杉木屑作为花菇原料的利用技术

利用杉木屑栽培花菇中,其最佳混合配方比例为:杉木屑15%、杂木屑65%、麦皮16.5%、石膏粉1.2%、碳酸钙0.5%、过磷酸钙0.5%、红糖1%、尿素0.3%,能够达到纯杂木屑为原料栽培花菇的水平。杉木屑、杂木屑混合配方与纯杂木屑栽培的花菇的投入产出比分别为1∶3.19和1∶2.99。     

茶枝屑栽培花菇的技术与效益

茶枝屑与杂木屑混合配方原料栽培的花菇效果与纯杂木屑原料栽培的花菇效果基本一致,但荼枝屑所占的比例不宜过大,以10％-40％为宜,并以30％-40％为最好。其较佳混合配方比例为：茶枝屑30％～40％、杂木屑51％-41％、麦皮16％、石膏粉2％、红糖1％,能够达到纯杂木屑为原料栽培花菇的水平,茶枝屑、杂木屑混合配方栽培的花菇与纯杂木屑栽培的花菇的投入产出比均在1：2．90左右。     

五节芒栽培花菇技术与效益的分析

在闽东北寿宁山区花菇种植区开展了五节芒代木栽培花菇的研究,结果表明:五节芒粉与杂木屑混合配方原料栽培的花菇效果好,其较佳混合配方比例为:五节芒粉25%、杂木屑55%、麦皮16.6%、石膏粉2%、硫酸镁0.4%;能够达到纯杂木屑为原料栽培花菇的水平,五节芒粉、杂木屑混合配方与纯杂木屑栽培花菇的投入产出比分别为1:2.72...     

象草栽培花菇技术与效益的探讨

在闽东北寿宁山区利用象草栽培花菇。研究结果表明，以象草粉与杂木屑混合配方为原料栽培的花菇效果好，其最佳混合配方比例为：象草粉30％、杂木屑50％、麦皮16．6％、石膏粉2％、硫酸镁0．4％。象草粉、杂木屑混合配方与纯杂木屑栽培的花菇的投入产出比分别为1：2．95和1：2．80。     

胡枝子栽培花菇技术与效益的探讨

采用不同的胡枝子屑、杂木屑混合配方进行胡枝子栽培花菇试验,结果表明胡枝子屑能够部分替代杂木屑原料栽培花菇,且混合配方还有利于提高栽培效益。     

3种配方栽培桦褐孔菌比较试验

通过对3种配方栽培桦褐孔菌进行比较试验,发现配方2桦木屑+杂木屑培养基接种后菌丝长势最快,菌丝长满袋时间最短为27 d,在接种后55 d最先形成菌核,形成菌核数量最多为215个,菌核大而坚实,成熟菌核呈圆形,结瘤厚且最大,菌核直径为5.6 cm,最大菌核干重最重为0.72 g,每袋干重产量为65.2 g,每袋湿重产量为247.8 g,干湿比为1∶3.8,生物学转化率为33.0%,菌核颜色为黄褐色。配方1桦木屑培养基和配方3杂木屑培养基在接种后满袋时间、形成菌核时间、菌核大小和产量等差异较小。综合各种因素在日后桦褐孔菌栽培中可选用配方2桦木屑+杂木屑培养基,杂木屑资源丰富,可以部分替代桦木屑,降低生产成本。     

芒屑为主要原料栽培姬松茸试验初报

代料食用菌培养料配比长期以来沿用杂木屑78％、麦麸20％、红糖1％、石膏1％。这一传统配方中杂木屑比例占了培养料的近四分之三,对阔叶林资源的消耗量极大。近年来,利用芒屑为主要原料的配方、以熟料方式栽培姬松茸,取得较好效果。     

油茶壳栽培香菇、金针菇的初步研究

本文用对比试验法,进行油茶壳屑与壳斗科树种木屑的不同配方袋栽香菇和瓶栽金针菇的试验,结果表明使用油茶壳屑的鲜菇产量略高于使用纯壳斗科木屑的产量,氨基酸含量提高10—50%,为油茶的综合利用及代料栽培香菇、金针菇提供了新途径。     

