不同根型苜蓿根系对低温胁迫的响应及其抗寒性评价

为了解不同根型苜蓿在越冬期根系对低温胁迫的响应特征及其抗寒性强弱, 本研究以根茎型“清水”紫花苜蓿 (Medicago sativa L. cv. “Qingshui”)、根蘖型“甘农2 号”杂花苜蓿(M. varia Martin. cv. “Gannong No. 2”)和直根型“陇东”紫花苜蓿(M. sativa L. cv. “Longdong”)为材料, 于2009 年9 月15 日、10 月15 日、12 月15 日, 2010 年1 月15 日、3 月15 日在甘肃天水、榆中和武威3 个生态区, 对自然降温、升温过程中苜蓿根系脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和丙二醛(MDA)含量及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性6 项生理指标的动态变化进行监测。结果表明, 在3 个生态区, 3 类根型苜蓿根系MDA 含量随气温的变化均呈先升高后降低再升高的变化趋势; 脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量和CAT 活性均随气温的下降而增加, 随气温升高而减少; 而可溶性蛋白质含量和SOD 活性在不同生态区的不同品种间随气温的变化规律不同。应用隶属函数法进行抗寒性综合评判, 不同根型苜蓿抗寒性强弱顺序为: 根茎型“清水”紫花苜蓿>根蘖型“甘农2 号”杂花苜蓿>直根型“陇东”紫花苜蓿; 同一品种在不同生态区抗寒性强弱顺序为: 榆中>武威>天水, 与所在地的海拔呈显著正相关。     

田间越冬期不同根型苜蓿根系的生理生化特性

以根茎型清水苜蓿、直根型陇东苜蓿、根蘖型甘农2号杂花苜蓿和野生黄花苜蓿为试验材料,在田间条件下,测定3类根型的4个苜蓿品种(材料)在秋末至翌年初春根系脯氨酸、丙二醛、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白质含量、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性6项指标的变化,以研究不同根型苜蓿品种(材料)对低温的适应性.结果表明,4个苜蓿品种(材料)其脯...     

不同草本植物根系对土壤渗透性的影响

[目的]揭示当地排土场不同草本植物根系对土壤渗透性的影响,阐明预测草本植物根系提升土壤渗透性的最优指标,并得出草本植物根系提升土壤渗透性的最佳径级,为排土场生态修复植物选择提供重要依据。[方法]以海州露天矿排土场为研究地点,以轴根型紫花地丁、根蘖型苦荬菜和根茎型水麦冬为研究对象,采用图片像素换算法量化3种根系在不同土层深度范围内的根系分布特征;并结合渗透试验获取3种草本植物原状根土复合体的渗透参数,进而探究了根土复合体根系分布参数与渗透参数的关系。[结果]3种草本植物均能提升土壤的渗透性能,轴根型、根茎型和根蘖型根土复合体的初始入渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透速率、渗透总量相较于素土分别提升82.23%～254.99%,85.59%～307.63%,72.02%～325.91%,62.93%～246.98%。3种草本植物根系的根长密度和根表面积密度与根土复合体的渗透参数均呈现线性相关,根表面积密度的相关性强于根长密度。3种根系对土壤渗透性的增强作用主要归功于0.5 mm相似文献   

紫花苜蓿与百脉根原生质体培养及不对称体细胞杂交

本研究拟通过原生体培养和不对称细胞杂交实现白脉根与苜蓿种间基因重组,为改良苜蓿饲用品质提供新的技术手段,用酶解法分离清水紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.cv.‘Qingshui’)及里奥百脉根(Lotus corniculatus L.cv.‘Leon’)愈伤组织来源的原生质体,研究了酶解时间、酶液组合、甘露醇浓度、预处理条件、继代时间及培养方法等对原生质体分离和培养效果的影响。采用改良的PEG-高Ca2+-高p H法进行了不对称体细胞杂交,通过荧光染色鉴别异核体并测定融合率。结果表明,采用继代培养第8~12天的苜蓿和百脉根愈伤组织,0.55 mol·L-1CPW溶液中预处理1h或预暗培养24 h,甘露醇浓度为0.55~0.6 mol·L-1时,清水紫花苜蓿在2%纤维素酶+0.5%果胶酶+0.3%崩溃酶的酶液中酶解10 h,里奥百脉根在2%纤维素酶+0.5%果胶酶+0.3%半纤维素酶的酶液中酶解12 h,经2~3个月的固液+固体培养模式可分别获得较好的原生质体分离效果及愈伤组织再生植株。清水紫花苜蓿原生质体经3 mmol·L-1IOA处理10 min,里奥百脉根经50μg·m L-1R-6G处理10 min后融合,PEG(6000)最适浓度为35%,异源融合率为3.1%,最终获得了苜蓿与百脉根的杂种愈伤组织,为进一步培育抗臌胀病型苜蓿种质提供了新的材料。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘固沙区深层土壤无机碳密度及其垂直分布特征

