测墒补灌对不同小麦品种光合特性及产量的影响

为探究不同土层测墒补灌对不同小麦品种光合特性和产量的影响,在大田条件下,以小麦品种济麦22(J22)和泰农18(T18)为材料,设置4个试验处理:全生育期不灌水(W0);拔节期和开花期各灌溉60mm(WCK);拔节期和开花期测定0~40cm(W1)和0~140cm(W2)土层土壤相对含水量,并补灌至土壤相对含水量为65%;研究各灌水处理对小麦光合特性和产量的效应。结果表明:(1)T18拔节期灌溉量为W1WCKW2,开花期为WCK、W2W1,总灌水量W1与WCK无显著差异,显著高于W2处理;J22拔节期灌溉量为W1WCK、W2,开花期为WCK、W2W1,总灌水量各处理间无显著差异。(2)两个小麦品种W1处理的旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率在灌浆中后期均显著高于W2和WCK处理,不灌水W0处理最低;T18各灌水处理的旗叶叶绿素含量和光合速率在花后28~35d均显著高于J22。(3)两个小麦品种光合有效辐射(PAR)截获率为W1W2WCKW0,PAR透射率与之相反,各处理间的PAR反射率无显著差异;T18各处理冠层平均PAR截获率低于J22,其冠层平均PAR透射率高于J22。(4)两个小麦品种籽粒产量以W1处理最高;T18各灌水处理间的水分利用效率无显著差异,其灌溉效益为W2W1WCK;J22各处理间的水分利用效率为W1W2、WCKW0,灌溉效益为W1W2WCK。本试验条件下,T18具有较高的叶绿素含量、光合速率及冠层透射率,使得旗叶衰老延缓,利于穗粒重增加,其产量较J22略高。综合考虑籽粒产量、水分利用效率和灌溉效益,W1是两个小麦品种兼顾节水和高产的最佳灌水处理。     

限水条件下灌水量对强筋小麦旗叶衰老特性和籽粒产量的影响

为探究灌水量对强筋小麦花后旗叶衰老和籽粒产量的调控效应,以2个强筋小麦品种(中麦998和中麦1062)为供试材料,设置0 m³·hm^-2(W₀)、450 m³·hm^-2(W₁)和900 m³·hm^-2(W₂)3个灌水量(拔节期和开花期各灌水50%),分析了不同处理下小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、同化物含量、丙二醛含量、抗氧化酶活性、抗衰老激素含量、蛋白质含量和籽粒产量的差异。结果表明,增加灌水量可延缓强筋小麦花后旗叶衰老。灌浆前中期旗叶叶绿素含量在不同处理间无显著差异,灌浆后期叶绿素含量在W₂处理下最高。W₂处理下小麦旗叶可溶性糖含量显著高于其他处理;旗叶可溶性蛋白含量在花后0～21 d保持较高水平,在花后21～35 d含量逐渐下降,且W₁处理下花后21～35 d旗叶可溶性蛋白含量较W₀处理显著提高。灌水量对花后0...     

灌浆期冬小麦生理特性和产量对不同灌水量的响应

为了解小麦灌浆期旗叶生理特性和产量对灌水量的响应，以小麦品种衡6632、石农086和济麦22为供试材料，通过旱棚和大田试验，设置春季不灌水（W0）、灌拔节水（W1，75 mm）和灌拔节+开花水（W2，150 mm）3个处理，比较分析了不同灌水量下三个品种灌浆期旗叶抗氧化和渗透调节能力及产量的差异。结果表明，旱棚条件下，与W0处理相比，W1和W2处理显著提高了各品种旗叶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性，显著降低了丙二醛、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量，显著增加穗粒数及产量，其中石农086和济麦22的W2处理产量均显著高于W1处理。大田条件下，与W0处理相比，W1和W2处理均显著提高了三个品种旗叶SOD、POD和CAT活性，降低脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量，显著增加有效穗数和产量，各品种产量在W2 与W1处理间无显著差异。这说明春季灌水能不同程度增强小麦抗氧化能力，提高籽粒产量。     

