角倍蚜瘿内世代生物学及角倍生长的初步研究

角倍蚜Schlechtendalia chinensis(Bell)在盐肤木Rhus chinensis Mill.上所形成的倍子(即角倍)约占全国五倍子总量的80％,经济价值很大。该倍蚜的生活周期属异寄主全周期型,虫型多样,生活习性复杂。在其生活年史中,春季有翅孤雌蚜(春迁蚜),迁飞到第一害主盐肤木上产雌雄性蚜,经一月左右(一般在夏初),雌蚜生殖,产下的干母爬到嫩叶上取     

警根瘤蚜的生物学特性和防治

警根瘤蚜(Phylloxera notabilis pergande)又名长山核桃叶根瘤蚜,属同翅目根瘤蚜科,是随苗木由美国传入我国的外来虫种,现分布于江苏,浙江,是危害长山核桃的主要害虫之一。严重时,叶片上布满豆粒状虫瘿,植株生长缓慢,产量下降。为了寻求有效的防治途径,作者于1987～1990年通过田间调查,定虫观察和室内间断的饲养,认为该蚜在南京地区一年发生4代虫瘿,早春阻止干母上行是比较理想的防治方法。 1 形态特征 1.1 成虫 警根瘤蚜届叶瘿型根瘤蚜,成虫有6个型,即干母、无翅雌蚜、短翅雌蚜(性母)、长翅雌蚜(迁飞雌蚜)、雌蚜和雄蚜。 1.1.1 干母:干母系越冬卵孵化出来的无翅     

不同保存方法对角倍蚜性蚜数量和存活率的影响

比较了不同类型虫袋和填充物对角倍春迁蚜产性蚜数量和存活率的影响,结果表明:采用柱状虫袋填充玉米苞皮及对玉米苞皮进行浸泡处理可以提高性蚜的数量和雌蚜/干母的存活数;与传统的三角纸袋填充棕丝相比较,柱状虫袋填充浸泡玉米苞皮的雌蚜数、雌蚜/干母存活数、雄蚜数和性蚜总数分别增加了107.6%、229.1%、71.1%和87.5%,雌蚜/干母存活率提高了21.1%。虫袋内的雌蚜数、雄蚜数和性蚜总数与春迁蚜数呈显著负相关;雌蚜数和雌蚜/干母存活数与雄蚜数、性蚜总数和雌雄性比分别呈极显著正相关。角倍产区的环境因子明显影响春迁蚜的羽化期,但对春迁蚜产性蚜的数量没有明显影响。     

竹色蚜研究初报

竹色蚜在浙江临安笋用竹产区发生普遍,一年30余代,由元翅孤雌蚜和有翅孤雌蚜繁殖,各虫态无越冬阶段,月月危害竹子.防治可用烟薰、喷雾等方法,防治效果达97%以上.     

梨黄粉蚜的发生与防治

近年来 ,梨黄粉蚜的发生对梨树生产带来很大危害 ,严重地影响到梨果的品质和产量。1　危害症状梨黄粉蚜属同翅目根瘤蚜科 ,俗称黄粉虫 ,危害梨树枝干和果实 ,不危害叶片 ,以成虫和若虫在枝干翘皮下、嫩枝上、果实萼洼或果面取食繁殖 ,果实被害后形成褐色斑点 ,严重的形成黑斑 ,遇潮湿环境引起腐烂。2　发生规律梨黄粉蚜大多以两性卵在树干翘皮裂缝中越冬 ,越冬卵在每年 4月上旬 ,梨开花期孵化为干母若虫 ,于翘皮下、嫩皮处刺吸汁液 ,羽化为成虫后产卵繁殖。 5月下旬至 6月上中旬当梨果长到 2～ 3cm时 ,开始向梨果转移 ,在梨果萼洼处为害繁殖…     

