枣棉间作复合系统种植模式对棉花光合特性及产量的影响

合理的枣棉间作种植模式有利于光资源的利用和产量的提高。为探明枣棉间作系统中棉花产量形成的光合生理机制,筛选出适于南疆的枣棉间作最优种植模式,以枣树-棉花间作模式为研究对象,设离树间距1.4 m(M1)、1.0 m(M2)、0.5 m(M3)3个间作处理,以单作棉花为对照(CK),对棉花冠层上方光合有效辐射(PAR)、棉花叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)5个光合指标及水分利用效率(WUE)和产量进行研究。结果表明,各处理冠层PAR在花铃期达到最大,间作系统冠层PAR总体低于单作,且随离树间距的增加而增大,M3处理PAR最低,分别较M1、M2处理低10.0%和9.5%;间作总体上提高了棉花的Pn,降低了Tr和Ci,M3处理的Gs在2020年最大,2019年最小,并且M3处理的棉花光合能力总体优于其他处理;枣棉间作种植模式有利于提高棉花群体水分利用效率,M3处理的WUE最大,2019和2020年较CK分别提高了52.8%和50.4%;M3处理单位面积内棉花产量最高,分别较CK、M1、M2高18.2%、85.9%和37.0%。灰色关联度分析表明,M3处理表现最优,主要生育期内等权关联序和加权关联序位次总体排第一。综上,适宜的间作种植模式为M3处理。本研究结果为南疆枣棉间作种植模式优化配置提供了理论依据和技术支撑。     

不同机采棉种植模式和种植密度对棉田土壤水热效应及产量的影响

新疆机采棉生产中农机农艺的不融合是导致棉花纤维品质下降和采净率低的主要原因，优化机采棉株行距配置是实现农机农艺融合的重要途径。该研究于2018－2019年进行了"矮密早"（1膜6行，66+10 cm宽窄行）、"宽早优"（1膜3行，76 cm等行距）2种种植模式和13.5、18.0和22.5万株/hm2三个种植密度的定位试验，监测棉花全生育期的土壤温度和土壤水分动态变化，结合棉花产量分析农田水分利用效率，综合评价不同机采棉种植模式的生产适应性。结果表明，不同种植模式和密度影响土壤温度，但不存在互作效应。不同处理下耕层土壤温度变化规律一致，随着气温升高土壤温度逐渐增加，棉花封垄郁闭后，土壤温度迅速下降并波动。在生育前期（5月－6月），不同种植模式和密度下耕层土壤温度无显著性差异，而"宽早优"模式提高了花期和铃期的土壤温度，比"矮密早"模式平均高1.7 ℃。"宽早优"模式的全生育期耕层土壤积温较"矮密早"模式显著提高8.3%～9.9%（P<0.05），主要提升了花铃期的土壤积温（35.1～88.8 ℃）；从全生育期耗水量来看，"宽早优"模式的耗水量低于"矮密早"模式，降低0.8～6.7mm；提高种植密度会降低耕层土壤积温，增加棉田耗水量。"宽早优"模式提高了棉花籽棉产量和水分利用效率，其中2019年较"矮密早"模式分别显著提高17.5%和18.8%（P<0.05）。"宽早优"模式可以改善棉花生长的土壤水热条件，实现产量和水分利用效率的大幅提高，是更为优化的机采棉种植模式，适合大面积推广。     

