施氮对半湿润农田夏玉米冠层氮素及叶绿素相对值(SPAD值)垂直分布的影响

以半湿润地区土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤,采用田问试验,研究了不同施氮水平下夏玉米(Zea maysL.)拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期3个生育期冠层叶片氮素、叶绿素相对值(SPAt)值)的垂直分布规律及其差异;同时对各层叶片含氮量、SPAR值与施氮量进行相关分析.结果表明,在各生育期不同叶层叶片含氮量按上、中、下层顺序呈明显递减规律,从全生育期不同施氮处理看,上层比中层增加6.64%,中层比下层增加5.18%.随施氮量增加,中上层叶片含氮量差异增大,中下层叶片含氮量差异减小.冠层内叶片SPAD值垂直分布规律与叶片含氮量分布规律相类似.相关分析表明,全生育期各层叶片SPAD值与叶片含氮量呈极显著线性正相关关系(R=0.503**).进一步分析发现,各层叶片SPAD值,叶片含氮量与施氮量的相关性以上层叶关系最为密切,揭示了夏玉米氮素营养诊断的较好叶片是上层叶位.     

小麦叶片SPAD空间分布及其与氮素营养状况的关系

利用2个小麦品种在3个施氮水平下的田间试验数据,研究了小麦叶片氮素状况和SPAD（Soil and Plant Analyzer Development）值随叶位的空间分布特征,并对不同叶位叶片的氮素状况、SPAD值之间及其与叶片平均氮素状况之间的相关性进行分析。结果表明,随施氮量的增加,顶1叶、顶2叶、顶3叶、顶4叶的氮含量和氮积累量都呈增加趋势,并且基本呈顶1〉顶2〉顶3〉顶4的顺序;各叶位SPAD值呈两段式变化规律,开花前顶2叶SPAD值最大,开花后呈顶1〉顶2〉顶3〉顶4的趋势。顶3叶与顶2叶的SPAD值分别与叶片平均氮含量和氮积累量的相关关系最密切。     

考虑植株氮垂直分布的夏玉米营养诊断敏感位点筛选

探明夏玉米氮素营养生化指标(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、叶片氮含量和叶片氮积累量)与叶片SPAD值垂直分布特征及两者间定量回归关系,确立基于叶绿素仪的夏玉米氮营养无损诊断敏感叶位和叶片部位,以实现氮营养时空变化的快捷和精准监测。利用2018-2019年连续2季不同氮营养水平下夏玉米关键生育期主茎各叶位(顶1叶~顶12叶,TL1~TL12)和叶片部位(每张叶片从叶片基部开始根据叶片长度每20%分为1个测试区间) SPAD值及氮营养指标数据,研究基于偏最小二乘(partial least square, PLS)回归模型的夏玉米不同位点SPAD值与氮营养指标间关系,确定可稳定指示夏玉米氮营养空间异质性变化的敏感叶位及叶片部位。结果表明,不同叶位间夏玉米叶片SPAD值和氮营养指标于植株间分布均呈典型的"钟型"特征,至TL5或TL6时达至峰值。同一叶位不同部位间SPAD值由20%至100%位点时则逐步升高,且80%~100%位点间无显著差异(P>0.05)。PLS分析结果显示,夏玉米不同叶位SPAD值与氮营养指标间模型精度决定系数(coefficient of determination, R2)和相对分析误差(relative percent deviation,RPD)范围分别为0.693~0.821和1.425~2.744。不同测试位点R2和RPD值范围则分别为0.660~0.847和1.607~2.451,满足模型精确诊断需求。此后,基于PLS模型中各叶位和叶片部位无量纲评价指标变量重要性投影值(variable importance for projection,VIP),确定顶4叶(TL4)完展叶60%~80%区间为夏玉米氮营养诊断的敏感区域,VIP值均高于临界值1.40,预测效果较为理想。研究可为实现氮营养的高效、快捷诊断和精准施氮提供参考。     

