PI of the mixture C+I (1:5) was consistently depressed as compared to that of the control C. The results of the double pollinations S/C and I/C were affected by the temperature at pollination; their PI's at <15°C were twice as high as those at >15°C, being well above and below the PI of C in the former and latter case respectively. The opposite was true for the C/S combination, the PI of which increased with the pollination temperature; the PI of C/I did not differ much from the PI of C, irrespective of temperature. The conclusion was reached that the interaction previously and presently found between compatible and self-incompatible pollen also exists to a fair extent between compatible and incongruous pollen. However, in pear neither the mentor nor the pioneer pollen technique proved to aid its hybridization with apple, the formation of self seed was not observed either. In apple the production of apple × pear hybrids was likewise doubtful, but the double pollinations S/C and C/S formed 4–10% self seed.