机采棉种植模式对植保机械化学脱叶作业效果的影响

种植模式优化是实现新疆棉花高产优质的重要途经，但其对机采棉化学脱叶环节农机农艺融合的影响还不明确。该研究开展了"矮密早"（1膜6行，66 cm + 10 cm宽窄行，R6）、"宽早优"（1膜3行，76 cm等行距，R3）2种机采棉种植模式下多旋翼植保无人机和自走式喷杆喷雾机2种植保机械的化学脱叶田间试验，通过测定叶片尺度脱叶剂雾滴粒径分布和沉积参数，系统分析了不同种植模式和植保机械组合对棉花冠层脱叶剂雾滴沉积特性、行间地面雾滴损失以及最终脱叶效果的影响。结果表明无人机作业的雾滴粒径分布、覆盖率、沉积量及行间地面损失与喷雾机相比均有显著差异（P<0.01）。喷雾机和无人机作业的100～300 μm粒径有效雾滴占比分别为2.60%和61.00%，无人机较喷雾机提高了58.40个百分点，雾滴粒径分布更均匀；雾滴覆盖率分别为42.05%和3.22%，喷雾机作业的雾滴覆盖率是无人机的13倍；沉积量分别为0.49和0.69 μg/cm2，喷雾机作业的雾滴沉积量仅为无人机的71.00%，这是因为无人机喷雾具有高浓度、低容量的特点。喷雾机喷施后棉花冠层下部较冠层上部的雾滴覆盖率和沉积量相对降低17.99%和17.63%，无人机作业后冠层下部的雾滴覆盖率和沉积量较冠层上部相对降低35.45%和53.71%，说明无人机喷施的雾滴穿透性不足；喷雾机作业后行间地面雾滴沉积损失量为无人机的1.91倍。种植模式对雾滴沉积特性有显著影响（P<0.01），与"矮密早"相比，"宽早优"模式冠层下部雾滴覆盖度提高18.59个百分点（相对提高117.60%），变异系数降低43.73个百分点（相对降低43.83%）；冠层下部雾滴沉积量提高0.33 μg/cm2（相对提高125.60%），变异系数降低31.63个百分点（相对降低36.00%），提高了雾滴的穿透性和均匀性。无人机二次喷施作业后，脱叶率在90%～94%间，满足棉花机采作业要求。综上，采用无人机进行化学脱叶作业雾滴粒径分布合理但穿透性不足，而采用"宽早优"模式可以改善无人机雾滴穿透性不足的问题，提升冠层内雾滴分布均匀性，在满足棉花机采对化学脱叶要求的前提下，降低作业过程对棉花生长和土壤环境的潜在影响。     

冬小麦-春玉米间作模式下光合有效辐射特性研究

通过对单作和间作种植模式下作物冠层入射和透射光合有效辐射的观测,研究了不同种植模式下冠层光合有效辐射截获量(IPAR)的日变化规律及其与叶面积指数的关系以及冬小麦对预留行的遮荫作用。结果表明:2种种植模式下光合有效辐射截获量日变化均为双峰曲线;叶面积指数<2时,间作冬小麦日平均光合有效辐射截获量约为单作的50%,叶面积指数>2时,2种种植模式下的日平均光合有效辐射截获量相近;2种种植模式下光合有效辐射截获量与叶面积指数均有较好的相关性;间作冬小麦预留行遮荫率(FS)的日变化为双峰曲线,遮荫率与株高(H)有很好的相关性。     

基于黄金分割法的双季稻合理密植研究

为了验证水稻合理密植的黄金分割法在长江中下游双季稻区和华南双季稻区的适用性,在湖南长沙和广东怀集以生产上大面积种植且具有代表性的双季稻品种为材料,运用黄金分割法分割秆高(50、65、80、95、110 cm)得到5种预设黄金密度(67.9、40.1、26.5、18.8、14.0穴·m-2),研究不同密度下株高和秆高的变化,实际黄金密度下齐穗期部分冠层特性、干物质积累、产量及其构成。结果表明,在不同密度下,长沙水稻的株高和秆高,怀集早稻玉香油占的秆高及晚稻Y两优1号的株高和秆高变化不显著,而早稻Y两优1号株高和秆高变化显著,其余品种无一致的规律。在实际黄金密度下,长沙各品种有效和高效叶面积指数及其冠层光辐射截获率最高,或者低于最高密度处理,但冠层光辐射截获率与最高密度处理无显著差异;长沙和怀集各品种齐穗期和成熟期的干物质积累及其产量在实际黄金密度下最高,或者低于最高值,但产量与最高值差异不显著。长沙双季稻和怀集晚稻的矮秆品种(49.4~74.5 cm),其产量的主要贡献来源于有效穗数,而怀集早稻的高秆品种(80.4~84.6 cm),其产量的主要贡献来源于有效穗数和每穗粒数。本研究结果为合理、简便、精确确定水稻适宜的种植密度(即合理密植)提供了理论和实践依据。     