角倍蚜及其寄主植物盐肤木游离氨基酸研究

[目的]明确角倍蚜、角倍与寄主盐肤木协同生长过程中游离氨基酸变化的营养关系。[方法]用全自动氨基酸分析仪Biochrom30+检测角倍发育初、中、后期的角倍蚜、角倍、有倍叶、无倍叶及无角倍盐肤木叶片(CK)的游离氨基酸含量,分析不同时期各试样游离氨基酸总量(FAA)、昆虫必需氨基酸总量(EAA)、昆虫必需氨基酸总量与检出物质总量比值(EAA/TAA)及几种游离氨基酸含量的变化。[结果]表明:不同时期各试样均检出32种游离氨基酸(包括17种蛋白氨基酸和15种非蛋白氨基酸),2种其他组分(不含氨),其中,游离氨基酸含量从大到小依次为角倍蚜(5.569)角倍(2.122)有倍叶(0.560)无倍叶(0.537)CK(-0.114)。从角倍生长初期至后期,角倍蚜体内必需氨基酸总量呈递增变化,而其他材料EAA/TAA变化幅度从大到小依次为CK(1.73%)有倍叶(0.52%)=无倍叶(0.52%)角倍(0.43%)角倍蚜(0.02%),但角倍蚜EAA/TAA稳定为(27.91±0.01)%,角倍蚜对寄主盐肤木叶片EAA/TAA的变化幅度有显著减缓影响。在角倍生长发育期间,角倍蚜体内精氨酸和苯丙氨酸含量均增加2.93倍;而寄主植物组织中脯氨酸含量发生变化,增幅大小为角倍(0.028)有倍叶(0.003)无倍叶(-0.001)CK(-0.018)。[结论]角倍蚜取食盐肤木不会改变寄主盐肤木叶片中游离氨基酸组分,但可使其游离氨基酸含量增加;在角倍生长过程中,盐肤木植株游离氨基酸总量与角倍蚜个体数量和角倍体积的增加趋势基本一致,反映了角倍蚜取食与盐肤木防御之间的平衡。     

角倍蚜干母发生期预测及应用

在 10～ 2 6℃恒温条件下 ,角倍蚜雌蚜的世代生长发育历期符合总积温法则 ,发育起点温度为 3.6℃± 1.1℃ ,有效积温为 358.7日度 ;应用中可根据理论公式和倍蚜的生物温度参数预测雌蚜的世代发育历期 ,并通过调控存放虫袋环境温度的方法控制性蚜的发育速率 ,使干母的发生期应合盐肤木的最适致瘿结倍物候期 ,提高倍蚜虫袋的挂放效果 ;干母的耐饥饿能力弱 ,室温存放只能存活 2 d左右 ,开始发生干母的虫袋应及时挂放     

枫杨刻蚜的形态特征与生活周期

对枫杨刻蚜的的3种形态型即无翅孤雌型、有翅孤雌型和越夏型进行了形态记述和生活周期探讨,并着重对未见报道的小型越夏蚜进行补充描述,将各型绘以形态图.     

警根瘤蚜的生物学特性研究

通过定期室内外观察的方法,研究了美国山核桃警根瘤蚜的形态特征和生物学习学特性,重点记录其虫瘿的变化过程。结果表明,警根瘤蚜越冬卵于3月末4月初开始孵化,4月上中旬为孵化盛期,10月中旬开始产生越冬卵。警根瘤蚜成虫有多个形态,由越冬卵孵化出的为干母,干母在寄主的幼叶上形成第一代虫瘿。警根瘤蚜在寄主叶片上形成虫瘿,成虫、幼虫均在虫瘿内吸食叶片汁液,严重影响了美国山核桃的生长。     

柏大蚜生物学特性及防治技术

柏大蚜（Cinara tujafilina)是侧柏的主要害虫之一，在新乡市1年发生17－22代，以卵和无翅胎生雌蚜越冬，为留守型。经多年防治试验，用有机磷类农药树冠喷雾或树干基部打孔注射50％久效磷液，防治效果均达90％以上。文中还介绍了该虫的形态特征和生物学特性。     

