豆-禾混播草地种间关系研究进展

禾本科与豆科牧草的混播,是人工草地建植的最主要方式之一,而了解其之间的种间互作机理,对于维持混播草地的持续稳定生产具有重要意义。本研究从光照、养分、水分和空间等资源方面展开探讨了禾草和豆科牧草在混播时所采取的不同生存策略,阐述了豆—禾混播草地草种之间的竞争与促进关系,分析了豆科牧草固氮和转氮能力的影响因素及深根系豆科牧草与浅根系禾草的共存机制,提出了可以通过混播建植技术、草地管理措施及草地利用方式避免或减弱混播草地豆禾牧草之间的竞争,以此提高混播草地的生产力并维持混播草地持久力和稳定性。     

威宁县适生优良牧草品种筛选研究

根据威宁县人工草地建植及种草治理石漠化对优良牧草的要求,对收集和引进的20份草种的物候期、分蘖(分枝)能力、鲜草产量等主要性状进行了综合测定.结果表明:在参试的草种中,适应威宁县种植的多年生禾本科牧草品种有前进、普瑞纳、凤凰多年生黑麦草及鸭茅;一年生禾本科牧草有泰得、杰威、百盛多花黑麦草;豆科牧草有维多利亚紫花苜蓿、佛...     

扁蓿豆保姆作物筛选试验研究

选择禾本科牧草作为保姆作物在扁蓿豆生产中应用,混播较单播无论从牧草产量、牧草品质方面,还是返青率、越冬率、抗性方面都占优势,是进行豆科牧草种子生产中较适宜的栽培方式。在扁蓿豆进行种子生产时应选择一年生燕麦或青稞作为保姆作物,而在建植人工草地时应选择多年生禾本科牧草作为保姆作物。     

扁蓿豆保姆作物筛选试验研究

选择禾本科牧草作为保姆作物在扁蓿豆生产中应用,混播较单播无论从牧草产量、牧草品质方面,还是返青率、越冬率、抗性方面都占优势,是进行豆科牧草种子生产中较适宜的栽培方式.在扁蓿豆进行种子生产时应选择一年生燕麦或青稞作为保姆作物,而在建植人工草地时应选择多年生禾本科牧草作为保姆作物.     

青海湖地区严重退化草地人工群落组分配置技术初探

为了最大限度提高人工草地的地上生物量,并延长草地的使用寿命,试验采用6种多年生禾本科牧草的20种不同处理进行了人工草地群落优化配置研究。结果表明:建植第2年,无论是从越冬率、盖度还是地上生物量来看,两组分混播的垂穗披碱草+星星草,三组分混播的垂穗披碱草+星星草+草地早熟禾和垂穗披碱草+星星草+冷地早熟禾,以及四组分混播的垂穗披碱草+星星草+草地早熟禾+冷地早熟禾都能较好地适应青海湖严重退化的环境。说明不同高、矮禾草的合理配置可有效地优化人工植被的群落结构,遏制单一种建植的快速退化现象,几种多年生禾本科牧草的合理混播配置可能是严重退化草地进行人工建植恢复的关键技术,是一项快速稳定恢复严重退化草地植被的重要措施。     

南方地区有机牧场人工草地建植技术的研究

建立人工草地是发展集约化草地畜牧业、实施生态恢复与系统重建和可持续发展战略的重要措施,而人工混播草地群落的长期稳定性又是畜牧业发展现代化程度最重要的指标之一,也是草地长期保持生产力的基础。本试验以建植多年的豆科与禾本科混播草地群落为研究对象,通过测定草种在不同混播组合下牧草生长性状以及对当地苜蓿的一些性质测定,提出适合我国南方地区有机牧场人工草地建植的应用建议。     

四种多年生禾本科牧草引种试验

为选择适于本地区栽培的高产、优质多年生禾本科牧草,于2014年至2015年在同仁县年都乎乡进行不同多年生禾草的引种试验。结果表明,四种多年生禾草都能适应本地区,但相比之下,在平均草层高度和产量方面多叶老芒麦明显高出其它三种牧草,更适宜在该地区大量种植,可以作为人工草地建设和天然草场改良的优良牧草。     

吉林省农区优良牧草引种与栽培技术研究

为了调整农业种植结构，于2000-2001年进行了31种多年生牧草，1种二年生牧草，2种一年生牧草和2种经济作物的引种栽培试验。试验表明，有13种豆科牧草，2种禾本科牧草，2种蓼科牧草和1种菊科牧草共18种牧草适应春旱气候，抗旱能力强；其中有16种牧草能安全越冬，其生产性能和营养价值高，达6134.0kg/hm^2；一年生牧草适宜当地种植，生产性能和营养价值高，由此认为，筛选出的牧草品种是吉林省建立人工草地和调整农业种植结构的优质牧草。     