北疆膜下滴灌机采棉氮肥效应研究

机采棉种植已成为新疆棉花的主要栽培模式,由于种植密度与滴灌制度的改变,急需对氮素的效应进行研究,以期科学合理指导机采棉的氮肥施用。采用大田试验,在养分投入比例(N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O=1∶0.38∶0.3)一致的条件下,设置不同氮肥用量(0、180、220、270、315 kg/hm²),研究氮素对北疆膜下滴灌机采棉植株养分吸收利用、肥料利用率、棉田土壤养分变化和产量等的影响。结果表明：机采模式下,棉花的单株结铃数和籽棉产量随施氮量的增加而提高,氮肥显著提高单株铃数继而提升籽棉的产量,但施氮对棉花衣分无显著影响;地上部干物质量、植株养分吸收量与施氮量呈正比;百公斤籽棉需氮5.10 kg,磷1.37 kg,钾4.90 kg;籽棉氮、磷素积累量高于秸秆,钾素则表现为相反。机采棉滴施氮肥对表层(0～20 cm)土壤的养分含量影响最大。施氮270 kg/hm²时棉花的收获指数、肥料利用率最优,且养分能达到收支平衡。综合考虑产量、肥料利用率和棉田养分收支平衡等指标,建议北疆膜下滴灌机采棉优...     

不同基因型抗虫棉氮磷钾养分吸收与分配特征

【目的】探讨不同抗虫棉品种植株干物质与氮、磷、钾养分积累分配特点,为制定棉花高产栽培管理措施提供依据。【方法】在大田条件下,选用三个抗虫棉品种(冀棉169、鲁棉研21号和岱字棉99B)为研究对象,比较研究了三个品种的干物质积累与氮磷钾吸收特性。【结果】冀棉169产量最高,两年分别比鲁棉研21号提高了27.9%和25.5%,分别比岱字棉99B提高了65.9%和41.1%。三个品种单铃子棉重的变化趋势与产量一致,而单株结铃数和衣分则不同。冀棉169棉株各器官干物质和氮磷钾积累量均较高,尤其在生育中后期,营养器官保持最高的氮磷钾养分积累量,促使其干物质积累量显著高于其他两个品种,为棉铃发育提供了充足的物质基础,铃叶比较大,因此结铃最多,单铃子棉重最大,皮棉产量最高,使得养分利用效率也最高。鲁棉研21号棉株各器官干物质和氮磷钾积累量均最低,主要是由于营养器官氮磷钾养分快速积累期结束最早,加之向棉铃分配比例最高,从而限制了营养器官的生长发育,影响生育中后期棉铃的发育,使之不仅结铃数最少,单铃子棉重较小,产量也较低。岱字棉99B棉株各器官干物质和氮磷钾积累量虽最高,但其快速积累期出现在盛花期以后,棉株贪青,结铃数虽较多,但单铃子棉重最小,使之产量最低,养分利用效率也最低。【结论】不同年代抗虫棉品种产量提高的主要原因是单铃子棉重的增加,其次是单株结铃数的提高。单铃子棉重和单株结铃数的增加主要归因于棉株总生物量和向生殖器官转运量的协同提高,特别是生育中后期保持高的同化物和生殖器官运转比例;而生物量的增加依赖于养分积累量和利用效率的提高。     

利用3D模型模拟天空与叶面散射对玉米冠层截光率的影响

该文利用并行蒙特卡罗光线跟踪模型定量分析了天空散射与叶片散射对玉米冠层截光率的影响.模拟试验表明:相同辐射强度时,冠层截获的光强与受剑照射的叶片在天空散射时都比直接辐射时多;当太阳高度角小于60°时,冠层在阴大截获的总光强小于晴大,但至少60%的叶片在阴大截获的光强大于晴大时截获的光强;叶片散射对冠层光分布的影响与波长...     

