NaOH处理对玉米秸秆纤维、粗蛋白和可溶性糖含量的影响

为了研究不同水平NaOH处理对玉米秸秆纤维、粗蛋白和可溶性糖含量的影响,试验按照玉米秸秆风干重的0、2%、3%、4%的量添加NaOH作为4个处理,即对照组、1组、2组、3组,并且处理后的玉米秸秆水分均为45%。室温下处理48h后,对各组试样进行感官评定和营养成分分析,测定秸秆的中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗蛋白和可溶性糖含量。结果表明:随着NaOH添加水平的提高,玉米秸秆中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量呈逐渐降低的趋势,添加4%NaOH组达到显著水平(P0.05);各处理组的粗蛋白含量无显著差异(P0.05);可溶性糖含量呈逐渐升高的趋势,各处理组与对照组之间差异显著(P0.05)。说明4%NaOH处理具有降低玉米秸秆的纤维成分含量,提高可溶性糖含量的效果。     

不同养分配比对侧耳菌降解玉米秸秆的研究及营养价值评定

试验旨在研究不同养分配比对侧耳菌降解玉米秸秆的影响,并用体外法进行营养价值评定。试验采用单因素设计,将玉米秸秆分成3个处理组,麦麸的添加量分别为3%、8%、13%,每组设3个重复。接种量为5%,试验期为30d。试验结果表明:①3个处理组中玉米秸秆NDF含量均呈下降趋势,分别下降15.07%、9.44%和7.18%;20d时处理1与处理2、处理3差异极显著(P<0.01),处理2与处理3差异不显著(P>0.05);25～30d处理1与处理2、处理3差异极显著(P<0.01),处理2与处理3差异显著(P<0.05)。②3个处理组中体外DM降解率均呈上升趋势,处理2与处理3均在20d时达到峰值,差异不显著(P>0.05),分别比未处理前提高54.15%、54.34%。③综上所述,玉米秸秆经侧耳菌降解后可作为优质的粗饲料,选择麦麸8%添加量,20d时利用率最高,利于大规模生产,节省成本。     

饲用复合菌剂对玉米秸秆青贮品质的影响

本试验旨在研究添加复合菌剂对青贮玉米秸秆感官品质和营养物质动态变化的影响。试验以玉米秸秆为原料,设置对照组和3个试验组,3个试验组均按照原料的干物质重量添加3%乳酸菌液、2%酵母菌液和3%黑曲霉菌液,另分别添加3%、2%和1%芽孢杆菌液,对照组添加等体积蒸馏水。试验在不同发酵时间(0、3、7、14、21、28、42、60 d)动态取样,测定玉米秸秆中乳酸菌、酵母菌和pH随时间的变化规律,同时进行营养物质差异性分析。结果表明:试验组青贮60 d后感官评价优于对照组,添加复合菌剂可增加青贮玉米秸秆的乳酸和粗蛋白质含量(P<0.05),降低酸性洗涤纤维含量(P<0.05);各试验组乙酸、总酸含量与对照组相比有增加趋势;0～3 d各组pH下降显著,7 d后pH基本保持稳定,小于3.8,试验组和对照组的乳酸菌和酵母菌活菌数3 d时达到峰值,此后随着pH降低酵母菌和乳酸菌数量逐渐下降。添加复合菌可以改善玉米秸秆青贮饲料发酵品质,有利于青贮玉米秸秆的长期保存。     

复合乳酸菌制剂对玉米秸秆青贮饲料品质的影响

为研究乳酸菌制剂对玉米秸秆青贮品质的影响,试验共设4个处理组,试验Ⅰ组为玉米秸秆+10 g/t复合乳酸菌制剂;试验Ⅱ组为玉米秸秆+20 g/t复合乳酸菌制剂;试验Ⅲ组为玉米秸秆+40 g/t复合乳酸菌制剂;对照组为玉米秸秆.结果表明:试验Ⅱ组粗蛋白质含量显著高于对照组,而中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量均低于对照组(P>0.05).试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组pH都显著低于对照组,而乳酸含量均显著高于对照组.与其他组相比,试验Ⅱ组氨态氮和丁酸含量最低,但差异不显著.综合认为,添加复合乳酸菌制剂可改善玉米秸秆青贮品质,并以20 g/t添加水平效果最好.     