贵州主要野生禾本科牧草种质资源评价

通过对贵州４种野生禾本科牧草进行种植试验，结果表明：许多野生禾本科牧草不但在产草量和品质方面跟栽培禾草相当而且在抗逆青绿时间等方面远优于栽培禾科牧草，对贵州大部分地区建立人工半人工草地具有重要意义，亟待开发利用。     

豆科牧草引种试验研究（1988－1994）

通过七年来豆科牧草引种观察试验，认为苜蓿是优质高产的多年生豆科牧草，也是我国北方人工草地建植的主要草种。沙打旺是水土保持和防风固沙的先锋牧草，亦可利用制成草粉和青贮原料。百脉根和红三叶是禾、豆牧草混播草地的理想草种。紫云英和草木栖是绿肥的主要草种。     

Effect of Phosphate Fertilization on Flooding Pampa Grasslands (Argentina)

We postulate that phosphorus (P) fertilization may increase above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) of rotationally grazed rangelands without reducing the legume component, as does N fertilization. In doing so, we evaluated the effect of phosphate fertilization on the production and relative contribution of legumes and grasses of native and old tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) grasslands; we recorded annual production, seasonal productivity, and biomass contribution of each component. The experiment was conducted in a commercial farm located in the Flooding Pampa and managed under rotational grazing. Treatments consisted of two fertilization programs (66 (P₆₆) and 29 (P₂₉) kg P · ha^-1 supplied as rock phosphate and/or monoammonium phosphate from 1997 to 1999) and a nonfertilized control. A paddock dominated by native grassland and another dominated by old tall fescue grassland were selected. Nine 5-ha plots were established in each paddock, and treatments were randomly assigned. During the experimental period, from October 1998 to October 1999, total above-ground biomass was harvested from each plot before and after each grazing period and separated into components: tall fescue, other C₃ perennial grasses, legumes, C₃ annual grasses, C₄ grasses, forbs, and standing dead material. ANPP of each component was estimated during the warm (October 1998–February 1999) and the cool (March 1999–September 1999) season. In native grassland, phosphate fertilization increased ANPP of C₃ annual grasses and legumes during both the warm and the cool seasons; therefore annual ANPP of the grassland under P₆₆ was 40% higher than under P₂₉ and doubled ANPP of nonfertilized plots. Phosphate fertilization didn't increase total annual ANPP of old tall fescue grassland, but it did increase ANPP of legumes during both seasons.     

天祝高寒草甸高原鼢鼠鼠丘植被演替调查

高原鼢鼠鼠丘植被演替是反映草地恢复的重要指标之一。以定点标记的方法对天祝高寒草甸高原鼢鼠鼠丘植被演替进行了调查。结果表明,鼠丘植被在不同演替阶段外貌特征及植物组成差异较大。随演替的进行,1~2年生植物和多年生杂类草比例呈递增趋势,禾本科和莎草科植物也伴随出现,但在群落中所占比例相对较低。α多样性表明,鼠丘植物的丰富度指数随演替进行呈显著递增趋势,但都低于原生植被。Shamon-wiener指数表明,形成4年的鼠丘植被群落达到演替后期,物种组成接近原生植被。植物功能群组成显示,演替各阶段1~2年生植物生物量在各自群落中的比例显著高于原生植被。     

草原碳汇管理对策

我国约4亿hm²草原,草原具有强大碳汇功能,但人们对草原碳汇管理的认识和研究还不足。综述了CO₂、温度及降雨等气象因子和草原开垦、放牧、割草、施肥、人工草地建植等草地管理措施对草原碳汇功能的影响及其作用机制,以期对我国草原管理实践提供借鉴。温度和降雨的改变对不同类型草原的碳汇功能影响不同,以碳汇为目标的草地管理,必须综合考虑气候变化对碳固持的影响。草地退化生产力下降,土壤理化环境恶化,土壤有机碳含量降低,退化草地具有较大的固碳潜力,采用合理的草原管理措施能够极大的提高草地有机碳含量,据估算全国重度退化草地如果全面实施围栏封育措施,固碳潜力每年达12.01 Tg C。过度放牧改变了草原植被群落结构,降低净初级生产力,C∶N增加,土壤氮的亏缺限制碳的固持,枯落物的量也降低,减少有机质的形成,草原碳汇功能降低。合理放牧管理增强草原碳汇功能。草原开垦减少枯落物的输入增加了土壤侵蚀,使土壤有机质暴露在空气中,土壤有机质的氧化分解加快,降低土壤有机质含量。高强度的刈割利用不利于草地碳汇,刈割利用要选择合适的刈割时间和刈割高度,并通过粪尿或施肥等管理措施,返还割草地损失的营养物质。施肥、补播、耕翻和灌溉等改良措施促进草原植被更新,提高草原生产力,增强草原固碳能力。农田弃耕和围封禁牧增强草地碳汇功能,配合施肥补播等其他管理措施,可以促进植被恢复,提高其固碳效率。退耕还草增加草原碳汇,牧草固碳能力强弱为:豆禾混播＞多年生豆科牧草＞多年生禾本科牧草＞一年生禾草。     