基于SPAD的西瓜氮素营养诊断与推荐施肥技术研究

为解决西瓜生产中存在盲目或过量氮肥施用导致的果实品质下降和氮素利用率低下等突出问题,开展了基于叶绿素仪测定值(SPAD值)的西瓜全生育期氮素营养诊断与推荐施肥技术研究,以期为利用SPAD仪建立田间西瓜氮素营养实时诊断技术、开发西瓜精准氮素养分管理模式提供理论依据。试验于2020—2021年在甘肃河西灌区的张掖市以‘金城5号’西瓜为材料,设置了0、80、160、240、320、400 kg/hm² 6个氮肥水平,通过研究不同施氮水平下西瓜关键生育时期不同叶位及叶片不同位置上的SPAD值、叶绿素含量、全氮含量的变化特征及其与西瓜产量、品质指标的相互关系,建立基于SPAD值进行西瓜氮素营养诊断与推荐施肥的实时氮肥管理(RTNM)模式,并开展RTNM模式的生产性验证。西瓜苗期顶一叶叶尖、伸蔓期顶三叶叶中、膨果期功能叶叶中位置SPAD值与叶片叶绿素、全氮含量相关性最佳,且变异系数小,是较为理想的指示叶或参照叶;通过指示叶SPAD值与西瓜产量、品质指标及施氮量的回归分析,获得西瓜产量超过60000 kg/hm²的SPAD阈值范围为苗期49.1～51.0、...     

膜下滴灌棉花氮素推荐施肥模型的研究

研究应用叶绿素仪（SPAD-502）在膜下滴灌条件下的棉花氮肥推荐。试验于2006年在石河子乌兰乌苏农业气象实验站进行,以新陆早24为材料。结果表明,不同叶位的叶片含氮量、SPAD值及叶片不同部位的SPAD值存在明显差异,SPAD值与叶绿素含量、叶片含氮量、单株吸氮量等均有较好的相关性;倒四叶的叶尖部位适合作为测试部位。盛蕾期、花期、盛花期和铃期倒四叶SPAD值与施氮量之间呈极显著线性相关;各生育期SPAD值与产量也具极显著相关。滴灌条件下最高籽棉产量为4686.5 kg/hm2,对应的施肥量为293.1 kg/hm2;最大利润（经济最佳）施肥量为207.33 kg/hm2,对应的最佳产量为4565.9 kg/hm2。各生育期SPAD的临界值分别为60.5、60.0、60.8和59.1。盛蕾期、花期、盛花期和铃期SPAD值每变动一格推荐施肥量分别为10.81、8.46、13.42和6.29 kg/hm2。     

硝酸盐反射仪和SPAD法对玉米氮素营养诊断的比较

精准的营养诊断是了解作物氮素营养及推荐施肥的基础。本文在田间滴灌条件下利用SPAD叶绿素仪(SPAD-502 Plus)和硝酸盐反射仪(RQ flex10)两种诊断方法对玉米关键生育时期的氮素营养诊断进行研究,旨在筛选出适宜的诊断方法,并依据诊断值建立滴灌玉米不同生育时期的施肥模型。试验设置0 kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N0)、225 kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N225)、330 kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N330)、435 kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N435)和540 kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N540)5个施氮水平,在不同生育时期测定了玉米叶片SPAD值和叶鞘NO_3~-含量,并分别与施氮量、植株全氮含量、产量进行方程拟合,比较两种诊断方法对玉米氮素营养的响应。研究结果表明:1)玉米叶片SPAD值和叶鞘NO_3~-含量均随施氮量的增加而显著升高,且在拔节期对施氮量的响应最敏感。叶鞘NO_3~-含量对施氮量变化的响应较SPAD值大,其与施氮量及玉米产量的拟合度均高于SPAD值,说明硝酸盐反射仪法对滴灌玉米氮素丰缺的反应更灵敏。2)玉米全氮含量与叶片SPAD值呈显著线性关系,而与叶鞘NO_3~-含量则以线性加平台表示。当叶鞘NO_3~-含量小于186 mg·L~(-1)时,植株全氮与NO_3~-间呈显著线性相关;当叶鞘NO_3~-含量大于186 mg·L~(-1)时,植株全氮随NO_3~-含量增加趋于不变。3)本农作区滴灌玉米最佳经济施氮量为402.5 kg·hm~(-2),对应的玉米产量为17 049 kg·hm~(-2)。玉米拔节期、抽雄吐丝期和灌浆期的临界叶鞘NO_3~-含量分别为729.3 mg·L~(-1)、536 mg·L~(-1)和81.2 mg·L~(-1)。SPAD叶绿素仪和硝酸盐反射仪均可对滴灌玉米进行氮素营养诊断,但硝酸盐速测值能更敏感地反映氮素丰缺状况,基于硝酸盐反射法进行作物氮素营养诊断及推荐施肥具有较好的准确性与适用性。     