紫花苜蓿与玉米秸秆混贮对延边黄牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响

试验选用4头延边黄牛为试验动物提供瘤胃液,以紫花苜蓿与玉米秸秆为试验材料,将紫花苜蓿切割成1~2 cm和3~4 cm两种规格,玉米秸秆长度2 cm按照15%、25%、35%的比例与紫花苜蓿进行混贮后分成8组进行体外发酵试验。通过对延边黄牛瘤胃体外发酵各项指标的测定,探讨紫花苜蓿与玉米秸秆混贮后对改善延边黄牛瘤胃发酵的紫花苜蓿最适切割长度及玉米秸秆最佳添加量,为其开发利用提供了数据支持。结果表明:各试验组的pH值在正常范围内变化并且可以满足瘤胃微生物的正常代谢,1~2 cm紫花苜蓿处理组的72 h累计产气量、NH3-N含量、干物质消化率、TV-FA均略高于3~4 cm紫花苜蓿处理组,并且15%、25%玉米秸秆添加组表现更为优势,但各试验组乙酸/丙酸比值并无显著差异。综上所述,1~2 cm紫花苜蓿处理组的瘤胃发酵效果较好,其中的15%、25%玉米秸秆添加组更有利于优化瘤胃发酵环境,提高饲料的利用率。     

体外产气法评定复合化学处理玉米秸和油菜杆的调制效果

试验用尿素-氧化钙-氯化钠复合处理玉米秸和油菜杆,测定其营养成分含量的变化,并利用体外产气法进行了复合化学处理玉米秸和油菜杆的降解率测定.试验中氧化钙按秸秆风干重的2％、3％和4％添加,尿素按秸秆风干重的4％添加,氯化钠按秸秆风干重的1％添加.结果表明：与原料组相比,复合化学处理各组可显著提高秸秆中CP和Ash含量（P＜0.05）,并显著降低NDF、ADF含量（P＜0.05）.复合化学处理组的玉米秸和油菜杆干物质降解率（DMD）和有机物降解率（OMD）均显著高于原料组（P＜0.05）.综合分析试验结果说明：在该试验条件下,3％氧化钙＋4％尿素＋1％氯化钠是玉米秸复合化学处理的最佳添加量;4％氧化钙＋4％尿素＋1％氯化钠是油菜杆复合化学处理的最佳添加量.     

微生物接种剂和酶制剂对玉米秸秆发酵品质的影响

通过对比研究的方法,在25℃室温玉米秸秆厌氧发酵时添加了复合产乳酸菌、酶制剂及益生菌,以评价其单独或联合应用对玉米秸秆发酵品质的影响.玉米秸秆调制试验分为一个对照,甲酸、复合产乳酸菌、纤维素酶、固体发酵剂、液体发酵剂等5个处理组.除甲酸处理组外,其余4个处理组又分为2个添加水平.试验结果表明单独添加纤维素酶或复合产乳酸菌对玉米秸秆pH值无明显影响(P＞0.05),但使得其发酵质量较对照组有所改善,纤维素酶组在整个发酵期,复合产乳酸菌组(高剂量)在20 d、40 d时乳酸含量明显高于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);固体发酵剂、液体发酵剂在整个发酵期显著降低了pH值、NH3-N及丁酸含量(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),大大增加了乳酸含量(P＜0.01),全面改善了玉米秸秆发酵品质.     