角倍蚜干母分批上树对虫瘿数量和分布的影响

对角倍蚜分批上树及接种方法对虫瘿数量和分布的影响进行了研究,结果表明:(1)迁飞接种(同批上树)时,单株虫瘿数为15.65个,而迁飞加挂袋(分批上树-A)及挂袋2次(分批上树-B)时,单株虫瘿数分别为48.39个和161.84个,增加了2.09倍和9.34倍;同时单叶虫瘿数也从1.69个增加到2.77个和3.42个;单株有虫瘿复叶数从8.70片增加到17.87片和46.00片;有虫瘿枝条率从21.65%增加到59.74%和91.58%。(2)迁飞接种时,虫瘿分布于当年生枝条第1~7片复叶,其中1~5片复叶为虫瘿主要分布叶片;迁飞加挂袋及挂袋2次时,虫瘿分布于当年生枝条的第1~8片及第1~11片复叶,其中第3~6片复叶为虫瘿主要分布叶片。(3)无论是干母同批上树还是分批上树,单叶虫瘿数均以1~3个为主,虽然分批上树时单叶平均虫瘿数从1.23个增加到1.47个和2.53个,但仍然低于单叶最适虫瘿数5~6个,对虫瘿的大小和生长没有不良影响。综上所述,干母分批上树可以显著增加角倍蚜虫瘿数量,提高虫瘿的分散度,充分发挥盐肤木形成虫瘿的潜力。     

两种接种方式下角倍蚜虫瘿对寄主盐肤木枝叶生长的影响

[目的]明确两种接种方式(自然迁飞和人工挂袋)下角倍蚜虫瘿的数量和分布及其对寄主盐肤木枝叶生长的影响。[方法]在自然迁飞和人工挂袋形成虫瘿的盐肤木林内,按随机区组设计设置样地,在样地内随机选取有虫瘿树和无虫瘿树,分别测量和统计盐肤木及虫瘿的生长指标,采用方差分析虫瘿对盐肤木生长的影响。[结果]在自然迁飞和人工挂袋两种接种方式下,盐肤木单株虫瘿数没有显著差异。但人工挂袋时,单片复叶的平均虫瘿总体积为170.92±14.85 cm~3、小叶总面积为616.26±32.73 cm~2,显著高于自然迁飞形成虫瘿的总体积85.82±9.40cm~3和小叶总面积482.81±28.51 cm~2。表明人工挂袋接种可以增加虫瘿的总体积,从而提高角倍产量;同时,较大体积的虫瘿还促进了盐肤木小叶的生长,使小叶面积增大。[结论]角倍蚜虫瘿对寄主盐肤木的枝叶生长具有促进作用,且这种生长促进与虫瘿的体积呈正相关。与自然迁飞接种相比,人工挂袋接种更能发挥盐肤木的生长和结倍潜力,提高角倍产量。     

Potential fecundity of the bamboo gall maker,Aiolomorphus rhopaloides (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), and its inquiline,Diomorus aiolomorphi (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), in relation to gall size and body size

I examined the adult potential fecundity of the bamboo gall maker,Aiolomorphus rhopaloides Walker (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), and its inquiline,Diomorus aiolomorphi Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) by dissection just after emergence, and at death after rearing. Emerging females ofA. rhopaloides hadca. 80 mature eggs in their ovaries. The number of eggs at emergence and after death at rearing was not significantly different. However, emerging females ofD. aiolomorphi had no eggs in their ovaries but hadca 20 eggs at death after rearing. These results suggest thatA. rhopaloides is pro-ovigenic andD. aiolomorphi is synovigenic. Female body sizes of both species were positively correlated with the size of galls from which each emerged. Number of eggs in each species was also correlated with female body size, suggesting that gall size might be a good predictor of potential fecundity. This study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for scientific Research (No. 11460068) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture, Japan.     

Bioecological characteristics of Bracon intercessor Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a parasitoid of the poplar clearwing moth, Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rott.) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in Bulgaria

The major bioecological characteristics of Bracon intercessor Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of the poplar clearwing moth, Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rott.) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), were studied from 1987 to 2003. Poplar shoots infested with P. tabaniformis larvae were collected in 11 localities in Bulgaria and examined in the laboratory, and infestations were also studied in the field. B. intercessor was recorded in seven localities and was found to be a gregarious external larval parasitoid of P. tabaniformis. Two generations of the parasitoid developed on the host. The first (summer) generation was associated with early and mid-stage (up to third instar) host larvae, and the second (overwintering) generation with third- to fifth-instar larvae. The average number of parasitoid individuals feeding on a host was 4.5 and 12.4 in summer and overwintering generations, respectively. The maximum number recorded was 25 individuals per host in the overwintering generation. B. intercessor overwintered as a mature larva on the host and completed its development in early spring. The adults from the overwintering generation appeared in April, about 1 month prior to emergence of P. tabaniformis. The life cycle of B. intercessor was not in close synchrony with the development of P. tabaniformis in the spring, but the parasitoid adults which fed on honey-sugar solution lived for up to 31 days (males) and 86 days (females), respectively. This suggests that, in the field, B. intercessor females eclosing in the spring could survive until the host larvae appear if nectar is available. Adults of the summer generation emerge from July to September when sufficient suitable host larvae are available. B. intercessor was responsible for 1.5% of the average mortality of the P. tabaniformis overwintering larvae. The host mortality caused by the summer generation of the parasitoid ranged from 3.2% to 5.8%.     