主要粮食作物基于SPAD的氮素营养诊断方法研究进展

基于叶绿素计测定的SPAD值与植物叶片叶绿素和氮浓度的关系,详细综述了用叶绿素计在玉米、小麦、水稻以及其他作物上进行氮素营养诊断的研究进展.第一,"相对SPAD值"、"氮饱和指数"或"归一化SPAD"等指标能够消除或减小品种、生育期及区域年际间的误差;第二,不同生育期应选择理想指示叶作为诊断目标;第三,不同叶位间的SP...     

基于叶片SPAD 值的微型盆栽月季氮素营养诊断研究

氮素是微型盆栽月季生长发育的必需元素,实时监测植株生长过程中氮素的变化,精准估测氮素含量尤为重要。设置4个施氮水平(包含高氮处理),分析施氮量对微型盆栽月季生长发育的影响,测定不同施氮水平下4种微型盆栽月季在不同生长时期、不同叶片层位的SPAD值,利用线性及非线性回归分析等方法,构建基于叶片SPAD值的单一品种和混合品种叶片氮含量估测模型,并对此模型进行检验和通用性评价,利用SPAD氮饱和指数评估临界氮含量。结果显示,4个不同微型月季品种在整个生长发育时期的营养生长趋势相似,且在不同施氮水平下性状指标具有差异。随着施氮量的增加,叶片氮含量和叶片SPAD值均呈先上升后平稳的趋势。叶片SPAD值与叶片氮含量之间存在显著相关性,且不同层位的叶片SPAD值与叶片氮含量的相关性存在差异。多品种混合构建的综合模型在通用性上优于单一品种模型,S1和S2时期的下层叶片、S3和S4时期的上层叶片SPAD值与叶片氮含量回归决定系数较高,构建的模型分别为y=0.0009x²+0.6115x+0.8047、y=0.002x²+0.7118x+2.3382、y=0.1...     

应用数字图像技术进行水稻氮素营养诊断

【目的】研究田间试验条件下水稻不同生育期冠层图像色彩参数(G、NRI、NGI、NBI、G/R和G/B)及植株氮素营养指标(叶片含氮量、植株全氮含量、生物量、氮素累积量和冠层NDVI值)的时空变化特征,并分析两者间的相关性,确立水稻氮素营养诊断的最佳色彩参数和方程模型,为探明数码相机在水稻上的适宜性及精确诊断水稻氮素营养状况提供理论基础。【方法】于2013年5月9月在湖北省武汉市华中农业大学试验基地(30°28'08'N,114°21'36'E)采用不同施氮处理的田间试验,以籼型两系杂交稻"两优6326"为供试作物,设置4个施氮水平:0、75、150和225 kg/hm2(分别以N0、N75、150和N225表示),3次重复,随机区组排列。分别在水稻分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期采用数码相机(Nikon-D700,1200万像素)获取水稻冠层图像,应用Adobe photoshop7.0软件直方图程序提取图像的红光值R、绿光值G和蓝光值B,研究数码相机进行水稻氮素营养诊断色彩参数,确定植株氮素营养指标诊断模型。【结果】较对照(N0)相比,分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期3个施氮处理水稻地上部生物量、叶片含氮量、植株全氮含量、氮素累积量、冠层NDVI值和成熟期产量增幅分别平均为40.7%98.0%、42.4%72.4%、36.2%85.3%、125.5%209.1%、51.3%60.6%和60.1%117.0%,差异显著。水稻不同生育期各冠层数字化指标G、NRI、NGI、NBI、G/R和G/B与上述氮素营养参数相关性差异较大,且以数字图像红光标准化值NRI表现最佳,建议作为应用数码相机进行水稻氮素营养诊断的最佳冠层图像色彩参数指标。进一步分析表明,可以用统一的线性回归方程来描述不同生育期、不同氮素水平下水稻植株氮素营养指标随冠层色彩参数NRI的变化模式。【结论】数码相机进行水稻氮素营养诊断测试结果稳定,具有快速、便捷、非破坏性等优点,冠层色彩参数NRI与水稻氮素营养指标和产量之间均表现出较好的相关性,满足氮素营养无损诊断的需求,对实时、快速监测水稻长势状况及氮素营养丰缺水平具有较高的可行性,有望发展成为新时期作物氮素营养无损诊断技术的潜力。     