对腾格里沙漠东南缘天然植被区、流沙区以及1964,1981,1990年建立的人工固沙植被区0-3.0m剖面土壤和根鞘中无机碳含量及其分布特征进行调查。结果表明,天然植被区和固沙区总无机碳密度高于流沙区,分别为15.2,10.7,9.38kg/m2;根鞘中无机碳含量占土壤总无机碳含量的20%以上。不同年代固沙区和流沙区无机碳含量垂直分布特征均表现为表层显著高于中层和深层无机碳储量;根鞘中无机碳含量表现为逐渐递增的趋势,1.5-3.0m土层根鞘中无机碳含量最高,为0.3～1.4kg/m3。植物恢复有利于土壤无机碳的固存,能够显著提高土壤中总无机碳含量;根鞘中的无机碳是干旱半干旱区土壤无机碳的重要组成部分,在估算土壤总无机碳储量时应给予充分考虑。     

野生大豆根系形态对局部磷供应的响应及其对磷吸收的贡献

通过土柱试验模拟局部供磷,定量评价了磷局部供应对野生大豆根系形态参数的影响以及这些根形态参数对植株磷吸收的贡献.磷局部供应明显改变了野生大豆的根形态,使总根长增加了80.5％,比根长增加了32.6％,根表面积扩大了70.7％,根直径减小了27.6％,植株对磷的吸收增加了43.2％,地上干重增加了72.0％;在所有的根形态参数中,总根长、根表面积和比根长对野生大豆植株磷吸收具有较大贡献,其中尤以比根长对植株磷吸收贡献最大,即在根长增加的同时,根直径减小能够明显提高野大豆根系对磷的吸收.结果表明,野生大豆对局部磷供应表现出高度的根系形态可塑性,通过局部养分供应优化根系空间分布和定向调控根系生长能显著提高植物对异质性土壤磷资源的获取能力.     

基于CA-Markov的土地利用时空变化与生境质量预测——以宁夏中部干旱区为例

探究干旱半干旱区土地利用结构动态变化特征，评估并预测生境质量，可为区域生态规划和恢复提供决策性依据。本研究以搭载OLI和ETM+传感器遥感影像和气象数据、社会经济数据等为基础，采用土地利用转移流概念、InVEST模型和CA-Markov模型研究2000-2030年宁夏中部干旱区土地利用和生境质量时空变化特征及规律，对未来情境进行模拟和预测。研究结果表明：宁夏中部干旱区土地系统结构变化与生态建设规划高度一致，具有黄河流域两侧集中分布的特征，土地系统综合动态度逐期减小，活跃度具有稳中有变、部分较活跃的特征。土地系统信息熵特征值呈逐年降低趋势。随着时间变化土地系统受人类活动干扰强度低，自我调整程度高，修复能力强，系统向稳定状态转化。2000-2015年研究区生态环境质量呈“U”型特征，以优秀等级为主。2015-2030年土地系统结构将发生显著变化，生境质量优秀、差和良好等级面积逐渐扩大，生态系统呈现稳定向好的趋势。本研究的多模型集成应用可为区域土地规划和生态恢复建设提供理论依据和支撑。     