茶籽象危害与不同品种油茶果实物理性状的关系

[目的]揭示茶籽象危害与不同品种油茶果实物理性状间的关系,揭示不同品种油茶的物理特性对茶籽象寄主选择的影响。[方法]调查茶籽象对相同种植条件下的不同油茶品种的危害情况,通过聚类分析评价抗虫性,同时测定茶果质量、果皮厚度及果实大小等物理性状,分析两者间的关系。[结果]茶籽象对不同油茶品种的危害率存在显著差异,危害率在12.4%49.7%之间,而落果中茶籽象的危害率在13.23%91.83%之间,茶籽象是造成落果的主要因素。11个油茶品种分为抗性较高、抗性中等、抗性较差3个类群,3个类群的油茶品种受害率存在极显著性差异(P0.01),抗性较高类群平均抗虫率达82.23%±5.00%,而抗性较差类群仅为52.47%±6.00%。茶籽象危害与茶果质量、果皮厚度及果实大小密切相关,茶果质量越大、越薄,果径越大,危害越严重。[结论]茶果质量越大,越薄,果径越大,受到茶籽象的危害越大。选育抗性品种是控制茶籽象危害的重要手段。     

Key to the puparium of three larch cone flies in Strobilomyia (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

The key for puparia of the three species of larch-cone-flics (Strobilomyia) is developed based on their external morphological characteristics on anal (posterior) part which includes segmental protrusions and background texture. Some characteristics which are only visible under scanning microscope are also included even though they are supplementary in this key. Those three commonly found larch-cone-infestinganthomgiids arestrobilomyia melania, S. infrequens andS. laricicola.     

盐肤木幼苗对铅胁迫的生理响应

[Objective]A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of Rhus chinensis Mill for phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soil.[Method]The response of container seedlings to Pb concentrations (0, 400 and 1 000 mg·kg^-1) in the soil was studied. Seedling growth, chlorophyll, carotenoid, chlorophyll fluorescence, malondialdehyde (MDA), nutrient elements, Pb accumulation and translocation were assessed.[Result]The results showed that R. chinensis did not show visual symptoms of Pb toxicity. Compared to the control, the biomass increased slightly at low concentration (400 mg·kg^-1). Under Pb stress conditions, the root elongation was restrained, while the radial growth of root was promoted and the fine root was developed better. No differences were observed in photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence, and MDA. During the experiment, only small quantity of Pb were uptake by R. chinensis, and most of the Pb absorbed by plants was retained in the roots. However, at the high concentration (1 000 mg·kg^-1), R. chinensis transported metal to the shoots better, and the translocation factor (TF) value was 0.66. Under the Pb stress, oxalic acid of root exudates was increased significantly; while the root could be induced malic acid and citric acid, and the concentration increased with Pb concentration in soil. [Conclusion]R. chinensis was found to have Pb tolerance and phytoremediation potential in Pb-contaminated soils.     

Host plant range and biology of Lixus nordmanni Hochhuth (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) on hogweed Heracleum L. in eastern Turkey

The biology and host plant range of Lixus nordmanni Hochhuth were studied in the eastern part of Turkey. This weevil feeds and grows on Heracleum trachyloma Fisch. et C.A. Mey, Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden, Heracleum pastinacifolium C. Koch, H. platytaenium Boiss., Angelica sylvestris L. and Falcaria sp. of the family Apiaceae (=Umbellifera). In the early spring, adults emerged from overwintering places and started feeding on host plants. After feeding for several days on leaves, they mated and laid eggs on the main stem of a host. After emergence, larvae fed in stems up to late summer and pupated in the same places. Pupae were found at the beginning of autumn and then adults of the new generation emerged from the stem. Most of adults overwinter under dry plants at rootneck and under stones. L. nordmanni have one generation per year in eastern Anatolia. This Caucasian weevil species is recorded for the first time for Turkish fauna. The biology and host plant records are presented.