外源抗坏血酸对镉毒害小麦幼苗的缓解作用

为了解抗坏血酸(AsA)对Cd2+毒害小麦幼苗生长的缓解作用,以小麦品种周麦27为材料,采用室内水培法分析了在Cd2+胁迫下小麦幼苗经不同浓度AsA处理后的生长及生理变化。结果表明,外源AsA能显著提高Cd2+胁迫下小麦幼苗的株高、根长、地上部干重、根系干重、根系活力、光合色素含量、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性及叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,显著降低丙二醛含量和相对电导率以及叶片胞间CO2浓度。说明Cd2+胁迫下外源AsA可以通过提高小麦幼苗渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性来清除活性氧自由基,减少其对光合色素蛋白大分子的攻击作用,降低膜脂过氧化伤害程度,维持光合作用和细胞膜的稳定性,从而缓解了Cd2+对幼苗生长的毒害作用,其中以35mg·L-1 AsA的缓解效果最好。     

小麦幼苗铬吸收的基因型差异及耐性机理

为了解小麦对铬的抗性机理,以两个铬(Cr)抗性不同的小麦品种鲁麦22(抗Cr)和周麦9号(Cr敏感)为材料,采用水培试验研究了Cr胁迫下小麦幼苗的生长特性、对Cr积累能力的差异及其耐性机理。结果发现,Cr胁迫降低了两个小麦品种的干物质积累量、根长、根表面积、株高和叶面积,耐Cr品种鲁麦22受抑程度较周麦9号轻。两个小麦品种的根系和地上部总Cr含量、细胞壁Cr含量及可溶性Cr含量均随Cr处理浓度的增加而升高,且根系中Cr含量显著高于地上部。鲁麦22根系与地上部总Cr含量的比值显著高于周麦9号;根系及地上部细胞壁Cr含量与总Cr含量的比值也显著高于周麦9号,而可溶性Cr与总Cr含量的比值显著低于周麦9号。Cr处理显著增加了两个小麦品种的根系和叶片中植物螯合肽(PCs)、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸的含量,且鲁麦22的增幅显著高于周麦9号。研究表明,抗Cr小麦品种具有更强的阻碍Cr向地上部转运的能力,其植株Cr主要分布于根系和地上部细胞壁中,细胞质内Cr含量较低,受Cr毒害程度降低;PCs、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸可能与植物细胞的Cr解毒有关。     

土壤剖面硝态氮非均匀分布条件下小麦根系生长和氮素吸收特征

为探讨土壤硝态氮非均匀分布条件下小麦根系生长及氮素吸收特征,选用石麦15、衡观35、H10和L14等4个小麦品种为材料,进行土壤分层培养试验,模拟土壤剖面中上下层硝态氮空间分布差异,测定和分析了小麦根系长度、直径、分布等形态学特征及植株氮素含量和累积量。结果表明,当土壤中硝态氮施用量上层较低、下层较高时,小麦植株根系总长和表面积在上下土层中分布比值降低,根系趋向下层土壤生长。上下层土壤中硝态氮施用量均较高时,上下层土壤中的根系总长和表面积比值较大,根系趋向上层土壤生长。土壤剖面不同层次中硝态氮供应非均匀条件下,小麦根系发育呈现明显的可塑性反应。小麦根系总长和表面积以及直径≤0.15mm的细根长(占整个根系的比重很大)与植株地上部氮含量和氮素积累量极显著正相关,与土壤中硝态氮含量极显著负相关。     

低温对小麦幼苗干物质积累及根系分泌物的影响

为了解小麦干物质积累和根系分泌物变化与小麦抗寒性的关系,采用盆栽方法,以弱春性小麦品种兰考矮早八、偃展4110和半冬性小麦品种豫麦49-198、周麦18为材料,设置4个不同温度处理(T1:昼夜均为18℃;T2:昼夜分别为12℃/7℃;T3:昼夜均为4℃;T4:昼夜均为-10±3℃),研究了低温对小麦幼苗干物质积累、根系分泌物和相对电导率的影响。结果表明,低温胁迫2 d,小麦根系分泌物中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖及总酚含量升高;低温胁迫3 d,T3处理下,小麦根系分泌物中游离氨基酸和总酚含量较高,T4处理下小麦根系分泌物中可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸及总酚含量均表现最低,而可溶性糖含量较高。低温胁迫下,根系相对电导率升高,其中豫麦49-198升幅最小,而兰考矮早八升幅最大。低温胁迫下,小麦幼苗干物质积累受到抑制。T3处理下,豫麦49-198干物质积累及幼苗相对生长速率均较高。在4个小麦品种中,豫麦49-198抗寒性较强,兰考矮早八抗寒性较弱。     