扩行距、缩株距对春玉米冠层结构及产量的影响

为探究西辽河平原地区玉米扩行距、缩株距密植增产的生理生态机制,本研究以紧凑耐密玉米品种‘农华101’和半紧凑耐密玉米品种‘伟科702’为试验材料,在6×104株·hm-2(D1)、7.5×104株·hm-2(D2)、9×104株·hm-2(D3)密度下,设置扩行距、缩株距(KH,种植行距为100 cm,D1、D2和D3株距分别为16.67 cm、13.33 cm和11.11 cm)和当地农民常规种植(CK,种植行距为60 cm,D1、D2和D3株距分别为27.78 cm、22.22 cm和18.52 cm)2种种植模式,测定玉米吐丝期、乳熟期及完熟期玉米冠层叶面积指数、茎叶夹角、叶向值、透光率和产量及其构成因素,计算叶面积衰减率,研究扩行距、缩株距种植对春玉米产量及冠层结构特性的影响。结果表明,2品种KH种植下产量均显著大于CK,以D2密度下增产最明显;生育后期2品种KH种植下叶面积指数均大于CK,且乳熟期均达显著水平,D2密度下差异最大;2品种KH种植下均表现为上部叶片茎叶夹角较小,叶向值较大,而中部叶片和下部叶片茎叶夹角较大,叶向值较小。2品种KH种植下冠层透光率各层位均大于CK,其中顶层和穗位层均达显著水平;D1密度下,除2015年吐丝期‘伟科702’外均表现为顶层穗位层底层,D2、D3密度下,除2015年乳熟期D3密度下‘伟科702’外均表现为穗位层顶层底层,且以吐丝期D2密度下差异最为明显。综上所述,在较高密度种植下KH种植模式冠层结构更为合理,产量更高;且不同品种对KH种植模式的响应存在差异,其中‘农华101’各层位叶面积指数、茎叶夹角均小于‘伟科702’;各层位叶向值、冠层透光率均大于‘伟科702’;实测产量不同密度下均大于‘伟科702’,在7.5×104株·hm-2密度下产量最大,且‘农华101’较‘伟科702’增产更为明显。     

不同播量与行距对小麦产量与辐射截获利用的影响

在田间试验条件下,设置了3个播种量(6 kg·667m 2、9 kg·667m 2和12 kg·667m 2)和3个种植行距(20 cm、25 cm和30 cm)共9个处理。通过测定小麦群体生长动态、辐射截获量和籽粒产量,研究分析不同行距和播种量对小麦产量形成和辐射利用效率的影响。结果表明:群体总茎数和叶面积指数表现为随播种量增大而增加;在相同播种量下,尽管20 cm行距的小麦分蘖数最高,但其有效成穗数却最低;叶面积指数与群体总茎数变化动态一致,而叶日积却表现为随行距和播量加大而增加。在相同播种量下,籽粒产量和辐射利用效率均随着种植行距增加呈递增趋势变化,在3个播种量下表现趋势一致。行距由20 cm增加到25 cm和30 cm,籽粒产量平均增加81.62 g·m 2和162.53 g·m 2,截获辐射利用效率平均增加0.18%和0.35%。产量和截获辐射利用率在行距间的差异均达到极显著水平,而播种量之间没有表现出显著差异,播种量和行距之间也没有明显互作效应。由此说明:调整行距对产量的影响作用大于调整播种量对产量的影响作用。因此,在水肥条件较好的黄淮海平原区小麦生产中,把传统种植行距15~20 cm调整为25~30 cm,播种量在常规播种量的基础上适量增加,可以提高小麦单产与辐射资源利用潜力。     

Performance and behaviour of Bt cotton hybrids under sub-optimal rainfall situation

Growth behaviour and yield performance of Bt cotton hybrids under sub-optimal rainfall situation is of practical significance, because more than 60% of the cotton area is under rainfed condition in India. A field trial conducted in a sandy clay loam soil during the seasons 2006–2007, 2007–2008, and 2008–2009 to study the growth behaviour and yield performance under scanty rainfall situation revealed that growth in both Bt and non-Bt cotton hybrids significantly differed under these parameters. The crop experienced moisture stress at the early stages of growth and again during boll development phase in 2006–2007 and 2008–2009. However, Bt hybrids (1691 kg ha^?1) produced higher seed cotton yield than non-Bt hybrids (1092 kg ha^?1), while the controlled variety (LRA 5166) performed the average of these two (1399 kg ha^?1). Similar trend was evident in respect of bolls per plant (at 90 DAP) and the final harvested bolls in both Bt and non-Bt cotton. Because of Bt gene, the early formed bolls were protected from the boll worms which led to less damage and higher yield with Bt hybrids. Amongst the hybrids, RCHB 708 Bt (1917 kg ha^?1) performed better over the others.     

