中外科品种光温互作效应比较研究

来源不同的参试冬小麦品种（春小麦品种）具有对春化（日长）反应敏感性远大于对日长（春化）反应的一般特征,但英国冬小麦兼有中国超强冬性品种的短日效应和冬性品种的春化累积量;美国冬性品种则兼有中国强冬性品种的春化累积量和冬性品种的长日反应特性。英、澳春性小麦对春化作用也有微弱反应,类似中国南方冬播春性小麦。中国中熟冬麦区温光条件与英美品种温光特性差异是引种生育期较长、成熟偏晚的主要原因。     

温光互作对不同生态型小麦品种发育效应的研究 Ⅰ.品种最长、最短苗穗期及温光敏感性分析

试验在温光互作设计下,通过品种苗穗期(出苗—抽穗)对温光反应的变异分析看出,不同类型品种在不同温光组合下,不仅存在着最短与最长的苗穗期,而且不同类型品种,对温光反应类型不同,春性类型品种对春化基本无反应而对光长反应敏感;强冬性类型品种对春化反应敏感,而对光长必须在一定春化量基础上才表现敏感,并且具有短日代替春化效应。一般冬性类型品种(主要指黄淮麦区的半冬性过渡类型)多为温光兼敏性,无短日春化特性。     

温光互作对不同生态型小麦品种发育效应的研究：Ⅰ.品种最长,最短…

试验在温光互作设计下，通过品种苗穗期（出苗－抽穗）对温光反应的变异分析看出，不同类型品种在不同温光组合下，不仅存在着最短与最长的苗穗期，而且不同类型品种，对温光反应类型不同，春性类型品种对春化基本无反应而对 光长反应敏感；强冬性类型品种对春化反应敏感，而对光长必须在一定春化量基础上才表现敏感，并且具有短日代替春化效应。一般冬性类型品种（主要指黄淮麦区的半冬性过渡类型）多为温光兼敏性，无短日春化特性     

温光互作对小麦品种发育效应的研究——Ⅱ.温光对品种苗穗期作用力与回归分析

通过品种对温光互作反应的作用力分析和回归分析,看出供试的南方北方17个品种可分为光敏感类群(春性,强春性),温敏感类群(冬性、强冬性),温光兼敏感类群(半冬性)。在具有不同程度春化效应的品种中,温光作用的先后也有三种类型,即春化光照并进型(半冬性),春化半提前型(冬性,强冬性),春化提前型(超强冬性、春化要求60天以上的晚熟品种)。     

小麦的穗分化与温光反应

1982—1985年在北京地区的小麦多期播种试验中,强春性小麦在三叶期开始了穗分化的伸长期.随着冬性的增强,伸长期的主茎叶数逐渐增多,天数也逐渐增加.强春性品种的穗分化对温度和日长都无严格要求,高温可促进分化.冬性品种的穗分化可在温度较低、日长较短逐渐转入温度较高、日长较长的条件下顺利进行.过渡类型小麦穗分化的温光条件居中.伸长期或二棱末期是过渡类型和冬性小麦完成春化反应的标志.     

温光互作对小麦品种发育效应的研究 Ⅱ.温光对品种苗穗期作用力与…

通过品种对温光互作反应的作用力分析和回归分析，看出供试的南方北方１７个品种可分为光敏感类群（春性，强春性），温敏感类群（冬性，强冬性），温光兼敏感类群（半冬性）。在具有不同程度春化效应的品种中，温光作用的先后也有三种类型，即春化光照并进型（半冬性），春化半提前型（冬性，强冬性），春化提前型（超强冬性、春化要求６０天以上的晚熟品种）。     

小麦春化作用相关基因的时空表达特性研究

为明确普通小麦春化基因的时空表达特性,以强冬性品种济麦19、冬性品种钱交麦、半冬性品种泰山1号、偏春性品种济麦20和春性品种中国春为实验材料,利用q RT-PCR技术,分析了VERNALIZATION1(Vrn1)、VERNALIZATION2(Vrn2)和VERNALIZATION3(Vrn3)的时空表达特性。结果表明在普通小麦中,Vrn1基因在四类小麦的表达量由高至低为幼穗、旗叶、普通叶片、茎秆。未春化时,冬性越强的品种,Vrn1、Vrn3基因的起始表达量越低,Vrn2基因的起始表达量越高。随着春化过程的进行,Vrn1和Vrn3基因上调表达,并在春化25 d时出现表达加速上调现象;Vrn2基因下调表达。小麦冬性越强,Vrn基因表达量变化越明显。在脱春化过程中,随着高温时间的增加,Vrn和Vrn3基因下调表达,Vrn2基因表达变化不明显。该结果为进一步分析普通小麦春化发育的分子调控机理提供了重要信息。     