灌水对不同小麦品种旗叶渗透调节、光合速率及产量的影响

为了解灌水对不同小麦品种旗叶水分生理特性和产量的影响,于2009-2010年度在田间栽培条件下,以2个小麦品种济麦22和洲元9369为材料,采用测墒补灌的方法研究了不灌水(W0)、拔节期0～140cm土层土壤相对含水量补灌至75%+开花期补灌至70%(W1)、拔节后8d补灌至75%+开花后8d补灌至70%(W2)、拔节后8d补灌至75%+开花后8d补灌至75%(W3)4个不同灌水处理下小麦旗叶渗透调节、光合速率和籽粒产量的差异。结果表明:(1)W3处理的小麦旗叶相对含水量、水势、渗透调节能力和光合速率高于W1和W2处理;济麦22旗叶相对含水量低于洲元9369,旗叶水势、渗透调节能力和光合速率高于洲元9369。(2)W3处理下穗数和千粒重显著增加,但穗粒数显著低于W1处理,以高的灌水量和耗水量获得最高籽粒产量,水分利用效率无显著变化。济麦22籽粒产量、穗数、千粒重、耗水量和水分利用效率均显著高于洲元9369,穗粒数低于洲元9369。本试验条件下,在拔节后8d和开花后8d0～140cm土层平均土壤相对含水量补灌至75%,是兼顾节水和高产的最优处理。     

氮量及减灌对冬小麦旗叶生理参数和细胞保护酶活性的影响

为给小麦水氮高效栽培提供依据,以水氮响应特征不同小麦品种保麦10（适合高水肥）和石麦22（节水型）为材料,通过田间试验,研究了不同施氮量及春季灌水次数对小麦旗叶光合色素含量、保护酶活性和产量的影响。结果表明,増施氮素和增加灌水次数能提高供试品种旗叶叶绿素a、b含量、可溶隆蛋白含量、超氧化物气化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,改善产量构成因素及产量,减少细胞膜质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）累积量。高水氮组合（N225结合春季2次灌水）下保麦10和石麦22旗叶生理生化参数及产量性状的差异较小;在高氮、低氮灌1水下,与保麦10相比,石麦22旗叶生长中后期被测细胞保护酶活性、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量显著增加,MDA含量显著降低,产量得到明显改善。石麦22较强的耐低氮及干旱能力与其水氮胁迫下植株上位叶维持较高光合色素含量、较多渗透物质含量和较强细胞保护酶活性有关。     

氮肥水平对限制灌溉下冬小麦旗叶光合性能及产量的影响

为了解氮素营养供应与小麦节水效果的关系,以周麦22为材料,采取大田试验研究了不同氮肥水平对限制灌条件下冬小麦旗叶光合性能及产量的影响。结果发现,与正常灌水相比,限制灌溉降低了小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,提高了小麦旗叶胞间CO2浓度;限制灌溉条件下,与不施氮肥相比,增施氮肥能明显改善小麦旗叶光合性能。从产量来看,充分灌水有利于小麦产量提高,而限制灌溉条件下,灌水时期提前或增施氮肥能不同程度提高小麦产量。以上结果说明,增施一定量的氮肥能明显改善限制灌溉条件下冬小麦花后旗叶光合性能,提高小麦产量和水分利用效率。     

推迟拔节水对冬小麦群个体结构特征和产量的影响

为了明确河北省限灌1水条件下推迟拔节水对小麦群个体结构和质量的影响,于2019-2020年以衡观35和藁优2018为供试材料,全生育期仅灌1水,设置3个灌水时期,分别在拔节期（T1）、拔节后6 d（T2）和拔节后12 d（T3）灌水60 mm,分析推迟拔节水后冬小麦个体结构、群体大小、冠层光分布、花后各叶层衰老以及产量的变化。结果表明,随灌水时期的推迟,两品种上三叶的长度和面积、穗长、株高、穗数、开花期至花后21 d的叶面积指数、冠层光合有效辐射总截获率以及旗叶层光合有效辐射截获率都呈降低趋势,但倒2叶及以下各层的光合有效辐射截获率呈上升趋势。T2和T3处理冠层中下部叶片受光条件的改善显著延缓了叶片SPAD值的衰退,T1处理的倒2叶SPAD值在花后21 d时开始显著低于推迟灌溉处理,倒3叶、倒4叶和倒5叶SPAD值均在开花期时已显著低于推迟灌溉处理,T1处理叶片的早衰使其LAI在花后28 d时低于T2和T3处理。最终T2处理依靠较优的冠层光分布和个体叶片质量获得了最高的籽粒产量,藁优2018的T3处理产量也显著高于T1处理,但衡观35的T3处理因穗数过少,导致产量低于T1处理。拔节后6 d灌溉同步提升了小麦群个体质量,是本试验条件下的最优处理。     