外源水杨酸对Hg~(2+)胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及生理的影响

为了解水杨酸(SA)对Hg2+胁迫小麦幼苗生长的缓解作用,以小麦品种豫麦58号为材料,采用室内水培法分析了在Hg2+胁迫下小麦幼苗经不同浓度SA处理后的生长及生理变化。结果表明,外施SA能显著提高Hg2+胁迫下小麦幼苗的根长、株高、单株鲜重,叶片叶绿素、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量,以及抗氧化酶活性和根系活力(P0.05),极显著降低丙二醛含量与超氧阴离子产生速率(P0.01)。说明外施SA可通过提高小麦幼苗可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量及抗氧化酶活性来维持细胞膜的稳定性,降低膜脂过氧化伤害程度,从而缓解了Hg2+胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制作用,其中以40mg·L-1 SA缓解效果最好。     

淹涝胁迫和氮形态对苗期玉米营养特性的影响

采用砂培培养方法,比较研究两种水分条件和3种供氮形态处理对苗期玉米根、茎鞘、叶生物量干重及其氮、磷、钾含量及分配的影响。结果表明,非淹涝胁迫条件下铵硝态氮混合处理(AN)玉米生物量干重及氮、磷、钾累积量最高;淹涝胁迫条件下铵硝态氮混合处理(ANF)的叶片、总生物量以及硝态氮处理(NF)的根系、叶片和总生物量干重明显降低。淹涝胁迫降低3种氮形态处理叶片氮累积量,明显降低铵硝态氮混合处理和硝态氮处理植株氮、钾累积量,降低磷在铵硝态氮混合处理茎鞘、叶中的分配比例、磷在硝态氮处理根、叶中的分配比例以及钾在铵硝态氮混合处理茎鞘、叶中的分配比例。淹涝胁迫下铵态氮处理(AF)叶片含氮量、植株含钾量呈降低趋势;非淹涝胁迫下铵态氮处理(A)具有相对较高的植株氮、磷含量,且淹涝胁迫对氮、磷、钾在植株不同部位分配的影响相对较低。因此,本试验供应铵态氮苗期玉米具有相对较强的耐淹涝胁迫能力。     

水分胁迫条件下氮素营养对不同冬小麦基因型的生理效应

为给旱地小麦高产栽培和氮素高效利用提供依据,以水氮高效型品种小偃22和水氮低效型品种小偃6号为供试材料,通过水培试验,研究了水分胁迫下介质氮素营养对冬小麦幼苗根系和冠层干重、叶片相对含水量、根系活力、叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)等生理指标的影响.结果表明,水分胁迫和介质氮素供应对小麦幼苗各生理指标均有显著影响.水分胁迫下,介质供氮显著提高冠层干重、叶片相对含水量、根系活力及叶片叶绿素含量,降低根干重.而在供氮条件下.水分胁迫导致小偃22根系和冠层干重均明显降低,而小偃6号根系和冠层干重均明显增加,两个品种的叶片相对含水量(P<0.05)和根系活力(P>0.05)显著降低,培养阶段前期的叶片叶绿素含量提高.在介质缺氮条件下,水分胁迫使小偃22和小偃6号冠层干重分别增加和下降,两个品种根干重和叶片叶绿素含量均明显下降,叶片相对含水量和根系活力均增加.说明改善介质氮素营养可增强水分胁迫下小麦抗旱能力,促进冠层干物质积累,同时也增大小偃22根、苗干物质积累和两个品种叶片相对含水量对水分胁迫的敏感性,而降低了小偃6号根系和冠层干物质积累及两个品种根系活力和叶绿素含量对水分胁迫的敏感性.     