竹屑和桑枝屑作为基质原料栽培香菇试验

四川省宜宾市拥有丰富的竹屑和桑树枝条资源,为提高其利用率,以竹屑和桑枝屑作为香菇的栽培基质原料,试验研究了在传统香菇培养基质中添加不同比例的竹屑和桑枝屑对香菇菌丝生长和产量的影响。结果表明,在培养基质中添加不同比例的竹屑和桑枝替代杂木屑栽培香菇,香菇均能正常生长,并长出子实体,但香菇产量、经济效益和生物转化率等均低于传统杂木屑基质,表明竹屑和桑枝替代杂木屑栽培香菇效果并不理想。     

腐熟杂木屑及凋落物基质在油茶育苗上的应用

用腐熟杂木屑、腐熟凋落物、沼渣和黄心土进行不同体积比混合作为育苗基质,开展油茶(Camellia oleifera)容器育苗基质试验,以期筛选出理想育苗基质。结果表明:育苗基质对油茶容器苗生长有显著的影响,对苗木苗期的主要生长指标苗高、地径、成活率、保存率和生物量进行综合分析,筛选出最好的基质配方体积比为处理K(腐熟锯末屑∶腐熟凋落物=1∶4),处理N(腐熟锯末屑∶腐熟凋落物∶黄心土∶沼渣=1∶4∶1∶0.3)的效果次之。     

Effects of planting design on planted seedlings and spontaneous vegetation 16 years after establishment of forest edges

In afforestation, studies of forest edges seldom span the effects of planting design and the self-designing capacities of spontaneous vegetation. This study revisited experimental forest edge sections 16 years after their establishment to assess the impact of five design elements on (1) horizontal and vertical edge structure, (2) growth of planted species and species groups, and (3) spontaneous establishment of woody vegetation. The design elements were: exposure to direct solar radiation; edge typology (shrub mixture, mixture of trees and shrubs, no edge planting); width of edge planting (5 or 10 m); species mixture principle (intimate mixtures or single species grouping); and planting row position from outermost to interior planting row (max. 6 rows). The results demonstrate that edge plantings support significantly more spontaneous woody vegetation than stand boundaries without such edge plantings. This result was consistent across the different design elements. Position across the planting rows from the outermost to innermost row was the most influential design element for the development of planted seedlings. Planted tree and shrub species of similar shade tolerance had contradicting development, where light-demanding pioneer tree species had obtained dominant positions while shade-tolerant shrub species had outgrown more light-demanding species. These results demonstrate that important successional processes can be activated by establishing the initial components and structures of forest edges. When designing such edges, species should preferably be allocated to different row cohorts reflecting their growth form and shade tolerance.     

以草代木栽培香菇技术研究

通过对象草、五节芒、类芦、芒箕、玉米秆、麦秆、甘蔗渣7种基质栽培香菇的试验研究表明，在培养料中添加适当比例的菌草或作物秸秆基质替代部分杂木屑、麦麸等原料，选择中、短菌龄(中、早熟型)香菇品种，并相应调整香菇栽培季节，香菇菌棒能够正常发菌、转色和出菇，脂肪、蛋白质、氨基酸总量、多糖含量等营养质量指标与常规水平相同或相近。     

Weeds in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus globulus</Emphasis> subsp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">maidenii</Emphasis> (F. Muell) establishment: effects of competition on sapling growth and survivorship