玉米不同层位叶片生理生化指标与SPAD值的关系

  【目的】  研究不同层位玉米叶片氮素指标的变化，确定在不同生育时期进行营养诊断的最佳叶片，以便能够及时、准确地进行氮素营养光谱诊断，实现玉米高产和肥料高效益。  【方法】  设置两年 (2017和2018) 的盆栽试验，共设6个施氮水平，分别在玉米的关键生育时期 (拔节期、大喇叭口期、开花吐丝期和灌浆期) 按叶片层位取样，分析叶片生理生化指标 (叶片氮含量、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、叶片厚度和净光合速率) 的变化及其与SPAD值的关系，确定利用SPAD值对叶片氮含量进行估算的最佳叶片。  【结果】  1) 叶片氮含量、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、叶片厚度及净光合速率随着氮肥增施呈现先增加后平稳的趋势，与叶片SPAD值呈正相关关系；可溶性糖含量随着氮肥增施呈先减少后平稳的趋势，与SPAD值呈负相关关系。2) 叶片氮含量、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、叶片厚度、净光合速率及SPAD值垂直分布上均表现为上层叶片>下层叶片；可溶性糖含量表现为下层叶片>上层叶片。3) SPAD值与叶片氮含量之间建立的线性回归模型均达极显著水平，拔节期和灌浆期的上层叶片、大喇叭口期和开花吐丝期的中层叶片氮含量与SPAD值回归决定系数 (R2) 较高，分别为0.768、0.865、0.893、0.924。  【结论】  生育期、氮水平和叶片层位显著影响玉米叶片中与氮素营养相关的生理生化指标，呈现一定的空间异质性，在玉米拔节期和灌浆期利用SPAD值进行叶片氮含量营养诊断时应考虑测定上层叶片 (顶两片、三片完全展开叶)，而在大喇叭口期和开花吐丝期应测定中层叶片 (中两片完全展开叶、穗位叶及以下两片叶)。     

Leaf Color Chart and Chlorophyll‐Meter‐Based Leaf Nitrogen Estimation and Their Threshold Values for Real‐Time Nitrogen Management in Cassava

The critical leaf and the threshold values of leaf color chart (LCC) and chlorophyll meter (SPAD‐502) for cassava have been evaluated. The nitrogen (N) rates and cultivars had a significant effect on LCC score, SPAD values, and leaf N concentration of leaf 1 in most cases. Among the three leaf positions studied, the youngest fully expanded leaf (YFEL) blade (leaf 1) had significant, positive correlation of tuber yield with LCC score, SPAD value, and leaf N concentration. The regression between LCC score and leaf N concentration of leaf 1 was LCC = 0.358 (Leaf N) + 0.78 (r² = 0.81) and that between LCC score and SPAD value was SPAD = 10.981 (LCC) – 3.51 (r² = 0.82). A threshold LCC score of 2.65 and threshold SPAD value of 25 were suitable to determine the optimal timing of N top‐dressing for cassava.     