应用白腐真菌发酵曲种发酵玉米秸秆的研究

本试验研究了4种配方生产的白腐真菌曲种对奶牛常用粗饲料玉米秸秆的发酵效果,旨在筛选出以玉米秸秆为主料生产白腐真菌曲种的最佳配方,从而为奶牛等反刍动物提供优质的粗饲料。试验菌种培养基分成4个处理组,主料为74%的粉碎玉米秸秆与1%石灰,加入不同配比的玉米粉和麦麸(比例分别为处理Ⅰ20%、5%,处理Ⅱ15%、10%,处理Ⅲ10%、15%和处理Ⅳ5%、20%),用生产好的白腐真菌曲种进行发酵玉米秸秆试验。试验结果表明:处理30d,各处理组曲种均能发酵玉米秸秆,提高粗蛋白(CP)含量,降低中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量。白腐真菌曲种对发酵玉米秸秆CP含量有极显著影响(P0.01),对NDF含量影响显著(P0.05)。74%的粉碎玉米秸秆和1%的石灰添加5%的玉米粉、20%的麦麸配合生产的白腐真菌曲种对玉米秸秆的发酵效果最好,更适宜作为生产白腐真菌菌种的配方。     

全日粮复合秸秆饲料最佳成型工艺参数模糊综合评判

为了从众多饲料加工方案中选出一条最佳成型工艺参数,试验对成型率、容重、抗碎性和含水率等影响饲料成型效果的指标和粗饲料粉碎电费、压块电费 、原料成本及其他费用等构成饲料成本的指标采用模糊数学进行多层次模糊综合评判.结果表明:在采用的27个加工方案中,第24个方案最好,即复合秸秆饲料水分含量为24%;粒度为苜蓿干草铡短,长度为2～4 cm,用量占粗饲料用量的一半;玉米秸秆同时等量分别铡短和揉丝,铡短长度为2～4 cm,揉碎玉米秸秆长和宽分别为8～12 cm和0.2～0.3 cm;膨润土添加量为3%;饲料中苜蓿干草: 玉米秸秆为36: 24.     

不同处理对玉米秸秆青贮饲料中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维消失率的影响

为研究纤维素酶、乳酸菌、尿素对玉米秸秆青贮饲料营养价值的影响,分别设乳酸菌处理组、纤维素酶处理组、纤维素酶和乳酸菌共同处理组、尿素氨化处理组及对照组进行玉米秸秆青贮饲料的发酵试验。结果表明,纤维素酶和乳酸菌共同添加、尿素的添加,能提高秸秆青贮饲料纤维消失率,进而提高营养价值。     

不同水平尿素、氢氧化钙对玉米秸纤维含量的影响

为探讨不同水平尿素、氢氧化钙对玉米秸纤维含量的影响,本试验将尿素和氢氧化钙均按玉米秸风干重0%、2%、3%和4%的量分别添加,共16组,其中原玉米秸组为对照组,通过测定各组玉米秸的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量来确定尿素和氢氧化钙最适宜的添加水平。结果表明,试验组在中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量上均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),大部分试验组间也存在极显著或显著的差异(P<0.01或P<0.05)。在本试验设计条件下,尿素和氢氧化钙处理玉米秸时最适宜的添加水平分别为玉米秸风干重的4%和2%。     

补氮碱化处理提高小麦秸营养价值的研究

通过化学成分分析、体外消化率测定,研究了单纯尿素处理、2%尿素与氢氧化钙复合处理对小麦秸营养价值的影响。结果表明,秸秆中氮保留率除受尿素剂量影响外,也直接受氢氧化钙剂量的影响(P<0.01),氢氧化钙剂量大于6%时,氮保留率可达到98%。2%尿素和氢氧化钙复合处理,氢氧化钙为4%时,提高营养价值效果与单纯6%尿素处理相当;氢氧化钙为6%时,效果与4%NaOH处理相当。     