Establishment of stylosanthes guyanensis in marandellas sandveld

The feasibility of establishing perennial forage legumes in veld has been investigated at Grasslands Research Station, Marandellas. Of the species tested, Stylosanthes guyanensis (stylo) appeared most suitable.

Reduction of competition from veld grasses was essential for satisfactory establishment of the legume; this was best achieved by shallow discing which also produced a suitable seedbed.

The density of stylo seedlings was affected by seeding rate and degree of soil preparation. More plants established from 4,5 kg/ha of seed broadcast onto disced soil than from 18,0 kg/ha sown onto undisturbed ground. Periodic grazing during the season of establishment had no effect on seedling density. Herbage yields followed the same trends as stylo density. Yields from the plots with the greatest density of stylo plants were more than twice those from the plots with the lowest density.

Seeding stylo into disced veld raised dry matter yields 50% and crude protein yields 300%, although yields of grass were reduced by the addition of the legume. Annual applications of 112 kg superphosphate/ ha had no effect on yields.     

Herbicide Protection Pods (HPPs) Facilitate Sagebrush and Bunchgrass Establishment under Imazapic Control of Exotic Annual Grasses

Revegetation of exotic annual grass−invaded rangelands is a primary objective of land managers following wildfires. Controlling invasive annual grasses is essential to increasing revegetation success; however, preemergent herbicides used to control annual grasses prohibit immediate seeding due to nontarget herbicide damage. Thus, seeding is often delayed 1 yr following herbicide application. This delay frequently allows for reinvasion of annual grasses, decreasing the success of revegetation efforts. Incorporating seeds into herbicide protection pods (HPPs) containing activated carbon (AC) permits concurrent high preemergent herbicide application and seeding because AC adsorbs and renders herbicides inactive. While HPPs have, largely in greenhouse studies, facilitated perennial bunchgrass emergence and early growth, their effectiveness in improving establishment of multiple species and functional groups in the field has not been assessed. Five bunchgrass species and two shrub species were seeded at two field sites with high imazapic application rates as bare seed and seed incorporated into HPPs. HPPs significantly improved establishment of sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata Nutt. Spp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young) and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum [L.] Gaertn.) over the 2-yr study. Three native perennial grass species were protected from herbicide damage by HPPs but had low establishment in both treatments. The two remaining shrub and grass species did not establish sufficiently to determine treatment effects. While establishment of native perennial bunchgrasses was low, this study demonstrates that HPPs can be used to protect seeded bunchgrasses and sagebrush from imazapic, prolonging establishment time in the absence of competition with annual grasses.     

豆科牧草研究进展

豆科牧草的属间、属内、种间与种内均存在着巨大的遗传变异，利用这种变异，通过育种与选择，已培育出可良好地适应广泛的环境与管理条件的品种，遗传操作为此提供了更为广阔的空间，在豆科牧草固氮方面，对固氮过程、氮向伴生禾草的传送途径及残余氮对后继农作物的价值均有了进一步的理解。对包括施氮、采摘策略和影响混播草地中禾本科－豆科牧草平衡的胁迫等相互作用因素均已给予了阐明。在禾草／白三叶草草地为基础的家畜生产系统中，氮素的损失及其对环境产生的不良作用低于大量施氮的禾草草地系统。与禾草相比，豆科牧草无是用作放牧、青贮或用作干草，其物理、化学和解剖学等方面的特性均可增加家畜的嗜食性和自由采食量。由于豆科牧草的营养价值、可利用营养成分和采食特征，在单一豆科牧草或豆科牧草比重较大的禾草－豆科牧草混播草地上采食的不同种类、不同类型家畜的个体生产性能均优于在禾草草地上采食者。值得注意的是浓缩单宁在动物营养中的有益作用，这类单宁存在于诸如百脉根（Lotus corniculatus）、红豆草（Onobrychis viciifolia）和冠状岩黄芪（Hedys-crum coroharium）等植物中，其防止家畜患膨胀病，通过使较多的氨态氮到达小肠而提高氮的利用，并减轻绵羊肠道中线虫的作用。显然，培育含浓缩单宁的转基因豆科牧草是植物育种者现阶段的主要目标之一。此外，豆科牧草亦有许多其他用途，例如，在葡萄园中用作保护性植被，禾谷类作物的下层植被和为制药业提供次生化合物等。豆科牧草以其植物多态性和花朵的颜色等亦在美化景观和自然保护区中发挥着作用。可以预见，豆科牧草的作用在温带可持续农业中的作用将会增加，充分发掘现有的知识和相关研究成果，及有效的技术将是未来豆科牧草利用的主要特色。     