池塘养殖跑道流场特性数值模拟及集污区固相分布分析

为探索池塘工程化跑道式循环水养殖系统中养殖区跑道内流场分布及集污区固相颗粒分布特征,该文以稠密离散相模型对养殖系统进行流速仿真,并对9组0.03～2.00 mm不同颗粒直径的总悬浮固体颗粒进行数值模拟。结果表明：养殖跑道内水流处于缓流状态,在水面区域形成的高速流场受重力和惯性作用沿养殖跑X轴方向由液面向底部下扫推进,推进到底部后流场趋于稳定。下扫推进过程中在前挡水墙与底部之间形成固有回流区,回流区特征长度与推水口平均流速呈线性关系。固相颗粒在养殖跑道对应的集污区里呈“U”形沉积分布,其中直径大于1.30 mm的固相颗粒沉积率在85%以上,直径小于0.60 mm的沉积率在44.13%以下,总沉积率为37.77%。研究表明,使用DDPM模型可初步评估池塘工程化跑道式循环水养殖系统设计对固相颗粒沉积的影响,系统中集污区对直径0.60～2.00 mm固相颗粒的沉积效果显著。     

生物有机肥对田间蔬菜根际土壤中病原菌和功能菌组成的影响

利用实时荧光定量PCR方法对田间条件下连作番茄和辣椒施用生物有机肥(BOF)和常规施肥(CK)的根际土壤微生物中青枯病原菌和功能菌群(固氮菌和荧光假单胞菌)的数量进行定量研究.结果表明:与CK相比,BOF处理的番茄和辣椒产量分别提高了26.0％和19.9％,青枯病发病率分别降低了41.5％和44.7％,番茄和辣椒植株根际土壤固氮菌数量分别增加了23.5％和25.8％、荧光假单胞菌数量分别增加了29.5％和20.2％、病原菌数量分别减少了73.2％和90.1％.生物有机肥能够调控根际微生物区系的组成,降低土传病害的发病率,促进作物健康生长;实时荧光定量PCR方法能够快速准确地检测根际土壤中功能微生物种群数量变化.     

CO2浓度升高对不同水稻品种幼苗养分吸收和根系形态的影响

本文利用水培试验研究了CO2浓度升高对水稻幼苗生物量、养分含量和根形态的影响,探讨了CO2浓度升高下粤杂889(YZ)和荣优398 (RY)幼苗养分吸收和根系形态的差异性.结果表明,与CO2浓度正常水平(对照)相比,CO2浓度升高显著增加了2个水稻品种幼苗根系、茎叶和总生物量,YZ分别增加58.33％、27.96％、33.16％;RY分别增加45.87％、34.17％、36.07％.同时,CO2浓度升高增加了2个水稻品种的根冠比.CO2浓度升高显著降低了2个水稻品种茎叶中的N、P、K、Ca、Mg和Fe含量,这是“稀释效应”的结果;但YZ幼苗中S含量显著增加,2个品种幼苗Mn含量均显著增加.CO2浓度升高显著增加了2个水稻品种的幼苗根系根毛数、总根长、表面积,降低幼苗粗根比例,增加了细根比例.CO2浓度升高增加了细根在总根长中的比例,有利于水稻对养分的吸收,导致部分营养元素含量增加;但CO2浓度升高条件下水稻生物量的增加使大部分营养元素含量降低.同时,CO2浓度升高对水稻幼苗生物量、养分吸收和根形态的影响存在显著的品种差异.     

黄土高原地区苜蓿生产力动态及其土壤水分消耗规律

为了解不同生长年限苜蓿生产力及土壤水分的变化特征，该文系统研究了黄土高原地区3年、4年、6年、8年、12年、18年及26年生紫花苜蓿生产力动态及土壤水分的消耗规律。结果表明：不同生长年限苜蓿鲜草产量存在极显著差异。苜蓿草地土壤水分呈现规律性的变化：随土层深度的增加，土壤含水率增加，300cm土层以下，土壤含水率变化趋势平缓。苜蓿生长超过18年，上层土壤水分开始恢复，但深层土壤通体干化，水分难以恢复。苜蓿水分利用效率随生长年限的延长而降低。研究表明在黄土高原半湿润区紫花苜蓿适宜的生长年限为8年，第6年为苜蓿的生长高峰期。     

Fine root growth and water use efficiency in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Gongong No. 1) planted along a salinity gradient in coastal area of Dalian,Northeast China