Assessing Variations in SPAD‐502 Chlorophyll Meter Measurements and Their Relationships with Nutrient Content of Trembling Aspen Foliage

Abstract

The relative chlorophyll content in leaves estimated by the SPAD‐502 chlorophyll meter can be an efficient way to evaluate plant nitrogen (N) status in many crops and some tree species. In this study, the SPAD meter was used to look for relationships between relative leaf chlorophyll content and leaf nutrient concentration in trembling aspen. The variations in leaf chlorophyll measurements were also evaluated by using three sampling times and three measurement techniques. Hypothetical experimental designs were created to achieve better design efficiency. The best representation of overall leaf chlorophyll was found when six SPAD readings were taken at different locations on each leaf. There was a positive correlation between overall leaf N and estimated chlorophyll content, especially in the top part of the trees. Overall, this study suggested that the SPAD meter can give an estimation of trembling aspen nutritional status, especially if the differential partitioning of N within trees is considered.     

Use of a hand‐held chlorophyll meter in winter wheat: Evaluation of different measuring positions on the leaves

A portable chlorophyll meter (Minolta SPAD‐502) was used to assess the nitrogen status of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in two fertilizer trials at Apelsvoll Research Centre, located in south‐east Norway. The midpoint of the last fully developed leaf was found to be the best position on the winter wheat plant on which to take chlorophyll meter readings. This conclusion was reached after examination of the relationships between soil‐plant analyses development (SPAD) readings taken at different positions on the plant and leaf nitrogen concentration, grain yield and grain protein content. Emphasis was also laid on finding a measuring position that was convenient from a practical point of view. The relationships between chlorophyll meter readings and the parameters investigated were better at Zadoks growth stage (GS) 49 than earlier in the season at GS 31.     

叶绿素仪在氮肥推荐中的应用研究进展

叶绿素仪(Chlorophyll.meter)是近年来欧美一些国家在推荐施氮中开始使用的一种新型便携式仪器。这种仪器以叶绿素对红光和近红外光的不同吸收特性为原理来测定植物叶片的相对叶绿素含量,通过叶绿素与叶片全氮的关系来反映作物的氮营养状况,进而确定作物是否缺氮。这种新型仪器的使用为简便、快速、准确地进行氮肥推荐提供了一种新的思路。因此,通过研究不同作物,不同种植条件下叶绿素仪测定值与作物叶片全氮、作物产量之间的相关性,确定叶绿素仪测定值的临界水平,以及不同作物的测定部位、样品采集数量及影响测定准确性的因素,使这种技术尽快地应用于田间生产,有助于推动我国推荐施氮技术的进步。     

玉米叶片SPAD值、全氮及硝态氮含量的品种间变异

研究比较两种土壤肥力条件下,4个春玉米品种在喇叭口期至成熟期间叶片SPAD值、全氮及硝态氮含量的变异程度、及其与氮素积累和产量形成的关系,以期为不同品种植株的氮素营养测试指标的优化提供依据。结果表明,叶片SPAD值与产量、吸氮量及生物量呈显著相关,该值主要受氮肥水平影响,并因土壤肥力而变异。从喇叭口期至灌浆期间平均变异幅度为17.7%,但品种间变异很小,平均仅为4.3%。说明利用SPAD值诊断玉米氮素营养时,其诊断指标不需要因品种而调整,但需要因不同肥力而调整。在新立城低肥力条件下,喇叭口期(V12)和抽雄期(VT)的SPAD临界值指标分别为46.1和57.8;在德惠高肥力条件下,两个时期的SPAD值临界值较为接近,分别为59.9和60.3。植株叶片硝态氮含量在土壤肥力间及品种间变异均较大,变异幅度分别为43.1%和29.3%,且与产量、吸氮量及生物量的相关性均较差,不适于在大面积范围内单独作为玉米氮素营养状况的评价指标。     