The effect of herbaceous vegetation on growth and survival was assessed in planted eucalyptus saplings grown under four levels of weed cover. Seedlings of Eucalyptus globulus subsp. maidenii were planted with 0 (W0), 25 (W25), 50 (W50) and 100% (W100) weed cover. Weed species composition and aboveground biomass was determined. Soil water content was evaluated by the gravimetric method. Seedling leaf area, diameter and height were evaluated at planting and during the 3 months following establishment. Tree height, diameter and stem volume was estimated at 12, 24 and 36 months. First year tree survival was recorded. The ratio of cumulative stem growth under W100: cumulative stem growth under W0 was used to measure competitive performance. Regression analysis was used to determine competition thresholds. Weeds seriously threaten the growth of E. globulus subsp. maidenii. Early negative effects of competition on growth were evident as from the second month after establishment, and both seedlings and 1-year-old saplings were more affected than 2- and 3-year-old ones. A “minimum-response threshold” was determined near 500 kg/ha (corresponding to W25 cover). No clear effect was found between sapling survival and weed biomass.     

Open-pit sunken planting: a tree establishment technique for dry environments

The commonly practiced ground-level planting was compared with a moisture-conserving open-pit sunken planting technique in an attempt to test the success of modified planting techniques that enhance tree survival and early growth in arid environments. An indigenous species, Acacia mellifera (Vahl.) Benth., which is well adapted to the environmental conditions of the trial site, was used for the comparative study. Trial results showed that, after 21 months, height growth of seedlings planted in open pits was almost three times faster than that of seedlings planted at ground level. Total biomass production of open pit planted seedlings exceeded that of those planted at ground level by 78%. Shoot ÷ root ratios of biomass produced were 1 ÷ 1.07 in sunken plantings and 1 ÷ 1.43 in level planting, suggesting that roots of sunken planted seedlings support a higher above-ground biomass production. No mortalities occured in either of the two treatments because of the natural drought tolerance of A. mellifera. The highly significant differences in height growth performance suggested that this planting technique should be tested on other tree species on a larger scale. Accordingly, Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit was used for a second, larger experiment. The results of this trial largely confirmed those of the preceding one. After 31 months, the increase in shoot length of seedlings planted in open pits was 50% higher than that of seedlings planted at ground level. However, total biomass production was only 13% higher for seedlings planted in open pits and no significant differences between the two treatments could be established. Nevertheless, there was a significant difference between the species' shoot-to-root ratios. This ratio was 1 ÷ 1.04, for the sunken planting treatment, compared to 1 ÷ 1.60 for level planting. Mortality among seedlings in the open pits was half that of the seedlings planted at ground level.     

Taungya in Nigeria: Tree planting time and fertilizer effects on growth and crop yield

The growth of Gmelina arborea, a forest crop tree, and the yields of food crops as affected by tree planting time and fertilizer levels, were investigated in taungya experimental research farms spread over four vegetational zones of southern Nigeria. Yields of food crops were depressed significantly (P < 0.05) when both the tree and food crops were planted at the same time or within a period of less than 1 month. Yield reductions of food crops due to planting time of tree crops were 13%, 25%, and 31% for maize, yam, and cassava, respectively. Early-planted Gmelina seedlings performed markedly well in terms of height and girth increments, probably due to exposure to a longer period of rainfall and soil nutrient availability. Trees planted in May, June and July reached a mean height of 1.97, 1.44 and 0.74 m, respectively, by the following December while the equivalent girths were 17.7, 11.6, and 7.6 cm. Whereas application of 15:15:15 N:P:K fertilizer significantly increased agricultural yields, it tended to depress the girth increment of young Gmelina forest tree crops, possibly due to competition for space and light with the food crop.     

思茅松扦插试验

不同基质、不同生长调节剂浓度及不同穗条在营养袋中扦插的正交试验表明,在设计的3种因素中,不同穗条是影响扦插成活的关键因素。3种不同穗条对成活率的影响差异显著,其中1年生基部穗条对扦插成活率的影响最大;3种基质对成活率的影响显著,其中A2(沙∶松表土∶锯末=1∶1∶1)对成活率的影响最大;3种不同生长调节剂浓度对成活率的影响不显著。选出成活率最高的配方是A2(沙∶松表土∶锯末=1∶1∶1)B3(50×10-6ABT1#生根粉)C1(1年生基部穗条)。     