普通小麦春化处理过程中wcor14a基因的表达分析

为进一步完善普通小麦春化特性理论基础,从不同春化特性小麦品种RNA-Seq结果中筛选得到一个春化诱导上调表达的EST序列Unigene3230,经NCBI比对与小麦wcor14a基因序列一致。为进一步明确该基因在春化过程中的功能,利用荧光定量PCR分析了wcor14a基因在非生物胁迫下的表达特性,结果显示,wcor14a基因能够响应低温、ABA、干旱等非生物胁迫。对wcor14a基因在不同春化发育特性小麦品种中的表达分析表明,该基因在不同发育特性小麦品种中的表达总体表现为春性半冬性冬性强冬性,而且表达时间表现为冬性和强冬性早于春性和半冬性。     

中国主要小麦品种春化基因的STS标记鉴定

本文选取来自中国各麦区的260份小麦品种,用STS标记对其Vrn-A1、Vrn-B1、Vrn-D1和Vrn-B3四个春化基因位点进行检测,并结合小麦田间生长情况记录,探讨春化基因的4个位点显隐性情况对品种冬春性的影响.结果表明,各位点显性基因频率以Vrn-D1位点最高,而Vrn-A1和Vrn-B1显性等位基因对品种冬春性的影响高于Vrn-D1和Vrn-B3基因,且所含显性春化基因越多的品种生长习性越偏向春性.另发现,Vrn-A1仅存在于春性品种中;而对于冬性品种来说,各位点均不含显性春化基因.本文标记鉴定结果与田间冬春性观察具有较高的一致性,在小麦育种及品种推广中具有较高的指导意义和应用价值.     

不同生态类型小麦品种田间春化的温光特性研究

通过连续3年的小麦生态试验研究发现不同类型小麦品种田问春化的温光特性有质的区别，春型品种不存在光温特殊要求，对温光适应范围很宽，半冬型品种存在低温春化阶段发育现象，但对光照长短无明显要求，冬型品种对温光要求范围较窄，有明显的低温长日照要求。     

小麦主茎总叶数的变异

小麦主茎总叶数是重要的植株性状。它也具有变异性。春型品种的主茎叶数少,冬型品种的主茎叶数多,过渡型品种居中。在不同播期中,强春性小麦的主茎叶数相近,一般春性品种变化不大。随着播期的推迟,过渡型和冬型品种的主茎总叶数逐渐发生变化,冬型品种的变化幅度大。冬播期中,在翌春出苗的情况下,所有品种的主茎总叶数都较少,     

Multivariate analysis of traits determining adaptation in cultivated barley

Thirty‐nine barley varieties of different origin, representing different growth types, were included in a series of experiments aimed at analysing the variability in vernalization response, photoperiod sensitivity and earliness per se and establishing the types of ecoclimatic adaptability using multivariate analysis. In the case of spring barley varieties there was no correlation between any of the three traits. For winter barleys, a negative correlation was found between photoperiod sensitivity and vernalization response and between photoperiod sensitivity and earliness per se. Vernalization response and earliness per se showed a positive correlation. Among the winter barley varieties large variations were apparent in photoperiod sensitivity, vernalization response and earliness per se, which resulted in a tremendous variation in flowering patterns and frost tolerance. Between the spring barley varieties only wider variations in photoperiod sensitivity were detected. Based on the cluster analysis, the 39 varieties could be separated into seven groups. The spring barley varieties were placed in two groups, and the winter barleys in five groups representing different adaptational types. Among these five groups two represented the two opposing extreme combinations of photoperiod sensitivity and vernalization response. The combination of large photoperiod sensitivity and no vernalization response resulted in better frost tolerance than did the combination of photoperiod insensitivity and large vernalization response.     