氢氧化钙与2%尿素复合处理提高小麦秸营养价值的研究

通过化学成分分析、活体外消化率测定和绵羊饲养试验,研究了2%尿素与氢氧化钙复合处理对小麦秸营养价值的影响。结果表明:氢氧化钙大于6%时,氮保留率可达到98%;氢氧化钙为6%时,提高营养价值效果与4%NaOH处理相当;氢氧化钙为4%时,效果与单纯6%尿素处理相当。羊的饲养试验结果显示,2%尿素和6%氢氧化钙复合处理小麦秸效果最好。     

Improving the quality of rice straw by urea and calcium hydroxide on rumen ecology,microbial protein synthesis in beef cattle

Four rumen‐fistulated beef cattle were randomly assigned to four treatments according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design to study the influence of urea and calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂] treatment of rice straw to improve the nutritive value of rice straw. Four dietary treatments were as follows: untreated rice straw, 50 g/kg urea‐treated rice straw, 20 g/kg urea + 20 g/kg calcium hydroxide‐treated rice straw and 30 g/kg urea + 20 g/kg calcium hydroxide‐treated rice straw. All animals were kept in individual pens and fed with concentrate at 0.5 g/kg of BW (DM), rice straw was fed ad libitum. The experiment was conducted for four periods, and each period lasted for 21 days. During the first 14 days, DM feed intake measurements were made while during the last 7 days, all cattle were moved to metabolism crates for total faeces and urine collections. The results revealed that 20 g/kg urea + 20 g/kg calcium hydroxide‐treated rice straw improved the nutritive value of rice straw, in terms of dry matter intake, digestibility, ruminal volatile fatty acids, population of bacteria and fungi, nitrogen retention and microbial protein synthesis. Based on this study, it could be concluded that using urea plus calcium hydroxide was one alternative method to improve the nutritive value of rice straw, rumen ecology and fermentation and thus a reduction of treatment cost.     

Effects of treating rice straw with urea or urea and calcium hydroxide upon intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk yield of dairy cows

Three, multiparous Holstein crossbred dairy cows with initial body weight of 385 ± 19 kg were randomly allocated to 3 treatments of rice straw (T1 = untreated rice straw; T2 = 5.5% urea-treated rice straw (5 g urea in 100 ml water to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw); T3 = 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw (2.0 g urea and 2.0 g Ca(OH)₂ in 100 ml to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw) according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Each period lasted for 21 days in which feed, feces and rumen fluid were collected during the last 7 days for chemical analyses. The findings revealed significant improvements in dry matter intake and digestibility by using 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw. Ruminal pH and NH₃-N were found higher (P < 0.05) as compared with urea-treated rice straw fed group, while blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were in normal ranges. Volatile fatty acid concentrations especially those of acetic acid were decreased (P < 0.05) and those of propionic acid were increased (P < 0.05), thus acetic acid:propionic acid was subsequently lowered (P < 0.05) in cows fed with 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, respectively. Moreover, ruminal viable and cellulolytic bacterial counts were enhanced by urea and calcium hydroxide treatments. Milk protein and fat concentrations were additionally increased by respective treatments while 3.5% fat-corrected milk was highest; ranking from 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and urea-treated rice straw fed groups. Based on this study, implications could be made that using 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw for straw treatment could be an alternative treatment to 5.5% urea treatment with regards to its effectiveness and treatment cost for lactating dairy cows.     