The response of plant growth to a geographical salinity gradient under the current scenario from inland to seaside implies the possible future trend of plant development in response to sea-level rise driven by global warming. In the present study, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Gongnong No. 1) was planted in sites along a salinity gradient in Dalian City, Northeast China. Fine root growth was investigated at three depths of 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm. Meanwhile, another control experiment was conducted using potted alfalfa exposed to gradual levels of salinity at the same levels as the salinity gradients in the field to confirm the unique impact of soil salinity on alfalfa physiology. Results from both field and pot experiments indicated that the parameters of net photosynthesis rate (P_N), foliar transpiration (T_r) and water use efficiency (WUE) all decreased with the increase of gradient from inland to seaside. Root surface area also showed a general decline for all three soil depths, but differences among the three soil depths were not significant. Root diameter was greatest in soils at a depth of 0–10 cm, while root tip number was greatest in soils at a depth of 10–20 cm. All root morphological parameters decreased with salinity level along the geographical gradient from inland to coastal seaside, while both root surface area and root tip number positively correlated with soil ammonium and nitrate contents, respectively. Our results predicted that, driven by seawater intrusion from sea-level rise under global warming, future performance of inland alfalfa may suffer from severe soil salinity through constricting new root egress and elongation. This trend would be mainly driven by soil salinity which reduces photosynthesis by stimulating water loss in alfalfa.     

Bedeutung der arbuskulären Mykorrhiza (AM) für die Schwermetalltoleranz von Luzerne (Medicago Sativa L.) und Hafer (Avena sativa L.) auf einem klärschlammgedüngten Boden

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on heavy metal tolerance of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) on a sewage-sludge treated soil In pot experiments with a sewage sludge treated soil, the influence of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) isolates of Glomus sp. (T6 and D13) on plant growth and on the uptake of heavy metals by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) was investigated. Alfalfa showed an increase of biomass with mycorrhizal infection only to a small extent. In oat AMF inoculation increased the growth of both root and shoot by up to 70% and 55% respectively. Mycorrhization raised the P-content and -uptake in alfalfa, but not in oat, in both roots and shoots. Mycorrhizal alfalfa showed lower Zn-, Cd- and Ni-contents and uptake in roots and shoots. The root length was significantly decreased in mycorrhizal alfalfa plants (up to 38%). The translocation of heavy metals into the shoot of mycorrhizal alfalfa was slightly increased. Mycorrhizal infection of oat led to higher concentrations of Zn, Cd and Ni in the root but to less Zn in the shoot. The translocation of heavy metals to the oat shoot was clearely decreased by mycorrhizal colonisation. This may be based on the ability of fungal tissues to complex heavy metals at the cell walls, thus excluding metals from the shoot. This conclusion is supported by the enhanced root length (up to 78%) of mycorrhizal oat plants in this experiment. The mycorrhizal infection seemed to protect plants against heavy metal pollution in soils. It was obvious that different host plants reacted in different ways.     

Physiological studies on salinity and nitrogen interaction in alfalfa plants: III. nitrate reductase activity

Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was determined to investigate the effect of salinity and nitrogen (N) interactions on alfalfa [Medicago sativa (L) cv. Gilboa] during its vegetative growth. Increasing levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) (0, 30, 65, and 100 mM) decreased NRA in both plant parts, i.e., root and leaf, however to a lesser extent in leaves. The inclusion of Neither as nitrate (NO₃) or ammonium (NH₄) (0, 3, and 6 mM) to the nutrient medium resulted in a substantial enhancement of NR activity in salinized and non‐salinized plants as well.     