Herbicides are more cost-effective than alternative weed control methods for increasing early growth of Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus saligna

Effective weed control is an essential management task in establishing commercial tree plantations. Much of the current weed control strategies employed in Australian forestry relies on the use of available herbicides. However, given community concern regarding the use of herbicides, investigation of alternative weed control methods is warranted. We tested the ability and cost-effectiveness of mechanical (hand weeding and inter-row slashing), mulching (sawdust over newsprint, woodchips and jute), cover crops and herbicide applications for weed control in establishing eucalypt plantations. Jute matting and herbicide treatments reduced weed competition and increased seedling growth to age 2 years in plantations of Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus saligna in northern NSW, Australia. Growth increased by 269 % (Experiment 1) and 196 % (Experiment 2) in the Jute and by 216 % (Experiment 2) in the Herbicide treatments when compared to the control (no weed control) at 2 years age. As the Jute material deteriorated, after nearly 2 years, weed cover increased and there were significantly more weeds present in the Jute treatment compared to the Herbicide treatment. Jute matting costs approximately 15 times more than the herbicide regime used and, therefore, could not presently be considered a viable option for weed control in commercial eucalypt plantations. Other weed control treatments, including hand weeding, sawdust and woodchip mulches, slashing and sowing cover crops did not effectively control weeds and did not improve survival or increase seedling growth to age 2 relative to the control. We conclude that herbicides remain the most cost-effective weed control option available to commercial growers of eucalypt plantations.     

短轮伐期菇木林栽培试验研究

马褂木具有较强的竞争能力 ,生态适应性强 ,生长快 ,成材早 ,在早期就可表现出速生丰产性能 ,是最佳的短轮伐期菇木树种 ;马褂木既可营造纯林 ,也可营造混交林 ,保存率高达 90 %～ 96 %,明显优于其它伴生树种。杜英、枫香也是适宜的菇木树种 ,杜英生长速度较快 ,与马褂木、厚朴分别混交 ,生长效果都较好。枫香与马褂木混交 ,种间关系协调 ,树种生物学特性互补 ,林分空间结构分布合理 ,是一种成功的混交模式。酸枣生长快 ,适应能力强 ,保持率较高 ,但侧枝多 ,冠幅庞大 ,适合营造混交林 ,且混交比例不宜太大 ;与马褂木混交 ,种间关系协调 ,相互促进生长。厚朴的生长潜力还没有充分发挥 ,需进一步观察。乐昌含笑、白玉兰初期生长缓慢 ,暂不适用作菇木树种。     

Effect of post-planting applications of granulated atrazine and fertiliser on the early growth of Eucalyptus nitens

A factorial experiment was established in a plantation of Eucalyptus nitens in southern Tasmania on a site which had formerly carried native eucalypt forest. Before planting, the site had been cleared of weeds with foliar translocated and pre-emergence herbicides. The first factor of the experiment examined the effects on tree growth of no post-planting weed control, control by hand or with three levels of application of granulated atrazine, 0.9, 1.8 and 8 kg ha^–1. The second factor examined the effects of no fertiliser application or the application of nitrogen as urea at 200 kg ha^–1 N plus triple superphosphate at 120 kg ha^–1 P. Tree growth responses to treatments were examined at 11, 16, 23 and 29 months of age.Fertiliser application increased tree height and diameter growth. Application of atrazine generally reduced height and diameter growth, but this was statistically significant only at the highest rate of application. Growth reduction occurred even though atrazine reduced post-planting weed cover on the site and hence potential competition with the tree crop for site resources. Hand weeding reduced the weed crop on the site even more than atrazine, but this did not increase growth of the tree crop.Given satisfactory establishment practices which include the use of herbicides pre-planting, it was concluded that post-planting weed regeneration was not sufficiently vigorous to warrant post-planting weed control on these sites. The use of atrazine for post-planting weed control could even be deleterious to eucalypts.