测墒补灌深度对小麦旗叶光合作用和产量的影响

为筛选适宜于黄淮冬麦区小麦节水高产栽培的测墒补灌深度,在大田条件下设置0~20cm(D1)、0~40cm(D2)、0~60cm(D3)和0~140cm(D4)4个测墒补灌土层深度,越冬期各土层土壤相对含水量补灌至75%,拔节期补灌至70%,开花期补灌至75%,研究了测墒补灌深度对小麦旗叶光合作用和产量的影响。结果表明,D2处理越冬期、拔节期、开花期灌水量和总灌水量显著高于D1和D4处理,拔节期灌水量和总灌水量显著低于D3处理,土壤水消耗量与D1和D3处理无显著差异,但低于D4处理。D2和D3处理旗叶光合速率高于D4处理,旗叶磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性和蔗糖含量、籽粒支链淀粉和总淀粉含量高于D1和D4处理。D2和D3处理间千粒重和籽粒产量均无显著差异,但显著高于D1和D4处理;D2和D3处理的水分利用效率高于D4处理。0~40cm是本试验条件下小麦节水高产的适宜补灌深度。     

不同灌水对中筋小麦品种产量及品质的影响

[目的]探讨不同灌水条件下不同水浇地中筋小麦品种的产量和品质表现。[方法]采用两因素裂区设计(主区为灌水次数:W0全生育期不浇水,W1只浇拔节水,W2浇拔节水和开花水,副区为品种),探讨不同灌水条件下的小麦产量和品质表现。[结果]随灌水次数的增加,水浇地中筋小麦品种产量呈现增加的趋势,周麦18和矮抗58各灌水处理间小麦产量灌1次水和灌2次水处理显著高于不灌水处理,而灌1次水和灌2次水两处理间无显著性差异。矮抗58湿面筋含量表现不灌水和灌1次水处理显著高于灌2次水处理,不灌水和灌1次水两处理间无显著性差异。周麦18湿面筋含量和稳定时间表现,以及矮抗58稳定时间表现各灌水处理间均无显著性差异。[结论]总结了水浇地中筋小麦品种在不同灌水条件下的产量和品质表现,为指导小麦生产达到高产优质提供了依据。     

灌水对宁春50籽粒干物质积累、产量及水分利用效率的影响

为给春小麦节水高产栽培提供依据,以春小麦品种宁春50为材料,通过田间灌水试验,研究了不同灌水处理（W1：灌二棱水;W2：灌二棱水和拔节水;W3：灌二棱水、拔节水和开花水）对春小麦花后旗叶衰老进程、光合特性、干物质积累与分配、水分利用效率(WUE)及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,在春小麦花后各阶段,旗叶过氧化物酶（POD）活性随着灌水次数增加而提高,W2处理花后中后期超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性最高,增加灌水显著降低旗叶丙二醛（MDA）含量。增加灌水次数明显延缓灌浆后期SPAD值的快速降低,W1处理的叶面积系数（LAI）显著低于W2和W3处理,开花期、灌浆中期旗叶光合特性（Ci、Ts、Gs、Pn）表现为W3＞W2＞W1,灌水次数增加量及其对籽粒产量的贡献率,提高了花后光合产物的积累,促进春小麦灌浆后期千粒重的持续快速增加。增加灌水次数明显提高春小麦籽粒产量、收获指数,但使灌水利用效率、水分利用效率降低。在本试验条件下适度的灌水可实现春小麦节水高产并举。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.