Proton release by roots of Medicago murex and Medicago sativa growing in acidic conditions, and implications for rhizosphere pH changes and nodulation at low pH

Medicago murex nodulates faster and produces more nodules than Medicago sativa in acidic sandy soils. Experiments using a ‘root mat’ approach and videodensitometry examined pH changes in the rhizospheres of nitrate-fed plants of M. murex and M. sativa. Using the ‘root mat’ approach with soil disks of pH 4.49, M. sativa cv. Aquarius acidified its rhizosphere by approximately 0.2-0.4 pH-units within 4 d, while M. murex cv. Zodiac did not acidify its rhizosphere. Rates of H⁺ release were higher from M. sativa than from M. murex. Videodensitometry of roots embedded in agarose of pH 4.5 showed that the mature parts of the tap-root of both species exuded OH⁻ ions, but was approximately twofold more in M. murex than in M. sativa. Consequently, young parts of the M. sativa rhizosphere were less alkaline than that of M. murex. It is suggested that the difference in nodulation response between the two species at low pH may be related to the different patterns of rhizosphere acidification: the stronger rhizosphere acidification of M. sativa being less favourable for survival and growth of Sinorhizobium medicae. The higher rate of rhizosphere acidification by M. sativa roots may be related to its genetic characteristics including greater relative root growth rate and greater sensitivity to acidity in comparison to M. murex.     

黄土高原半湿润区苜蓿草地土壤氮素消耗特征研究

本文研究了黄土高原地区生长年限分别为4a、6a、10a、12a、18a及26a苜蓿草地土壤氮素的变化特征。结果表明,在0—1000 cm土层,不同生长年限苜蓿草地土壤全氮与碱解氮含量呈现规律性的变化,即随土层深度的增加,全氮及碱解氮含量下降,350cm土层以下,变化趋势平缓。在0—200 cm土层,26a苜蓿草地全氮、碱解氮含量低于4a、6a苜蓿草地,高于10a、12a苜蓿草地;在200—1000 cm土层,土壤全氮、碱解氮含量在不同生长年限之间差异不大,表明苜蓿生长超过一定年限,土壤氮素有一定恢复,但受土壤氮素累计消耗的影响,只能使土壤上层的氮素逐步得到恢复,而深层土壤氮素难以恢复;苜蓿草地有机碳与全氮、碱解氮及C:N之间均为正相关关系。苜蓿生长6a以后,应对苜蓿草地进行合理施肥,以维持苜蓿草地氮素平衡。     

Response of legumes and cereals to phosphorus in solution culture

Phosphorus deficiency is one of the Important growth limiting factors in crop production in many regions of the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate responses of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifoilum pratense L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) to concentrations of P in nutrient solution. The P treatments applied were 5, 50, 100, 200 and 400 μM P. All crop species significantly responded to an increase in external P concentrations. The optimum P concentration for maximum growth varied with crop species, but it was higher for legumes than for cereals. Rice needs minimum as red clover maximum P concentration for maximum growth in nutrient solution as compared to other crops species. Concentrations of K, Zn and Mn were significantly affected in all crop species with P addition. Suggesting positive effects of P in ameliorating Mn toxicity if this element is present in growth medium. Increasing concentrations of P in growth medium produce negative effect on K and Zn nutrition. Growth parameters and plant nutrients concentration and uptake correlation studies showed that legumes are more responsive to P fertilization as compared to cereals.     

黄土高原西部针叶林植物器官与土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

为了系统地比较分析黄土高原西部针叶林植物器官与土壤内碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量变化特征,选取位于黄土高原西部的甘肃省天水市、甘南州、定西市、兰州市和武威市5个地区的针叶林为研究对象,通过对乔木各器官及土壤不同深度的C、N、P元素含量及其化学计量比的分析,探讨了5个调查区针叶林生态系统化学计量特征及其相互间的相关性。结果表明:植物叶的C、N、P含量较其他器官稍高,其中C含量达到511.97~538.66g/kg;5个调查区中武威地区的植物干、枝、根的C含量显著低于其他4个地区,分别为425.0,400.58,400.55g/kg。针叶林干中C∶N在地区间差异达到显著水平(p0.05),其他各器官内差异不显著;甘南和兰州地区的针叶林各器官间C∶N差异显著;针叶林干和根中N∶P在地区之间存在显著性差异,兰州和武威地区各器官间N∶P的差异达到显著性水平。5个调查区土壤C、N、P含量及其计量特征的差异主要存在于上层土壤(0—30cm),而较深层次土壤在各地区之间的差异较小。针叶林干中C、N、P含量两两之间均存在显著相关关系,而在针叶林叶中仅N与P含量之间存在显著相关关系;土壤表层(0—20cm)中C与N含量之间存在极显著的正相关关系。