小麦专用复方抗旱型浸种剂和包衣剂抗旱机理的初步研究

为探讨小麦复方抗旱型浸种剂和包衣剂的抗旱机理及给其推广应用提供理论依据,以小麦品种临麦2号为材料,研究了干旱胁迫条件下小麦用复方抗旱型包衣剂和浸种剂及普通包衣剂处理后小麦种子萌发、幼苗生长、光合等生理指标的变化.结果表明,与普通包衣剂处理和对照相比,抗旱型包衣剂处理的小麦种子萌发率、发芽势降低,而抗旱型浸种剂处理的种子萌发率、发芽势升高,两种抗旱型种子处理剂处理下小麦幼苗根数和根长均显著增加.除气孔间隙CO2浓度外,抗旱型浸种剂和抗旱型包衣剂处理的幼苗地上部干重、叶片持水力和MDA含量低于对照和普通包衣剂处理,根干重、根冠比、叶绿素含量、气孔导度、净光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性均明显高于后二者,其中抗旱型浸种剂处理效果较佳.说明在干旱胁迫下复方抗旱型包衣剂和浸种剂处理可显著增加小麦幼苗根系生长、抗氧化、硝态氮利用和光合性能,浸种剂还可促进种子萌发,从而降低干旱胁迫对幼苗造成的伤害,提高小麦抗旱能力;抗旱型浸种剂表现优于包衣剂.     

外源水杨酸对小麦幼苗镍毒害的缓解效应

为了解外源水杨酸(SA)对小麦镍胁迫的缓解作用,以小麦品种陇春3031为材料,采用溶液培养法,研究了不同浓度的SA对1 mmol·L-1 Ni2+胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及生理指标的影响。结果表明,1mmol·L-1 Ni2+胁迫显著降低了小麦幼苗的鲜重、干重、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性,显著提高了小麦幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量。与单独Ni2+胁迫相比,0.1和0.5mmol·L-1 SA处理,可显著提高小麦幼苗地上部和根的鲜重和干重(P0.05),增加小麦幼苗叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量,且叶绿素a/b显著升高。0.1mmol·L-1 SA处理,小麦幼苗总叶绿素含量升高了37.77%;提高了小麦幼苗叶和根中的POD活性和叶中的脯氨酸含量,降低了小麦幼苗根中脯氨酸含量;有效抑制了小麦叶和根中MDA含量的增加。说明适宜浓度的SA处理能缓解镍胁迫对小麦幼苗的毒害,增强其抗镍胁迫能力。     

不同专用小麦氮素同化及根际土壤氮素转化的特点

为了解不同专用小麦氮素同化及根际土壤氮素转化的特点,利用盆栽试验比较分析了强筋型小麦豫麦34、中筋型小麦豫麦49和弱筋型小麦豫麦50叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量及其根际土壤微生物和土壤酶活性的差异。结果表明,随生育进程,功能叶GS活性先升后降,豫麦34于开花期达到最大,豫麦49和豫麦50则在花后14 d达到高峰;叶片游离氨基酸含量呈先降后升再降的趋势,在花后14 d有一小高峰,除拔节期外,各时期均表现为豫麦34>豫麦49>豫麦50;除拔节期外,各时期叶片可溶蛋白含量均表现为豫麦34>豫麦50>豫麦49。根际土壤反硝化细菌活性在开花期较低,在其他时期均表现为豫麦34>豫麦49>豫麦50。硝化作用在拔节期和花后28 d品种间差异显著;豫麦34和豫麦49的亚硝化作用在开花期有小幅上升,豫麦50则在开花期达到最低值;土壤蛋白酶及脲酶活性在生育后期较大;不同专用小麦根际土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量仅在拔节期差异显著。     

Effect of nitrogen source on growth and morphogenesis of three micropropagated potato cultivars

Summary Different nitrogen sources (NO₃ ⁻, NH₄ ⁺, glutamic acid and their combinations) influenced the growth and morphogenic responses (node number, shoot length, and stem, leaf and root dry weight) of three micropropagated potato cultivars (Spunta, Kennebec, Huinkul). Addition of reduced nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺ or glutamic acid) in a nitrate medium increased shoot length and leaf number. The large increase in growth in plants fed with NO₃ ⁻, NH₄ ⁺ could be explained by higher organic nitrogen content and enhanced dry matter partition to the shoot. This suggests that reduced nitrogen source is required, at least as a supplement to NO₃ ⁻, to enhance N assimilation and growth.     