泌阳县肉牛常用饲料原料营养成分检测分析

[目的]分析夏南牛主产区主要饲料原料营养成分,为草食动物饲养提供参考数据。[方法]采集了全株玉米青贮、花生秧、麦秸、玉米秸秆黄贮、稻草、酒糟、干玉米秸秆7个粗饲料样品及玉米、麸皮2个精饲料共28个样品,委托郑州奥瑞森生物科技有限公司,采取概略养分分析法,进行了主要营养成分的分析检测。[结果]结果表明,全株玉米青贮、花生秧、麦秸、玉米秸秆黄贮4种主要粗饲料的干物质、粗蛋白、粗灰分、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、钙、磷平均含量分别为:27.49%,8.22%,6.55%,54.05%,36.23%,0.35%,0.38%;89.24%,8.36%,12.11%,61.87%,56.35%,1.38%,0.33%;92.13%,3.49%,8.41%,78.98%,55.89%,0.30%,0.13%;31.87%,7.44%,6.85%,55.70%,35.95%,0.38%,0.30%。[结论]全株玉米青贮的综合营养价值最高,其次是玉米黄贮,第三是花生秧,麦秸粗蛋白含量最低。花生秧和麦秸钙磷比例不平衡,比例分别达到4.18∶1和2.31∶1。在肉牛饲养中,不提倡单一粗饲料饲喂,为实现营养均衡,建议2种或2种以上粗饲料合理塔配饲喂。     

Performance of sheep offered ammonia, or urea-calcium hydroxide treated rice straw as an only feed

The effect of ammonia (AS) and urea‐calcium hydroxide (US) treated rice straw as a sole diet on the voluntary intake, digestibility of feed components, nitrogen retention, rumen parameters and microbial nitrogen yield of Suffolk ewes, were compared in a double 2 × 2 latin square design. The digestibility of feed components was not differed in sheep offered either AS or US. Dry matter intake was higher in AS (28 g/kg BW^0.75) than US (22 g/kg BW^0.75). Although there was high nitrogen intake in sheep given AS diet, this did not result in higher nitrogen retention compared with US diet. No difference was observed in purine derivatives or microbial nitrogen supply between the two groups. The rumen ammonia‐N of sheep offered AS or US exhibited a similar trend in diurnal change with the peak at 1.5–2.5 h after feeding and decline gradually thereafter. However, volatile fatty acid production peaked at approximately 8 h after evening feed and then steadily declined. AS and US diets led sheep to lose weight. In conclusion, urea‐calcium hydroxide treated straw can be used for sheep as an alternative to ammonia treated straw. Without supplementation, ammonia or urea‐calcium hydroxide treated straw was not sufficient even for the maintenance of sheep.     

缓释氢氧化钙和缓释盐酸对家兔营养物质消化吸收的影响

本试验选用体重为(2.0±0.5)kg的家兔为试验动物,分别采用缓释氢氧化钙和缓释盐酸调节家兔的消化吸收,测定其对营养物质消化吸收的影响。结果表明:缓释氢氧化钙能促进营养物质特别是钙和粗蛋白质的消化吸收,其消化率分别从41.0%和65.2%增加到89.8%和93.8%;缓释盐酸对营养物质特别是钙和粗蛋白质的消化吸收不利,其消化率分别从55.5%和84.9%下降为28.4%和68.7%;此外,缓释氢氧化钙的促进消化吸收效果可维持3~4 d。由此可知,缓释氢氧化钙对钙以及蛋白质的消化吸收具有促进作用,而脂肪的消化吸收无论状态如何都具有良好的效果,因此增加脂肪的摄入容易产生营养过剩。然而,服用缓释盐酸会降低营养物质的消化吸收效果。     

微贮秸秆与秸秆育肥羊只的比较试验

秸秆微贮后 ,秸秆发生了质的变化 ,这一变化 ,提高了饲草利用价值和适口性 ,加快了羊只增重。试验将秸秆微贮技术引入景泰 ,通过微贮秸秆和未微贮秸秆育肥羊只进行对比 ,结果表明 ,在 6 0 d育肥期内 ,秸秆微贮料育肥羊平均日增重 4 4 .8g,对照组日增重 7.1g,提高 5.3倍     

微贮秸秆与秸秆育肥羊只的比较试验

秸秆微贮后,秸秆发生了质的变化,这一变化,提高了饲草利用价值和适口性,加快了羊只增重.试验将秸秆微贮技术引入景泰,通过微贮秸秆和未微贮秸秆育肥羊只进行对比,结果表明,在60d育肥期内,秸秆微贮料育肥羊平均日增重44.8g,对照组日增重7.1g,提高5.3倍.