施肥对中长绒陆地棉产量和品质的影响

通过对供试棉田土壤主要养分限制因子及中长绒陆地棉最佳施肥量研究表明,氮素是供试土壤的第一养分限制因子,其次是磷素和钾素,对中长绒棉产量影响的养分限制因子顺序为氮>磷>钾。平衡施肥的N、P2O5、K2O施肥量分别为207、138、75 kg/hm2时能显著提高中长绒陆地棉的产量。不施肥CK处理相对OPT(氮磷钾最佳施肥处理)减产达33%。通过氮磷钾肥料效应方程得到N、P2O5、K2O最佳经济施肥量分别为203.3、141.7、46 kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O为1∶0.70∶0.23,最佳经济皮棉产量分别为1474、1550和1516 kg/hm2。     

棉花施用硫肥的产量、品质效应研究

1999～2001年在沿江地区灰潮土上研究了硫磺粉、硫肥95对棉花生长发育、皮棉产量和棉纤维品质的影响。试验结果表明:施用硫肥能提高棉花的株高、果枝数、蕾数、成桃数和茎基粗,还能提高伏桃比例,促进棉花生育后期的生长发育,增加棉花产量,改善棉纤维长度、整齐度、比强度等品质指标。硫肥的适宜用量为45～60kg/hm2。施用硫肥95的增产效果比硫磺粉的要好。     

Studies on post‐reddening changes in amino acid content leaves of hirsutum cotton and its control with chemicals

The aspartic acid,tyrosine and serine contents of leaves were found reduced in prematurely reddened leaves of hirsutum cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) as compared to healthy green leaves. Amino acids other than those listed above were higher in the affected red leaves. Amino acids threonine and proline increased 63.7 and 2.3 fold over green leaves respectively. Chemical sprays not only maintained the levels of various amino acids at par with green leaf but tended to increase the concentration above the levels obtained in normally found green leaf. However, threonine level was dropped in treated leaves as compared to partly affected red leaf and chemical sprays significantly reduced the leaf reddening when it was sprayed before flowering. It can be suggested that the leaf reddening can possibly be arrested by monitoring threonine content in leaves of hirsutum cotton ov. L‐147.     

Innovative Nitrogen Fertilizers Effect on Cotton Cultivation

ABSTRACT

Fertilizer enhancement is determined by chemical and physical characteristics, environmental safety, and mechanical stress stabilization, etc. In order to assess the reaction of cotton cultivation to distinct kinds of fertilizer (Agrotain: fertilizers with urease inhibitor versus standard urea) and different nitrogen dressings on chlorophyll content and yield, field studies were performed at two distinct locations (Palamas and Velestino) for 2 years (2014 and 2015). Cotton variety Flora was cultivated using Agrotain (with urease inhibitor) versus standard (urea) fertilizers under various N-dressings (0, 70, 140, and 210 kg ha^?1). It was found that plants fertilized with Agrotain obtained higher chlorophyll content and achieved considerably higher yield during the second experimentation year owing to the efficient release and uptake of nitrogen from the plants. The variations between the examined fertilizers may be due to smoother, more stable N-nutrition and greater rates of photosynthesis. Nitrogen Use Efficiency was the same independently fertilization type, reinforcing the hypothesis that Agrotain fertilizers can lead to less N-losses, which is confirmed from the higher Agrotain recovery fraction. Therefore, the application of urease inhibitor fertilizers may decrease N-application and N-losses and it is advisable to introduce them to nutrition situations.     