Potato Stolon and Tuber Growth Influenced by Nitrogen Form

Abstract

Potato tuber initiation and its growth are key processes determining tuber yield, which are closely related to stolon growth, and are influenced by many factors including N nutrition. We investigated the influences of different forms of nitrogen (N) on stolon and tuber growth in sand culture with a nitrification inhibitor during 2010 – 2011, and using two potato cultivars. Plants supplied with NO₃-N (N as nitrate, NO₃^-) produced more and thicker stolons than those supplied with NH₄-N (N as ammonium, NH₄⁺) at tuber initiation stage. In the plants fed NO₃-N, the stolon tips swelled or formed tubers earlier and produced more tubers than in those fed with NH₄-N. However, no significant difference was observed among N forms in terms of tuber yield at harvest, this may have been because of the shoot growth rate at tuber initiation stage was lower in the plants fed NO₃-N. During the tuber bulking stage, the difference in shoot DWs among N forms began to decrease, and the shoot DW of plants fed NO₃-N was even heavier than those fed NH₄-N in some cases. The influence of N form on potato plant growth may therefore vary with the potato growth stage.     

不同氮效率小麦品种苗期根系氮代谢及其吸收能力差异分析

为了解不同氮效率小麦品种根系氮代谢特征及其吸收能力的差异,明确小麦氮高效利用的生理机制,在水培条件下,研究了氮高效小麦品种漯麦18和氮低效小麦品种西农509的根系氮代谢特征和对NO-3、NH+4吸收的动力学特征。结果表明,漯麦18的根系GS活性、硝酸还原酶活性、游离氨基酸含量、可溶性蛋白质含量均高于西农509;而西农509的根系硝态氮和铵态氮含量高于漯麦18;漯麦18根系对NO-3、NH+4吸收的最大吸收速率(Vmax)显著高于西农509;漯麦18根系对NO-3、NH+4的亲和力(以Km的倒数衡量)低于西农509。结果说明,氮高效型小麦品种根系对NO-3、NH+4的吸收能力和同化能力均显著高于氮低效型小麦品种;小麦根系对NO-3、NH+4的吸收和同化是相互促进的关系。     

Growth and carbon economy of nodulated white clover in the presence and absence of combined nitrogen

An investigation of the carbon economy of single S184 white clover plants nodulated with an effective strain of Rhizobium trifolii growing on N-free nutrient solution and supplied with 150 parts/10⁶ N as NH₄NO₃ has shown that 10% more of the C fixed per day is available for growth in the plants supplied with combined N. The difference between the two groups of plants is a result of higher respiratory activity in the roots of plants growing exclusively on N₂. In terms of shoot growth, however, the difference in growth rate is likely to be less than 10%, because the rate of root growth is greater in the plants supplied with a moderate level of combined N. There is no evidence that NO^-₃ and CO₂ compete for photosynthetically produced reductant in the leaves of plants grown on N₂+NH₄NO₃, since no reduction in net photosynthesis was observed in plants assimilating combined N. An experiment carried out on detached leaflets of white clover grown on N₂ and on N₂+ NH₄NO₃ has shown that NO^-₃ -reducing activity is present in the leaflets of plants grown on N₂+ NH₄NO₃ but not in plants grown on N₂ and that the activity is light-dependent. Measurements of ¹⁴CO₂ respired in the light and dark by leaflets previously allowed to photosynthesize ¹⁴CO₂ showed that the ratio of ¹⁴CO₂ output in the light to ¹⁴CO₂ output in the dark was no higher in plants grown on N₂+ NH₄NO₃ than in plants grown on N₂. This observation is consistent with the finding that N source does not affect net photosynthesis in whole plants.     