高寒地区禾草混播人工草地建植早期杂草群落动态变化研究

对高寒地区禾草混播草地第一至第四年的草地群落杂草进行了研究。发现:1.从一龄草地到四龄草地一年生杂草种类减少,杂草种类总数增加,且增加的杂草是多年生。一龄、二龄草地杂草种类相同,为一年生;三龄、四龄草地一年生杂草减少。2.从一龄草地到四龄草地组分种数量特征发生重大变化。一年生杂草在一龄时为优势种,第二年就退出优势地位,第三年开始多年生虽单种数量较少但种类增加,从而杂草在群落中的地位又发生变化或加强了发生变化的潜力。3.化学防除对第一、二年的草地群落结构和产量都有重大的影响;施肥抑制杂草侵入,利于维持草地稳定;放牧促进杂草侵入,使草地退化加速。4.覆盖播种防除杂草的效果变化较大;单播草地稳定性差,2、3、4组合混播草地杂草群落在三龄时差异不大,但草地产量依次递增。5.从一龄到四龄禾草混播草地杂草群落的变化出现了4个明显的时期:一年生杂草占优势时期、多年生目标禾草占优势时期、多年生杂草大量出现的时期和多年生杂草占优势时期。     

Digestibility, intake and mineral utilization of combinations of grasses and legumes by lambs

Defined mixtures of two grass (orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass) and two legume (alfalfa, red clover) hays, harvested in two cuttings in 2 yr, were fed in digestibility, intake and mineral balance trials to wether lambs. Each mixture was fed in ad libitum amounts to six crossbred wether lambs weighing 35 to 45 kg. The effect of increasing proportion of legume in mixtures on dry matter digestibility (DMD), neutral detergent fiber digestibility (DNDF) and digestible dry matter intake (DDMI) differed with species combination. For all combinations, a quadratic regression (P less than .05) for DMD and DNDF indicated a small, negative associative effect for mixtures of grasses and legumes compared with pure species. Dry matter intake (DMI) showed a quadratic increase with level of legume inclusion, indicating a positive associative effect. The observed increase of DMI was approximately 6 to 7% over predicted values with 25 or 50% legume in the mixture. Intake of NDF also showed a quadratic response to level of legume, but lambs tended to eat to a fairly constant intake of 42 to 43 g NDF/kg wt.75. Mineral utilization (apparent absorption, retention) differed (P less than .05) with cutting but not species combination, and generally improved with increasing legume content in the mixture. With the exception of calcium retention (negative quadratic effect), there was little evidence for significant associative effects between grasses and legumes in mineral utilization.     

不同前茬对混播草地建植初期的影响

选择白三叶(Trifolium repens)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、苇状羊茅(Festuca arund inacea)和鸭茅(Dactylisg lomerata),在三峡库区沿江地带3种前茬分别为水稻(Rice)、沟叶结缕草(Manila grass)和黄豆(Soybean)的退耕地进行混播试验,研究当年的生长动态、产草量组成及其越夏率。结果表明:禾本科牧草与白三叶混播,产草量显著高于与苜蓿的混播组合,且产草量比重相对稳定;苜蓿竞争性差,不适宜混播;土壤条件显著影响混播效益及其产草量;结缕草茬的土壤肥力低,禾本科牧草长势差,有利于豆科牧草生长,其产草量显著低于其它两种前茬;黄豆茬土壤肥力好,禾本科牧草早期生长旺盛,将抑制豆科牧草;水稻茬的混播组合相对稳定;土壤肥力直接影响混播牧草的越夏率;伏旱来临之前,良好的草层盖度有利于牧草越夏。