应用叶绿素计诊断烤烟氮素营养状况

为探讨叶绿素计在估测烤烟叶绿素和氮浓度上的应用价值,进行了3个田间试验。即:郑州点2003年设施N.51.0.kg/hm2与4个品种NC89、RG17、85048、541;2004年设5个氮肥用量:N.30.04、0.5、51.0、61.5、75.0.kg/hm2与2个品种中烟101、云烟85;玉溪点于2005年设5个氮肥用量:N.02、7.0、54.5、81.8、109.0.kg/hm2与K326品种的试验。测定了不同试验条件下烤烟叶片的叶绿素计(SPAD-502和CCM-200)值和实际叶绿素浓度、全氮浓度,并进行了三者关系分析。结果表明,应用叶绿素计监测烤烟叶片最佳测定部位为完全展开叶的中部。叶绿素计测定值因年份、地点、氮肥水平、叶位、同一叶片不同的部位而异。叶绿素计值与叶绿素浓度、叶片全氮浓度之间有稳定的极显著相关性。叶绿素计SPAD-502的SPAD值和CCM-200的CCI值与叶绿素浓度之间的决定系数分别为0.8755(P0.001)和0.9499(P0.001)。SPAD计值(SPAD)与全氮浓度(N)之间回归方程为N=0.0265SPAD+0.9601(R2=0.7649,P0.001),经检验该模型具有较好的精确性和普适性,利用叶绿素计进行烤烟氮素营养监测是可行的。     

SEASONAL VARIATION AND THRESHOLD VALUES FOR CHLOROPHYLL METER READINGS ON LEAVES OF POTATO CULTIVARS

Chlorophyll meter readings below a threshold value would indicate the necessity to supply nitrogen (N) to the crop. This study aimed to determine threshold values for chlorophyll meter (SPAD) and nitrogen (N) rate effects on SPAD leaf measurements of potato cultivars through the crop cycle. Five N rates (0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha^?1) were evaluated in a randomized block design, with four repetitions. SPAD index was measured on the oldest (OL) and on the fourth leaf from the apex (FL) at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 49 days after the emergence of 90% of the plants in the plots. SPAD values decreased with plant age and were influenced by N rates and leaf position. At 21 DAE, the SPAD threshold values on FL were 43.0, 44.6, 46.5, and 50.0 for ‘Agata’, ‘Monalisa’, ‘Atlantic’, and ‘Asterix’, respectively. The corresponding values were 41.9, 43.5, 49.9, and 49.9 on OL. Plant age and leaf position should be standardized for the assessment of SPAD threshold values to diagnose nitrogen status of potato cultivars.     

Tomato leaf chlorophyll meter readings as affected by variety,nitrogen form,and nighttime nutrient solution strength

Leaf chlorophyll content is closely related to leaf nitrogen (N) content, so it is reasonable to assume that ammonium‐N (NH₄‐N): nitrate‐N (NO₃‐N) ratio in the nutrient solution used to grow tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) hydroponically may affect leaf greenness, and consequently chlorophyll meter (SPAD) readings. It has also been shown that increasing nutrient solution strength (NSS) increases tomato productivity, but there are no reports regarding how NSS affects SPAD readings under greenhouse conditions. Genotype may also influence SPAD readings, and standardization for cultivar and sampling time may be needed. The objective of this study was to characterize SPAD readings for five tomato cultivars and SPAD reading response to a combination of two NSS (1X and 4X Steiner solution strength daily applied 18 days after transplanting at 7 p.m.) and two concentrations of NH₄‐N in solution (0 and 25%) in order to evaluate the potential of SPAD readings as a tomato yield predictor in greenhouse production systems. The SPAD readings were not uniform across tomato varieties tested, being consistently higher for ‘Max’ and lower for the other varieties. Initially, SPAD readings for tomato varieties used in this study were low at the vegetative stage, and increased up to 40 DAT, but subsequently decreased at 49 DAT, or the fruit set of the first and second clusters. After this time, SPAD readings showed no variation. Chlorophyll meter readings for ‘Max’ were higher in the top plant layers, but decreased in the top plant layer of the other tomato varieties. The SPAD readings were higher for plants supplied with 25% NH₄‐N than those without NH₄‐N in solution, but the use of a nighttime nutrient solution did not affect SPAD readings. None of the possible interactions among tomato variety, NH₄‐N: NO₃‐N ratio, and NSS were consistently significant.