Influence of Potassium Rates and Sources on Seed Cotton Yield and Yield Components of Some Elite Cotton Cultivars

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan, Pakistan on Miani soil series, silt loam soil (Calcaric, Cambisols and fine silty, mixed Hyperthermic Fluventic Haplocambids) to assess the response of four cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars to potassium (K) fertilization. The treatments consisted of four cotton cultivars (CIM-448, CIM-1100, NIAB-Karishma, S-12), four potassium rates (0, 62.5, 125, 250 kg K ha^?1), and two sources of potassium fertilizer [muriate of potash (KCl) and sulphate of potash (K₂SO₄)]. The cotton cultivars differed significantly in response to various potassium fertilizer levels and its sources with respect to seed cotton yield and its components. The highest yield was obtained with the application of 250-kg K ha^?1, however, it was economical to add 125 kg K ha^?1. Seed cotton yield of cv. CIM-448 was considerably greater than that of the other cultivars in K-unfertilized treatments, which was related to cultivar differences in K uptake efficiency in utilizing native potassium nutrient. Potassium added as muriate of potash caused a significant depression in seed cotton yield than that of sulphate of potash. The increase in yield seemed to have resulted largely from the higher K concentration of leaf tissues at bloom stage and available soil-K because of potassium application. A significant relationship between the yield and number of bolls per plant (r = 0.92**) and boll weight (r = 0.85**) indicated that these two growth attributes were responsible for enhancing the quantum of final harvest of seed cotton.     

Glyphosate-tolerant cotton in Australia: successes and failures

ABSTRACT

Cotton is an important cash crop grown on 2.5% of the world’s arable land in over 100 countries, and has a 31% share of the world’s fibre market. In Australia, cotton is also a leading crop and contributes around AUD $3 billion to the total agricultural production. Weeds are a major biotic constraint resulting in yield losses of up to 90% and revenue losses of around AUD $100 billion globally and $4 billion to Australian agriculture. Genetically-modified (GM) crops have refashioned the weed management with more dependency on glyphosate. Such overreliance has led to the evolution of 43 glyphosate-resistant (GR) weed populations globally, with 16 species reported from Australia. Such GR weeds along with volunteer glyphosate-tolerant (GT) plants are now decreasing the value of the GM crops and forcing growers to spend more time and effort, and investment in their management. Weed management strategies need to be diversified and integrated with non-chemical methods and alternative herbicides not only to achieve efficient control, but to reduce the rate of evolution of GR weeds. In future, research is needed to improve integrated weed management through development and use of competitive and multiple herbicide-tolerant (HT) crops, organic herbicides, bio-herbicides, RNAi technology and robotics.     

Boron Nutrition Studies with Cotton and Sunflower in Southern Turkey

Wide variations in boron (B) contents are typical of Turkish soils and plants, and most of the variation, 84% of the plant-soil B values are within the “normal.” Boron application on low B soils can make a contribution to yield in cotton and sunflower crops. Field experiments were carried out on clayey and medium-textured soils, which are Chromoxererts, Haploxererts, Xerochrepts, and Xerofluvents in Southern Turkey to study the effects of boron fertilization on irrigated cotton and rainfed sunflower growth, yield, and yield components. Four levels of boron—0, 1, 2, and 3 kg ha^?1—were applied at planting and the experimental design was completely randomized block design with four replications. There was a 31% and 31.9% increase in seedcotton yield at 3 kg and 2 kg ha^?1 of B, compared to the control only two out of four sites. There was an average increase of 61.4% in boll weight with 2 kg B ha^?1 application compared to the control. Effect of different application rates of B was not significant for fiber length, fiber strength, and fiber length uniformity. All levels of boron produced higher head diameters over control only one out of four sites. Boron applied at the level of 3 kg ha^?1 produced the highest 1000 seed weight of 47.5 g representing an 18% increase over the control. Boron applied at the level of 1 kg ha^?1 produced the highest seed yield, representing a 25% increase over the control only at one out of four sites. Boron was no value as a fertilizer for sunflower under given experimental conditions even though some uptake of boron was occurred. Boron fertilization may be regarded as effective in improving cotton yields.     