肥料增效剂对夏玉米植物学性状、产量构成及土壤中NH4+-N和NO3--N的动态影响

2014、2015年夏季,试验采用单因素随机区组设计,以先玉335为材料,设置两种肥料增效剂、7种施肥方式,研究大喇叭口期和抽雄期植物学性状、施肥后0、14、28、42 d时0~30 cm和31~60 cm土壤中NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量以及收获时玉米穗部性状和产量差异。结果表明,分期施肥比全部氮肥作底肥更能促进夏玉米茎粗、叶面积、气生根数量、穗长、穗行数和行粒数等增加。与对照和不施用肥料增效剂相比,0~30 cm和31~60 cm土层中施用两种肥料增效剂的NH_4~+-N含量较高,NO_3~--N含量较低,控制了NH_4~+/NO_3~-比例。两种肥料增效剂相比,Entrench效果明显优于NMAX。     

Effects of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide on shoot and root growth of Kennebec and Russet Burbank potato plants

The effects of sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), singly and in combination, on the shoot and root growth of two potato cultivars sensitive to these pollutant gases were determined using rooted cuttings in controlled conditions. Plants were exposed to 0.11 ppm SO₂ and/or 0.11 ppm NO₂ for 24 hours a day for 7 or 14 days. Kennebec plants had significantly lower root fresh and dry weights after 7 days in the mixture treatments and lower root fresh weight in the NO₂ treatment. Russet Burbank plants were more sensitive to SO₂ and NO₂ than Kennebec. Russet Burbank plants had significantly reduced leaf area, and leaf, stem, and root fresh and dry weights after 7 and 14 days of mixture treatment, and the leaf to root dry weight ratio was higher than in control plants. The combination treatment and SO₂ alone resulted in visible injury on leaves of both cultivars. Changes in tissue water concentration, decreased specific leaf area and decreased root growth suggested that SO₂ and NO₂ altered plant water status and interfered with partitioning of dry matter from the leaves to other plant parts.     

Recovery of starter nitrogen-15 fertilizer with supplementarily applied ammonium nitrate on irrigated potato

Nitrogen contamination in ground water of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) producing areas has indicated a need for improved management of N and water, particularly on sandy soil. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted with the objective of following the recovery and partitioning of starter¹⁵NH₄ and¹⁵NO₃ into potato plant tops and tubers in conjunction with additional supplementarily applied NH₄NO₄. Potato plants treated with starter¹⁵NH₄ or¹⁵NO₃ tended to increase the percent recovery of starter¹⁵N in tubers sampled from one growth time to the next to reach nearly 40% recovery toward the end of the season. Whole plants reached peak recovery of around 50% of the starter¹⁵N near mid-season. From then on, there was a trend for loss of starter¹⁵N by senescence, defoliation or translocation to the roots. The percent recovery of starter¹⁵N was significantly higher at final tuber harvest (not whole plants) for the treatment with starter¹⁵NH₄ at 112 kg ha^?1 combined with 112 kg ha^?1 of supplemental N as compared to the treatment with 112 kg ha^?1 of starter¹⁵NH₄ plus 224 kg ha^?1 of supplemental N. This difference may have been a result of isotope dilution. Early in June the accumulation of starter¹⁵NO₃ in whole plants was about five times as high as that from starter¹⁵NH₄. Later there was no difference in percent recovery of these two forms of N. The temporary delay in starter¹⁵NH₄ uptake was probably related to slow nitrification early in the season instead of preferential uptake of starter¹⁵NO₃.     