春化、光周期和矮秆基因在不同国家小麦品种中的分布及其效应

为促进国外种质资源在我国的有效利用,将14个国家的100份代表性小麦品种在国内的8个代表性地点种植,调查抽穗期、成熟期和株高,并以4个春化基因(Vrn-A1、Vrn-B1、Vrn-D1和Vrn-B3)、1个光周期基因(Ppd-D1a)及2个矮秆基因(Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b)的分子标记检测所有品种的基因型。春化基因Vrn-A1a、Vrn-B1、Vrn-D1和vrn-A1+vrn-B1+ vrn-D1的分布频率分别为8.0%、21.0%、21.0%和64.0%;显性等位变异Vrn-A1a、Vrn-B1和Vrn-D1主要存在于来自中国春麦区及意大利、印度、加拿大、墨西哥和澳大利亚的品种中,这些品种一般为春性类型;春化位点均为隐性等位变异或vrn-A1+vrn-D1+Vrn-B1的品种主要分布在中国冬麦区、美国冬麦区、俄罗斯冬麦区,以及英国、法国、德国、罗马尼亚、土耳其和匈牙利,这些地区的小麦均为冬性类型。秋播时,供试品种均能正常抽穗,且携带春化显性变异的材料较隐性类型抽穗早,显性等位变异表现加性效应,4个春化位点均为隐性变异的一些欧美材料因抽穗太晚在杨凌和成都不能正常成熟;而春播时,显性等位变异基因型抽穗的频率高,隐性等位变异基因型基本不能抽穗。光周期不敏感基因Ppd-D1a的分布频率为68.0%,主要分布在中国、法国、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、墨西哥、澳大利亚和印度,而光周期敏感等位变异Ppd-D1b主要分布在英国、德国、匈牙利和加拿大等中高纬度地区;携带Ppd-D1a的品种较携带Ppd-D1b的品种抽穗早,大多数Ppd-D1a品种在长日照和短日照条件下均能成熟,大部分Ppd-D1b品种在短日照条件下不能成熟。Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b基因的分布频率分别为43.0%和35.0%,其中Rht-B1b主要分布于美国、罗马尼亚、土耳其、意大利、墨西哥和澳大利亚,Rht-D1b主要分布于中国、德国、英国、意大利和印度。一般来说,一个国家的品种携带Rht-B1b或Rht-D1b之一,而这2个基因在高纬度地区分布频率较低。Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Ppd-D1a的降秆作用均达显著水平,Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b的加性效应突出。     

The physiology of variation in the time of ear emergence among wheat varieties from different regions of the world

Summary Differences in response to photoperiod and vernalization and genetic variation independent of photoperiod and vernalization (earliness per se), affecting time of ear emergence of wheat, were identified in controlled environment experiments with 33 varieties of diverse geographical origin. The results were compared with an analysis of time of ear emergence of 10409 T. aestivum accessions from the USDA Small Grain Collection grown from autumn sowings in Pendleton, Oregon, and spring sowings in Fargo, North Dakota. The effect of differences in photoperiod and vernalization sensitivity on time of ear emergence was similar to the effect of earliness per se, both under controlled environment conditions and in the field. Most of the accessions from low latitude regions reached ear emergence rapidly owing to their insensitivity to photoperiod and vernalization and earliness per se factors accelerating ear emergence. Lateness was common among accessions from Northern Europe, Afghanistan and Turkey, which was due to sensitivity to photoperiod and vernalization, and to earliness per se factors delaying ear emergence. The physiological basis of earliness per se is discussed.     

内蒙古平原灌区“春麦冬播”种植效应及品种适应性

针对内蒙古春播小麦生育期短、干热风、高温逼熟等因素制约产量提高,且收获后光温资源极大浪费的现状,以及试种冬小麦发现的冬季冻害、春季干旱或“倒春寒”影响返青率及前茬限制等问题,本研究以“春麦冬播”种植模式为切入点,采用不同春化类型小麦品种,通过连续2年的田间试验,系统研究了不同小麦品种越冬出苗、叶片生理、根系性状及产量形成的差异,以期筛选适宜冬播的小麦品种。结果表明:供试的全部春性小麦品种及部分冬性品种可以以种子形式完成春化作用,第2年正常抽穗成熟。冬播条件下春季田间出苗率较春播小麦有所降低,但根系发达,对低温及干旱的适应性强。通过系统聚类筛选出适宜内蒙古平原灌区冬播的3个小麦品种,包括春性品种永良4号、冬性品种宁冬11号和半冬性品种河农7106,其共同特征为越冬出苗率高、抗逆性强、根系发达、产量表现较高,其中永良4号产量可达到与春播相同的水平。     

Measurement of response to vernalization in Australian wheats with winter habit

Summary Development in wheat is strongly controlled by sensitivity to vernalization and photoperiod, and to a lesser degree by non-vernalizing temperature and intrinsic earliness. A method to measure effect of vernalization in wheats with winter habit is described. Twenty seven wheats with winter habit and eight with spring/facultative habit were studied, comprising breeding lines and cultivars with maturities suited to south-central New South Wales. Effect of vernalization on the development of these wheats was quantified by integrating responses to vernalizing treatments of differing duration. Intrinsic earliness was measured as time for vernalized seedlings to grow to ear emergece in an 18h photoperiod with day/night temperature of 21/16°C, and response to photoperiod as the difference in time to ear emergence between 9 and 18h daylengths. Integrated response to vernalization is sensitive to both cumulative and thresh-hold responses and is applicable to wheats of all habit type. Integrated response to vernalization and intrinsic earliness were positively associated within wheats with winter habit. Wheats were largely of restricted origin, so that there were few allelic differences at Vrn loci to disrupt this association, which suggests intrinsic earliness may modify response to vernalization. Though integrated response to vernalization was measured with artificial treatments, it was strongly associated with ear emergence for wheats with winter habit when grown at a site in New South Wales.