适宜膜下滴灌频次提高北疆机采棉光合能力及产量

在北疆大田条件下,以机采棉品种新陆早57号为供试材料,研究不同灌水分配对机采棉光合特性和产量形成的影响。试验设滴灌定额为4 500 m~3/hm~2,3个灌水分配次数分别为10次(D10)、8次(D8)、6次(D6)。结果表明:D6处理头水时间推迟,由非气孔限制因素导致净光合速率的下降,胁迫程度较高,最大光化学效率、光化学猝灭系数、光化学量子产量显著低于其他处理(P0.05),非光化学淬灭系数明显增加,同时恢复能力较差,地上部分生物量积累受限。盛蕾后充分供水但并没有较高的补偿强度,且蒸腾速率较高,叶片水分利用效率降低。由于D10处理花铃期灌量分配不合理,净光合速率的下降主要受气孔限制因素影响,棉株受到轻度胁迫,吐絮期的灌水有效提高了其光化学猝灭系数,与D6处理差异显著。降低了非光化学淬灭系数,延长了叶片光合功能期,生物量积累偏向营养生长,使其营养器官显著高于其他处理,但生殖器官差异不显著(P0.05),不利于产量的形成。而D8处理在整个生育期保证了高效的光合生产能力,明显提高了光合物质向生殖器官运移的比例,比D10、D6处理高出21.1%、23.5%,叶片水分利用效率表现最优,且产量与D10差异不显著,但比D6处理显著高647.4 kg/hm~2(P0.05)。因此在滴灌定额为4 500 m~3/hm~2的条件下,配合D8处理的灌水分配方式,有利于提高叶片光合能力,促进光合物质优先向生殖器官分配,从而获得高产。由此可见,盛蕾前灌头水且增加盛花期后灌溉定额,同时减少吐絮期水分供应,可有效提高叶片光合生产能力,促进光合物质优先向生殖器官运移,实现机采棉节水高产高效。     

钾肥用量和施用时期对棉花产量品质和棉田钾素平衡的影响

【目的】研究钾肥用量和施用时期对棉花产量、 纤维品质、 钾肥利用率和棉田钾素平衡的影响,确定钾肥正确的用量和合适的施用时期,可为棉花主产区科学施肥提供依据。【方法】连续2年在山东平原县、 河北威县、 新疆昌吉市进行田间试验。钾肥用量试验山东设K2O 0、 30、 60、 120、 180、 240 kg/hm2,河北设K2O 0、 37.5、 75、 150、 225、 300 kg/hm2,新疆设K2O 0、 18.75、 37.5、 75、 112.5、 150 kg/hm2。钾肥施用时期试验3地点均设不施钾 (CK)、 钾肥100%基施、 钾肥50%基施+50%花期追施、 钾肥50%蕾期+50%铃期追施、 钾肥50%蕾期+50%吐絮期追施、 钾肥50%花期+50%吐絮期追施。【结果】山东、 河北、 新疆试验点上棉花开花期后累积的钾占整个生育期钾素累积量的54%~62%、 70%~73%、 49%~67%。施用钾肥增加皮棉产量和收益,钾肥用量对棉花产量的影响2013年比2012年明显,三个地点钾肥用量对产量的影响新疆山东河北,其最高产量施钾量分别为142、 240、 174 kg/hm2,经济最佳施钾量分别为136、 212、 150 kg/hm2。钾肥不同用量除影响某些纤维指标外,对品质的影响没有显著差异。秸秆不还田时,山东和河北试验点钾肥用量180 kg/hm2 和150 kg/hm2时可以维持棉田钾素平衡,而在新疆所有钾肥用量下棉田钾素都是负平衡。河北和新疆50%钾肥蕾期+50%钾肥铃期追施、 山东50%钾肥基施+50%钾肥开花期追施的皮棉产量、 钾肥的农学效率和施钾经济效益高于其他施用时期。钾肥施用时期影响纤维长度、 断裂比强度或纤维伸长率,但因地点和试验年份而不同。施钾时期对纤维整齐度和马克隆值没有显著影响。【结论】钾肥用量对棉花纤维品质没有显著影响,主要影响棉花产量和经济效益。山东试验点钾肥的适宜用量为K2O 180~240 kg/hm2,最佳施用时期为钾肥50%基施+50%开花期追施; 河北试验点钾肥的适宜用量为K2O 150~180 kg/hm2,最佳施用时期为钾肥50%蕾期+50%铃期追施; 新疆试验点钾肥的适宜用量为K2O 112.5~150 kg/hm2,最佳施用时期为钾肥50%蕾期+50%铃期追施。