外源激素与蔗糖对冬小麦穗粒数和粒重的调控效应

为阐明外源激素和蔗糖调控冬小麦穗粒数和粒重的机理,以冬小麦农大211为材料,设置不同浓度蔗糖和激素,通过离体穗培养及盆栽不同水分条件下喷施激素处理,考察了冬小麦穗粒数、穗粒重、千粒重以及穗部糖含量对外源蔗糖和激素的响应。离体穗培养试验表明,蔗糖浓度为40 g·L^-1,IAA、GA、6-BA和ABA浓度分别为10^-4 mol·L^-1、10^-5 mol·L^-1、10^-5 mol·L^-1和10^-6 mol·L^-1时取得了较高的穗粒数,且穗粒数以穗上部强势粒数与穗中部弱势粒数增幅较大;适当增加培养基GA和ABA浓度也能提高粒重,从而提升穗粒重。盆栽试验表明,与水分适宜处理相比,干旱使成熟期穗粒数、穗粒重和单株生物量显著下降,千粒重无显著变化,干旱处理的幼穗中CTK和ABA含量显著增加。干旱条件下,喷施IAA较其对照显著增加了穗粒重和单株生物量以及幼穗中可溶性糖和IAA含量,显著降低了幼穗ABA含量;喷施GA较其对照显著增加了单株生物量和幼穗GA含量,显著降低了幼穗ABA含量;喷施6-BA较其对照显著增加了单株生物量和幼穗CTK含量,显著降低了幼穗可溶性糖和ABA含量;喷施ABA较其对照显著增加了穗粒重和单株生物量,显著降低了幼穗蔗糖和可溶性糖含量。水分适宜条件下,喷施IAA较其对照显著降低了穗粒数、穗粒重和单株生物量,但显著增加了千粒重和幼穗可溶性糖、CTK和ABA含量;喷施GA较其对照显著增加了幼穗可溶性糖、GA、CTK和ABA含量,但显著降低了幼穗蔗糖含量;喷施6-BA较其对照显著增加了幼穗可溶性糖、CTK和ABA含量;喷施ABA较其对照显著降低了穗粒数,显著增加了幼穗可溶性糖、IAA、CTK和ABA含量。总之,外源蔗糖与激素对冬小麦穗粒数、穗粒重和千粒重都有显著影响,适宜蔗糖和激素处理提高穗粒数,主要由于增加了穗上部强势粒和穗中部弱势粒数。外源喷施激素可缓解干旱胁迫对冬小麦穗粒数和穗粒重的影响,以喷施IAA效果最好,主要通过调控幼穗糖含量和激素含量来调控穗粒数和粒重。     

增铵营养对玉米品质影响初探

试验利用盆栽,选用远征808(收敛型)和四单19(平展型)作试验材料,研究了增铵营养对玉米子粒中蛋白质、淀粉和可溶性糖含量的影响.在氮素水平一致的条件下,设6个处理,NO3--N和NH4+-N比例分别是3:0、2:1、1:1、1:2、0:3及对照(不施氮).试验表明,增铵营养可以提高玉米子粒中蛋白质含量,但不同类型品种表现有差异,远征808在NO₃^--N和NNH₄⁺-N比例为2:1时蛋白质含量最高,而四单19在1:2时     

Differential Sensitivity of Rice Cultivars to Salinity and Its Relation to Ion Accumulation and Root Tip Structure

Abstract

Effects of NaCl on the growth, ion content, root cap structure and Casparian band development were examined in four rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars with different salt resistance (salt-sensitive indica-type IR 24 and japonica-type Nipponbare and salt-resistant indica-type Nona Bokra and Pokkali). Experiments were conducted to find the differences in salinity resistance during early seedling and developed seedling stages among the cultivars. For salinity treatment, sodium chloride (NaCl) was added to nutrient solution at concentrations of 0, 25 and 50 mM for 7 days from germination to the 7th day (early seedling stage) or from the 7th day to 14th day (developed seedling stage). Growth inhibition by salinity was more prominent in the early seedling stage than in the developed seedling stage. Based on the growth, the order of the sensitivity was IR24 > Nipponbare > Nona Bokra > Pokkali. The growth of NaCl-treated rice cultivars relative to control was significantly and negatively correlated with the Na⁺ content and Na⁺/K⁺ ratio in roots and shoots in both stages. Scanning electron microscopic observation revealed that the root cap tissues proliferated and extended to the basal part of the root tip by salinity. The length of root cap was, however, reduced by 50 mM NaCl in sensitive cultivars due to peeling off. An endodermal Casparian band was formed in the basal region of the root tip. Development of the Casparian band was more prominent in sensitive cultivars than in tolerant cultivars. Root cap proliferation might be related to NaCl resistance in rice seedlings, but the Casparian band may not function efficiently in Na⁺ exclusion. Essentially the present results suggest that exclusion of Na⁺ from roots plays a critical role in expression of Na⁺ resistance in rice seedlings and the root cap is important for Na⁺ exclusion.